Deck 6: Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure

Question 1

The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the ________.

A) diaphysis
B) epiphysis
C) osseophysis
D) metaphysis
E) medullary cavity

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of following is a function of the skeletal system?

A) body support
B) calcium homeostasis
C) protection of internal organs
D) blood cell production
E) all of the above

Answer 2

E

Question 3

A deep hollow on a bone is termed a

A) fossa.
B) sulcus.
C) facet.
D) fissure.
E) line.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The most abundant mineral in the human body is

A) sodium.
B) potassium.
C) phosphorus.
D) calcium.
E) hydrogen.

Question 5

The large proximal projection on the femur is termed the

A) ramus.
B) trochanter.
C) tuberosity.
D) tubercle.
E) condyle.

Question 6

The articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage?

A) elastic cartilage
B) synovial cartilage
C) hyaline cartilage
D) fibrocartilage
E) osseous cartilage

Question 7

A rib is an example of a ________ bone.

A) long
B) short
C) flat
D) sutural
E) sesamoid

Question 8

The humerus is an example of a(n) ________ bone.

A) long
B) short
C) flat
D) irregular
E) sesamoid

Question 9

A rounded hole through a bone is termed a

A) ramus.
B) foramen.
C) linea.
D) tubercle.
E) facet.

Question 10

The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones.

A) long
B) short
C) flat
D) irregular
E) sesamoid

Question 11

Small, oddly shaped bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ________ bones.

A) irregular
B) sesamoid
C) sutural
D) sagittal
E) tendon

Question 12

Which of the following bones is classified as "irregular" in shape?

A) patella
B) frontal
C) vertebra
D) metatarsal
E) ulna

Question 13

Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called

A) osteocytes.
B) osteoprogenitor cells.
C) osteoblasts.
D) osteoclasts.
E) chondrocytes.

Question 14

The medullary cavity of bones contains

A) compact bone.
B) osteons.
C) cartilage.
D) marrow.
E) periosteum.

Question 15

The shaft of a long bone is called the

A) epiphysis.
B) diaphysis.
C) epiphyseal plate.
D) metaphysis.
E) lamella.

Question 16

Which of the following labels best matches osteocyte?

A) stem cell
B) dissolves matrix
C) mature bone cell
D) secretes organic matrix

Question 17

The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a

A) crest.
B) ridge.
C) head.
D) condyle.
E) trochlea.

Question 18

Bones that develop within tendons are called ________ bones.

A) irregular
B) sesamoid
C) sutural
D) Wormian
E) tendon

Question 19

Fat is stored within the

A) medullary cavity.
B) metaphysis.
C) spongy bone.
D) epiphysis.
E) diaphysis.

Question 20

Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system?

A) tendons
B) bones
C) ligaments
D) cartilages
E) other tissues that connect bones

Question 21

Bone is composed of ________ percent cells.

A) 25
B) 10
C) 2
D) 15
E) 50

Question 22

________ bone does not contain capillaries, but receives nutrients through its canaliculi.

A) Lamellar
B) Osteonic
C) Woven
D) Compact
E) Spongy

Question 23

The femur can withstand ________ times the body weight without breaking.

A) 3
B) 5 to 10
C) 8
D) 10 to 15
E) 30

Question 24

How would removing hydroxyapatite from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone?

A) The bone would be less flexible.
B) The bone would be stronger.
C) The bone would be more brittle.
D) The bone would be more flexible.
E) The bone would be less compressible.

Question 25

The lacunae of osseous tissue contain

A) blood cells.
B) osteocytes.
C) chondroblasts.
D) bone marrow.
E) capillaries.

Question 26

The ________ interactions allow bone to be strong, somewhat flexible, and highly resistant to shattering.

A) collagen-fiber
B) protein-crystal
C) mineral-crystal
D) protein-protein
E) hydroxyapatite-crystal

Question 27

Which of the following is a characteristic of bone?

A) The matrix of the bone is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts.
B) The matrix of the bone contains osteoblasts.
C) Narrow channels pass through the matrix to allow for an exchange of nutrients.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 28

________ are mesenchymal cells that develop into osteoblasts.

A) Osteoclasts
B) Osteocytes
C) Osteomedullary cells
D) Osteoprogenitor cells
E) Squamous osteons

Question 29

The interconnecting tiny arches of bone tissue found in spongy bone are called

A) osteons.
B) trabeculae.
C) concentric lamellae.
D) interstitial lamellae.
E) lacunae.

Question 30

The central canal of an osteon contains

A) bone marrow.
B) osteocytes.
C) concentric lamellae.
D) blood vessels.
E) lacunae.

