Deck 16: Crime, deviance, and Social Control

Question 1

Which group is the most likely to perceive others as outsiders?

A)a motorcycle club that takes over a bar on Friday nights
B)officers patrolling the Texas-Mexico border
C)an evangelical church seeking new members
D)the members of a group home for the mentally challenged

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What key factor played into Cesare Beccaria's formula for making people obey the law?

A)harshness
B)fairness
C)bureaucracy
D)retribution

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The widespread use of morphine that followed the Civil War was for what reason?

A)as an alternative to alcohol consumption
B)the spread of patent medicines
C)the invention of the hypodermic needle
D)to treat an array of medical problems

Answer 3

D

Question 4

When is a "deviant" behaviour deviant according to most sociologists?

A)when it violates societal rules
B)when the behaviour harms society vis-à-vis common law
C)only when a written sanction (i.e. ,law)has been established for the deviant behaviour
D)when the behaviour receives arbitrary punishment

Question 5

Why might a yogi in southern India or a Buddhist monk in Nepal violate a Westerner's so-called "norm of engagement"?

A)The rules of how and when to get engaged are different.
B)They do not use smart phone technology.
C)When meditating,it appears as if they are doing nothing.
D)Southern India and Nepal have no norm of engagement.

Question 6

Deviance and control always constitute a paired relationship and it is the _______ group that determines what is normal and what is deviant.

A)larger
B)the controlled
C)symbolic
D)more powerful

Question 7

A school dress code bans tank tops,skirts,and shorts above the knee,and ripped jeans for females.This is an example of ________.

A)interested rule-making
B)disinterested rule-making
C)both interested and disinterested rule-making
D)"encouragement" to keep teen girls out of trouble

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of statistical deviance?

A)A man cheats on his wife when he travels.
B)The Occupy Wall Street protesters marched without a permit.
C)A group of friends gets stoned every weekend.
D)A man decides to sing loudly while he is shopping for groceries.

Question 9

The heaviest users of morphine in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries were __________.

A)doctors
B)middle-class white women
C)Chinese immigrants
D)Civil War veterans

Question 10

Simply put,to be a "deviant" entails __________.

A)a range of outsider activities,most often sexual in nature
B)violating religious commandments
C)doing something as innocent as not tucking in your shirt
D)violating a rule that brings with it the disapproval of others

Question 11

What did Durkheim mean by "the unstated terms of the social contract"?

A)the law codes of France
B)what sociologists call "norms"
C)the unspeakable behaviours of the nineteenth century
D)the understanding that the Victorian French cheated on their spouses

Question 12

Which of the following is the most likely to be both a symbolic boundary and physical boundary?

A)the doors of a synagogue
B)a street crossing
C)a book cover
D)a railroad track

Question 13

Which would most likely be a root for the discomfort described by Goffman (1963)in explaining the "norm of engagement"?

A)Weber's Protestant work ethic
B)Marx's belief in the capitalist dis-ease for exploitation
C)Durkheim's social contract
D)Freud's theory of the guilt complex

Question 14

The 1919 constitutional amendment that outlawed the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages in North America failed because __________.

A)of civil disobedience
B)the government continued to sell alcohol
C)the religiosity that once supported such a law vanished after World War I
D)people were allowed to distill their own alcoholic beverages

Question 15

Which group or cause became the primary driver of the Temperance Movement according to the author of this chapter?

A)Industrialization and excessive drinking proved to be incompatible for a compliant and productive working class.
B)Foreign immigrants were believed to drink in excess.
C)Alcohol fuelled the abuse of women.
D)Drinking less would better acclimate the new immigrants to the previous levels of morality and social drinking.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of an unwritten norm?

A)returning library books on time
B)understanding personal space
C)waiting until 18 to smoke cigarettes
D)crossing the street at the crosswalk

Question 17

The earliest encounter with what is perceived to be normality is,essentially,that of __________.

A)the school
B)society
C)religion
D)the parents

Question 18

From the point of view of sociology,an Orthodox Jewish school for girls requiring long skirts is __________ compared to the dress code of girls in most public schools.

