Deck 27: Fluid, electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are

A)sodium,chloride,and bicarbonate.
B)sodium,potassium,and bicarbonate.
C)sodium,potassium,and calcium.
D)sodium,hydrogen,and chloride.
E)sodium,potassium,and phosphate.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The principal cation in intracellular fluid is

A)sodium.
B)potassium.
C)calcium.
D)magnesium.
E)chloride.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Approximately ________ liters of peritoneal fluid are produced and reabsorbed each day.

A)10
B)9
C)15
D)7
E)20

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?

A)ADH
B)aldosterone
C)BNP
D)ANP
E)epinephrine

Question 5

About two-thirds of the body fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid.

A)intracellular
B)intercellular
C)extracellular
D)interstitial
E)vital

Question 6

In an adult female,the body consists of about ________ percent water.

A)60
B)50
C)40
D)70
E)80

Question 7

Aldosterone

A)is secreted in response to decreased levels of potassium in the blood.
B)promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.
C)helps decrease blood volume and lower blood pressure.
D)regulates blood calcium levels.
E)regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Question 8

Which hormone(s)is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?

A)ADH
B)aldosterone
C)PTH
D)acetylcholine
E)natriuretic peptides

Question 9

Intracellular fluid (ICF)is found only within

A)blood vessels.
B)lymph.
C)the cells of the body.
D)the interstitial space.
E)the cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 10

Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood?

A)ADH
B)angiotensin II
C)PTH
D)ANP
E)epinephrine

Question 11

When water is lost,but electrolytes are retained,

A)the osmolarity of the ECF falls.
B)osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.
C)both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute.
D)there is an increase in the volume of the ICF.
E)aldosterone is secreted.

Question 12

The extracellular fluid (ECF)consists of the

A)plasma.
B)interstitial fluid.
C)cerebrospinal fluid.
D)lymph.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 13

The ions in highest concentration in the intracellular fluid are

A)potassium,chloride,and bicarbonate.
B)sodium,potassium,and bicarbonate.
C)sodium,potassium,and calcium.
D)potassium,hydrogen,and chloride.
E)proteins,potassium,and phosphate.

Question 14

The release of atrial naturetic peptides from the heart will cause the body to

A)conserve sodium ions.
B)decrease ECF.
C)excrete sodium ions.
D)conserve sodium ions and decrease ECF.
E)decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions.

Question 15

In a lean adult male,the body consists of about ________ percent water.

A)60
B)90
C)40
D)10
E)80

Question 16

Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by

A)stimulating thirst.
B)causing the release of ADH.
C)triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone.
D)stimulating the kidneys to conserve sodium.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 17

Which of the following will stimulate thirst?

A)drying the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx
B)angiotensin II acting on the hypothalamus
C)an increase in the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid within the hypothalamus
D)stimulation of osmoreceptors
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 18

Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism?

A)ADH
B)aldosterone
C)BNP
D)ANP
E)epinephrine

Question 19

All of the following are components of ECF,except

A)cerebrospinal fluid.
B)peritoneal fluid.
C)lymph.
D)aqueous humor.
E)RBCs.

Question 20

Substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are called

A)electrons.
B)electrolytes.
C)nonelectrolytes.
D)osmoregulators.
E)buffers.

Question 21

A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ________ from his body.

A)water
B)sodium
C)bicarbonate ion
D)hydrogen ion
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 22

A patient on a ventilator subjected to excessive minute volume is at risk for

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)metabolic acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.

Question 23

Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone

A)calcitonin.
B)parathyroid hormone.
C)aldosterone.
D)cortisol.
E)ADH.

Question 24

Consuming a meal high in salt will

A)drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood.
B)result in a temporary increase in blood volume.
C)decrease thirst.
D)cause hypotension.
E)activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism.

Question 25

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

A)electrolyte.
B)acid.
C)alkali.
D)compensation.
E)buffer.

Question 26

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by

A)sweating.
B)the kidneys.
C)the liver.
D)the feces.
E)buffers.