Question 31

The space occupied by an osteocyte is called a

A) Volkmann's canal.
B) lacuna.
C) trabecula.
D) Haversian canal.
E) Venetian canal.

Question 32

The most abundant cell type in bone is

A) osteoclasts.
B) osteoblasts.
C) osteolytes.
D) osteoprogenitor cells.
E) osteocytes.

Question 33

The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called

A) central canals.
B) lacunae.
C) canaliculi.
D) medullary cavities.
E) foramina.

Question 34

________ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles.

A) Short
B) Irregular
C) Spongy
D) Compact
E) Long

Question 35

In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are

A) radial.
B) anterior.
C) parallel.
D) proximal.
E) diagonal.

Question 36

Through the action of osteoclasts,

A) new bone is formed.
B) an organic framework is formed.
C) bony matrix is dissolved.
D) osteoid is calcified.
E) fractured bones regenerate.

Question 37

The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is ________ bone.

A) spongy
B) trabeculae
C) compact
D) lamellar
E) irregular

Question 38

Which of the following is not present in bone?

A) calcium phosphate
B) collagen fibers
C) calcium carbonate
D) chondroitin sulfate
E) hydroxyapatite

Question 39

The structural units of mature compact bone are called

A) lacunae.
B) osteocytes.
C) osteons.
D) canaliculi.
E) lamellae.

Question 40

________ accounts for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone.

A) Water
B) Calcium carbonate
C) Collagen fibers
D) Fluoride
E) Calcium phosphate

Question 41

During appositional growth

A) bones grow longer.
B) bones grow wider.
C) bone is replaced by cartilage.
D) the epiphysis fuses with the diaphysis.
E) osteoblasts are overwhelmed by osteocytes.

Question 42

________ cells are located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum.

A) Osteocyte
B) Osteoclast
C) Osteoid
D) Osteoprogenitor
E) Osteoblast

Question 43

Figure 6-1 Bone Tissue
Use Figure 6-1 to answer the following question(s):
Identify the structures labeled "4."

A) concentric lamellae
B) circumferential lamellae
C) interstitial lamellae
D) trabeculae
E) periosteum

Question 44

Figure 6-1 Bone Tissue
Use Figure 6-1 to answer the following question(s):
The structure labeled "3" is the result of which process?

A) bone cells adding matrix between existing osteons
B) surface growth of bone
C) recycling of compact bone
D) recycling of spongy bone
E) osteoporosis

Question 45

In compact bone, the osteons

A) are lined up in the same direction.
B) are lined up perpendicular to the long axis.
C) are arranged in an irregular pattern.
D) are separated by medullary spaces.
E) are lacking in the diaphysis.

Question 46

Figure 6-1 Bone Tissue
Use Figure 6-1 to answer the following question(s):
Which structure is termed an osteon?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 47

When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone,

A) puberty begins.
B) interstitial bone growth begins.
C) appositional bone growth begins.
D) long bones have reached their adult length.
E) the bone becomes more brittle.

Question 48

Figure 6-1 Bone Tissue
Use Figure 6-1 to answer the following question(s):
Which structure is characteristic of spongy bone?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 49

Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n)

A) fibrous connective-tissue model.
B) cartilage model.
C) membranous model.
D) calcified model.
E) osteoblasts model.

Question 50

Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6-2 to answer the following question(s):
What type of tissue occurs at "1"?

A) elastic tissue
B) fibrocartilage
C) bone
D) hyaline cartilage
E) marrow tissue

Question 51

What structure allows a bone to grow in length?

A) lacunae
B) epiphyseal cartilages
C) periosteal bud
D) metaphysis
E) trabeculae

Question 52

Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6-2 to answer the following question(s):
Where does growth in length occur?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 53

The lining of the medullary cavity is called the

A) endosteum.
B) periosteum.
C) epimysium.
D) perimysium.
E) perichondrium.

Question 54

Secondary ossification centers occur

A) in the diaphysis.
B) at the periosteum.
C) in the epiphyses.
D) in the metaphyses.
E) in dermal bones.

Question 55

Figure 6-1 Bone Tissue
Use Figure 6-1 to answer the following question(s):
Where would osteoclasts be most active?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 56

The following are important steps in the process of endochondral ossification.
1) Enlarged chondrocytes die.
2) Osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone.
3) Chondrocytes enlarge and the surrounding matrix begins to calcify.
4) Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage.
5) Perichondrial cells become osteoblasts and produce a thin shell of bone.
The correct order for these events is

A) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2.
B) 1, 3, 5, 4, 2.
C) 1, 5, 3, 4, 2.
D) 2, 3, 1, 5, 4.
E) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2.