A)statistically deviant
B)statistically moral
C)socially deviant
D)an acceptable norm

Question 19

A norm can best be defined as a(n)__________.

A)engagement that makes a person comfortable
B)acceptable behaviour
C)basic rule of society
D)legal prescription

Question 20

According to Freud in Civilization and Its Discontents,which of the following best exemplifies what he meant by basic needs and the "futility of rebellion"?

A)Dorcas is told she must save her allowance or else.
B)Magda is sent to bed early for wetting her pants.
C)Carl,who is seven,is told "get to bed now" when he lies awake at night texting his friend.
D)Having lost his second pair of contact lenses in a week,Lou is told he has to wear his glasses.He refuses.

Question 21

Social control requires both __________ and __________.

A)rewards;punishments
B)sanctions;compliments
C)formal;informal control factors
D)people to emulate;people to avoid

Question 22

Moral regulation,the effort to legislate morality,is being curbed by what phenomenon?

A)the general support for lifestyle freedom rather than organized resistance
B)the perception that such initiatives are anachronisms,that they make you look old-fashioned
C)that young people are naturally curious and rebellious and want to see what will happen
D)the greater effort to teach people that enforcing morality is wrong

Question 23

Counterterrorism __________.

A)engages terrorists on an equal footing
B)incorporates the practice,military tactics,techniques,and strategy that government,military,law enforcement,business,and intelligence agencies use to combat or prevent terrorism
C)is terrorism in which prisoners are abused,such as those at Abu Ghraib
D)is warfare conducted by terrorist states such as the former Libya

Question 24

A CIA black site is a __________.

A)secret holding facility used by the CIA to conduct international legal proceedings against high government officials
B)foreign prison operated by the CIA in which prisoners accused of terrorist activities can be interrogated outside the reach of any legal authority
C)drone launching facility
D)kind of torture in which terrorist suspects are deprived of light and go temporarily blind

Question 25

Why were guerrilla warfare and acts of terrorism rare in history?

A)States typically observed rules of engagement on a battlefield.
B)The modern media did not exist yet.
C)People had a morality that prevented them from committing terrorist acts.
D)The ability to inflict mass-destruction is a modern invention.

Question 26

What criminal activity ultimately brought Enron executives to justice?

A)overcharging California's energy users
B)forcing elderly people to get off the power grid
C)false profit reporting
D)damaging individual property

Question 27

The great irony in North American history is how the "demon rum" of the nineteenth century became a mark of good taste for the social drinker.What reason would best explain the cause?

A)The patterns of consumption changed both in the amounts and who drank alcoholic beverages.
B)The ingredients in rum no longer changed Christian Americans into "devils."
C)After Prohibition,alcohol consumption became socially acceptable.
D)Women began drinking more during the Roaring Twenties.

Question 28

Why were the reprehensible acts (humiliation,cultural disrespect,torture,etc. )at the Abu Ghraib prison not a clear case of institutional deviance?

A)The officers who ran the prison tried to cover for their subordinates.
B)Military culture is impervious to taking responsibility.
C)The Bush administration took full responsibility.
D)The U.S.military blamed the sadistic tendencies of individual soldiers,not the chain of command.

Question 29

The transition of opiate use from an acceptable,if often abused,pain reliever to that of a pleasure-seeking drug also saw a change in __________.

A)the drug's pharmacology,which provided more relief for the "psychological pain" of poverty and urban life
B)the distribution from doctors to pushers
C)the demographics of the user to that of working-class males,increasingly "of colour"
D)its former female demographic,which turned increasingly to social drinking during the Roaring Twenties

Question 30

What is the critical difference between what President Obama did in regard to torture conducted by the military and his predecessor?

A)President Obama put ex-President Bush on trial for continuing to allow waterboarding.
B)President Obama banned torture in 2009.
C)President Obama switched from torture to drone attacks.
D)President Obama formally ended the war on terror.