Question 27

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by

A)ADH.
B)aldosterone.
C)parathormone.
D)atrial natriuretic peptides.
E)glucocorticoids.

Question 28

In response to respiratory alkalosis,the

A)respiratory rate increases.
B)tidal volume increases.
C)kidneys conserve bicarbonate.
D)kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions.
E)kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.

Question 29

To reduce brain swelling by pulling water out of brain cells,a substance can be injected intravenously to increase the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid.Which of the following properties can this substance not have in order to be effective?

A)permeable to capillary endothelium
B)nontoxic to neurons
C)permeable to brain plasma membranes
D)impermeable to brain plasma membranes
E)soluble in water

Question 30

When pure water is consumed,

A)the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF.
B)a fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases.
C)osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.
D)the volume of the ECF decreases.
E)the volume of the ICF decreases.

Question 31

Prolonged vomiting can result in

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)metabolic acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.

Question 32

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis?

A)consequence of hyperventilation; for example,in fever or mental illness
B)consequence of prolonged vomiting
C)consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation; for example,due to COPD
D)consequence of tissue hypoxia; for example,in ischemic conditions

Question 33

A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of

A)chronic respiratory acidosis.
B)chronic respiratory alkalosis.
C)acute respiratory acidosis.
D)chronic metabolic acidosis.

Question 34

A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)metabolic acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.

Question 35

Secretion of potassium into the urine is

A)increased by ADH.
B)associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts.
C)minimal because the human diet includes very little potassium.
D)an indication of dehydration.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 36

Antidiuretic hormone

A)is released from the posterior pituitary gland.
B)stimulates water intake.
C)stimulates water conservation by the kidneys.
D)is produced by the hypothalamus.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 37

The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of

A)calcium ions.
B)chlorine ions.
C)potassium ions.
D)sodium ions.
E)electrons.

Question 38

Hypoventilation leads to

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)metabolic acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.

Question 39

Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the

A)veins.
B)muscles.
C)tissues.
D)capillaries.
E)arteries.

Question 40

The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

A)buffer stomach acid.
B)buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide.
C)limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.
D)buffer the urine.
E)increase ventilation.

Question 41

________ promotes water reabsorption at the kidneys and stimulates thirst.

Question 42

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis?

A)consequence of hyperventilation; for example,in fever or mental illness
B)consequence of prolonged vomiting
C)consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation; for example,due to emphysema
D)consequence of tissue hypoxia; for example,in ischemic conditions

Question 43

Hypercapnia refers to elevated levels of ________.

Question 44

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?

A)consequence of hyperventilation,for example in fever or mental illness
B)consequence of prolonged vomiting
C)consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation,for example due to COPD
D)consequence of tissue hypoxia,for example in ischemic conditions

Question 45

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda")to settle an upset stomach risks

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)metabolic acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.

Question 46

The principal ions in extracellular fluid are sodium,chloride,and ________.

Question 47

Will hyperventilation raise or lower pH?

Question 48

Why does potassium concentration rise in patients with acidosis? What is this called? What effects does it have?

Question 49

The maintenance of normal volume and composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids is vital to life.List and briefly describe the kinds of homeostasis involved.

Question 50

When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops,the

A)kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions.
B)kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions.
C)kidneys excrete fewer bicarbonate ions.
D)kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions and more bicarbonate ions.
E)kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions.

Question 51

A ________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

Question 52

The normal pH range for ECF is 7.35 to ________.

Question 53

Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ________ fluid.

Question 54

Severe kidney damage (such as glomerulonephritis)often leads to

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)metabolic acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.

Question 55

When the pH falls below 7.35,a state of ________ exists.

Question 56

When the pH rises above 7.45,a state of ________ exists.

Question 57

A ________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion.

Question 58

A ________ acid is an acid that cannot leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

Question 59

Fred has chronic emphysema.Blood tests show that his pH is low but almost normal but his bicarbonate levels are elevated significantly.How can this be? What would urinalysis show?