Question 57

The trabeculae of spongy bone

A) are organized parallel to the long axis of the bone.
B) are organized along stress lines.
C) are composed mostly of cartilage.
D) will collapse under stress.
E) are concentrated in the cortex of the diaphysis.

Question 58

When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones

A) grow longer.
B) grow wider.
C) become shorter.
D) become more porous and weaker.
E) become thicker.

Question 59

When production of sex hormones increases at puberty, epiphyseal plates

A) get wider.
B) become narrower.
C) increase slowly.
D) accelerate rapidly, but mostly in thickness.
E) are hardly affected.

Question 60

The deposition of calcium salts in bone tissues is referred to as

A) hardening.
B) ossification.
C) calcification.
D) osteogenesis.
E) remodeling.

Question 61

Which of the following statements about Marfan's syndrome is False ?

A) results in short, stubby fingers
B) results from a mutation
C) affects connective tissue genes
D) affects epiphyseal cartilages
E) none of the above

Question 62

Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6-2 to answer the following question(s):
Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?

A) roof of the skull
B) carpal bones
C) femur
D) clavicle
E) both the roof of the skull and the clavicle

Question 63

Parathyroid hormone functions in all of the following ways, except that it

A) stimulates osteoclast activity.
B) increases the rate of calcium absorption.
C) decreases the rate of calcium excretion.
D) raises the level of calcium ion in the blood.
E) inhibits calcitonin secretion.

Question 64

After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the

A) epiphyseal plate.
B) external callus.
C) dense tuberosity.
D) condyle.
E) fracture facet.

Question 65

Which is greater?

A) blood calcium levels when parathyroid hormone is increased
B) blood calcium levels when parathyroid hormone is decreased

Question 66

A ________ is a smooth, grooved bone process shaped like a pulley.

Question 67

The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification.
1) Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized.
2) Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue.
3) Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers.
4) Mesenchymal cells aggregate.
The correct order for these events is

A) 4, 1, 2, 3.
B) 2, 1, 3, 4.
C) 4, 2, 1, 3.
D) 2, 3, 1, 4.

Question 68

Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone

A) calcitonin.
B) thyroid hormone.
C) parathyroid hormone.
D) growth hormone.
E) testosterone.

Question 69

________ fractures are completely internal; they do not break through the skin.

A) Open
B) Closed
C) Compound
D) Recurrent
E) Both closed and recurrent

Question 70

A fracture at the ankle involving both lower leg bones is often called a ________ fracture.

A) compression
B) Pott
C) displaced
D) greenstick
E) Colles

Question 71

Bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of

A) potassium.
B) iron.
C) sulfate.
D) calcium.
E) sodium.

Question 72

Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6-2 to answer the following question(s):
Identify the structure at "4."

A) intramembranous bone
B) spongy bone
C) hyaline cartilage
D) periosteum
E) mesenchyme

Question 73

The hormone calcitonin functions to

A) stimulate osteoclast activity.
B) decrease the rate of calcium excretion.
C) decrease the rate of calcium absorption.
D) decrease the level of calcium ion in the blood.
E) stimulate osteoblasts and inhibit osteoclasts.

Question 74

Excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in

A) osteoporosis.
B) osteopenia.
C) rickets.
D) giantism.
E) dwarfism.

Question 75

Which is greater?

A) osteoclast activity when calcitonin is present
B) osteoclast activity when calcitonin is absent

Question 76

While on a school skiing trip in Colorado, Heidi falls and breaks her tibia and fibula in a Pott fracture. What would you expect as a prominent part of her clinical assessment several hours after the fall?

A) hypertension
B) tachycardia
C) erythema
D) hematoma
E) cyanosis

Question 77

Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6-2 to answer the following question(s):
What process is shown at "6"?

A) primary ossification
B) secondary ossification
C) length growth
D) width growth
E) fracture repair

Question 78

Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of ________ cells.

A) osteoclast
B) osteoprogenitor
C) mesenchymal
D) osteoblast
E) osteocyte

Question 79

Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6-2 to answer the following question(s):
Identify the structure labeled "2."

A) epiphysis
B) diaphysis
C) metaphysis
D) marrow cavity
E) trabeculae

Question 80

A lack of exercise could

A) cause bones to become thicker.
B) cause bones to store more calcium.
C) result in porous and weak bones.
D) cause bones to become longer.
E) cause bones to lose their medullary cavity.