Question 31

Edwin Sutherland (1949)coined the term __________ to describe unethical business practices committed by people in the course of their work lives that may put citizens at risk.

A)white-collar justice
B)corporate malfeasance
C)embezzlement
D)white-collar crime

Question 32

How does labelling one as deviant reinforce the so-called "deviance"?

A)It becomes a "self-fulfilling prophecy," thereby proving the person is a deviant after all.
B)Once labelled a deviant,an individual's actions are more closely scrutinized by others,improving the odds that the person will be caught in further acts of deviance.
C)The person consciously accepts the premise of those in social control.
D)Deviance becomes a form of social acceptance,that is,what society expects of the deviant.

Question 33

An act of terrorism can be performed by __________.

A)only guerrilla groups
B)only nation states
C)any entity,whether a state,group,or individual
D)only revolutionary forces

Question 34

When Congress and U.S.presidents altered the __________ that precipitated the S&L crisis and the subprime loan scandal,it was a prime example of how flexible __________ is for those who hold the power.

A)U.S.Constitution;power
B)banking laws;deviancy
C)mortgage laws;state terrorism
D)money supply;the goal post

Question 35

Which of the following would best illustrate the emphasis on the process of defining deviance?

A)Cigarette smoking,once labelled "sophisticated," is now labelled self-destructive.
B)the sexual mechanics between people of the same sex and how it looks "wrong" or "gross"
C)the way something is deviant to one group and normal to another
D)Only those with power have the power to label certain behaviours as deviant.

Question 36

One police officer decides to pull over drivers going 20 kilometres per hour (km/h)over the speed limit.To make his quota,another police officer decides to pull over drivers going 10 km/h over the limit.Who is being fairer?

A)Both are since this range is the typical "grace" allowed to motorists.
B)Neither.Both should enforce the posted speed limit.
C)It depends on road conditions.
D)Fairness is not the issue when both officers interpret the law arbitrarily.

Question 37

The deviance implicit in a drone strike is that __________.

A)its operators can violate the values they supposedly uphold,such as the inviolability of a noncombatant state's borders
B)it kills noncombatants such as innocent civilians
C)it allows the United States to engage in political assassinations,which are illegal
D)it engages with the enemy without following the rules of engagement

Question 38

The war on drugs to reduce abuse,protect children,make neighbourhoods safer,and the like fell disproportionately on __________,rather than treating the broader spectrum of social ills and classes for which it was intended.

A)the urban and rural poor
B)radical college students
C)homosexuals
D)African Americans

Question 39

What is the deviant behaviour of those people complicit in the 2008 U.S.financial crisis?

A)making deceptive subprime loans to people who could not pay off their mortgages
B)setting teaser rates
C)people borrowing money they knew they would not pay back
D)stealing money from powerful businesses

Question 40

Why is white-collar crime punished disproportionally compared to blue-collar crime?

A)White-collar criminals can easily pay their bails and penalties with the very money they steal.
B)Only sociologists see white-collar crime as deviant.
C)White-collar criminals are typically judged by other white-collar criminals.
D)White-collar crime is perceived as victimless,that is,not harming its victims in the personal way a blue-collar crime harms its victims.

Question 41

Which of the following statements about the United States is indicative of reality?

A)Crime rates in the United States are,on average,very similar to those of other developed nations.
B)Crime rates are much higher in the United States,which now has a reputation overseas as a very violent place to visit.
C)The United States imprisons,on average,the same number of people per capita as do other nations.
D)Murders in the United States almost always are committed by strangers on strangers.

Question 42

Probation can best be described as __________.

A)home incarceration
B)the shock release of nonviolent prisoners into the general population
C)early release of juvenile offenders to halfway houses
D)punishment that permits an offender to live in the community rather than serve a prison sentence

Question 43

The evidence suggests that whites are at least as likely to use illegal drugs as blacks,but blacks are ______ likely to be sent to prison for a drug-related offence.

A)twice as
B)three times as
C)ten times as
D)similarly

Question 44

What is the critical difference between jail and prison?

A)Prison is designated for true incarceration.
B)Jail is intended for short periods of incarceration,prisons for longer.
C)Prison is where deviants experience the full force of social control.
D)Jail is for individual control;prison for mass.

Question 45

According to current ideology among social scientists,which of the following reasons best explains why the United States is experiencing mass incarceration and has a significantly higher incarceration rate than any other country?

A)an increase in immigration to the United States
B)an increase in moral crusades against drugs and drug users and tougher political stances against crime
C)higher violent and non-violent crime rates than any other country
D)a drastic increase in white-collar crime and victimless crime over the last decade

Question 46

As one scholar opines,racial makeup of the rising prison population reflects a "new Jim Crow." What is meant by this?

A)The large numbers of African Americans in the prison population suggest the "Coloured Only" accommodations that were once common in the American South.
B)It is a metaphorical way of saying that African Americans are being lynched today.
C)White skinheads are increasingly behaving like the KKK.
D)Prisons in the south and southwest actively try to increase the white population to create balance.

Question 47

As societies become more complex,__________ even as these societies become more progressive.

A)informal sanctions are being formalized
B)formal means of control have expanded
C)mass surveillance will replace both informal and formal sanctions
D)they will see a rise in deviance vis-à-vis social control

Question 48

Discuss the problem that exists in determining what is morality and appropriately moral behaviour.Provide one example of this problem from modern life.

Question 49

Define sanctions and the two forms discussed in your textbook.Include examples.

Question 50

.______________is a collection of people who interact with one another and who have a shared sense of belonging.

A)Culture
B)Society
C)Social group
D)Family

Question 51

Taylor and Ally are attending a home game to cheer on their favourite baseball team.Taylor,like the vast majority of fans in attendance,is wearing the home team's jersey.Ally is wearing a random T-shirt that isn't even the team's colour.Ally's behaviour is __________.

A)socially controlled
B)socially deviant
C)statistically deviant
D)the norm

Question 52

The evidence suggests that whites are at least as likely to use illegal drugs as blacks,but blacks are _____ _ likely to be sent to prison for a drug-related offense

A)twice as
B)three times as
C)ten times as
D)similarly

Question 53

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the relationship that exists between deviance and power?

A)Carlton desperately wants an A in his economics class but currently has a B-.The professor (who is also the dean)refuses to let him improve his grade through extra credit,so Carlton cheats on one of his exams.Carlton is caught by the professor,who gives him a zero on that test and threatens to expel him.
B)A well-respected city alderman,whose campaign was hugely supported by the local police force,was caught driving under the influence.When the police officer realized whom he had stopped,he decided to let the alderman off with a warning rather than arrest him.
C)A black public defender took the case of a black defendant who allegedly stole a white woman's car.The victim demanded that the defendant's lawyer be replaced with a white lawyer to "improve her chances for a fair trial." The black judge denied her request.
D)Sherri was laid off from her job six months ago and has had no success finding other employment.As a single mother,she's worried about her family's future.She has applied for loans from four major financial institutions but has been denied by each one.Feeling powerless against the big banks and desperate for money,she begins stealing food and other items needed by her family.

Question 54

______________is a collection of people who interact with one another and who have a shared sense of belonging

A)Culture
B)Society
C)Social group
D)Family

Question 55

Counterterrorism __________.

A)engages terrorists on an equal footing
B)incorporates the practice,military tactics,techniques,and strategy that government,military,law enforcement,business,and intelligence agencies use to combat or prevent terrorism.
C)is terrorism in which prisoners are abused,such as those at Abu Ghraib
D)is warfare conducted by terrorist states such as the former Libya

Question 56

A key reason for sending people to prison is vengeance.This notion goes back to the very first codifications of law.Provide a definition and commentary.

Question 57

Describe how sociologists arrived on labelling theory and its reception.What does this theory say about deviance? Provide an example of a behaviour that was labelled deviant but has since become virtually normalized,that is,relabelled,and the persons in authority who contributed to it happening.

Question 58

How do groups,especially those outside the family,exert pressure to force individuals to conform and so not deviate?