Deck 7: Learning From Experience

Question 1

Adam is attending a pot luck dinner, and there are dozens of different dishes available to eat.Adam may eat a lot because the wide variety of dishes will prevent:

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)orienting
D)habituation

Answer 1

habituation

Question 2

Habituation and sensitization can be thought of as learning:

A)to notice or ignore events
B)about the consequences of our behavior
C)what events signal
D)from others

Answer 2

to notice or ignore events

Question 3

The boarding house Eve has been staying at seems to serve the same things over and over at dinner.Eve may not eat much because the repetition probably causes:

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)orienting
D)habituation

Answer 3

habituation

Question 4

When we eat the same food a lot during a meal, the sensory stimulation is reduced by the food's repeated presentation and we stop eating.This is explained by the concept of:

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)orienting
D)habituation

Question 5

Learning has occurred:

A)even if a change in behavior is due to maturation
B)when a change in behavior is relatively permanent
C)even if a change in behavior is temporary
D)when a change in behavior is due to development

Question 6

An automatic shift of attention toward novel events is referred to as:

A)habituation
B)desensitization
C)an orienting response
D)conditioned inhibition

Question 7

Damon's dorm room is next door to the bathroom.At the beginning of the term, Damon found his attention captured by each flush of a toilet.His behavior is an example of:

A)sensitization
B)learning
C)an orienting response
D)habituation

Question 8

People tend to eat more when there are a variety of different foods offered at a meal.This is because the wide variety prevents:

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)orienting
D)habituation

Question 9

Which of the following best fits the technical definition of learning?

A)a child cries whenever he sees the nurse because she always gives the child vaccine shots
B)a child rides a bicycle without training wheels for the very first time
C)a teenager watches a shooting star in the night sky
D)a dog salivates to the smell of a piece of steak

Question 10

Cate hears a funny ticking sound when she presses the gas pedal in her car.She hasn't noticed it before and she turns off the radio and leans forward in order to hear it better.Cate's shift in attention illustrates the behavior that psychologists refer to as:

A)an orienting response
B)habituation
C)desensitization
D)conditioned inhibition

Question 11

Which of the following best fits the technical definition of learning?

A)a baby cries when the nurse gives the baby a vaccine shot
B)a child rides a bicycle without training wheels consistently
C)a teenager watches a shooting star in the night sky
D)a dog salivates to the smell of a piece of steak

Question 12

Which of the following best fits the technical definition of learning?

A)a baby cries when the nurse gives the baby a vaccine shot
B)a child rides a bicycle without training wheels for the very first time
C)a teenager watches a shooting star in the night sky
D)a dog rolls over on command whenever its owner says to roll over

Question 13

Observational learning can be thought of as learning:

A)to notice or ignore events
B)about the consequences of our behavior
C)what events signal
D)by example

Question 14

The diners' heads automatically turned toward the kitchen door at the sound of the dishes crashing.The diners' shift in attention illustrates the behavior that psychologists refer to as:

A)a conditioned response
B)operant conditioning
C)an orienting response
D)sensitization

Question 15

Classical conditioning can be thought of as learning:

A)to notice or ignore events
B)about the consequences of our behavior
C)what events signal
D)by example

Question 16

A relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior that results from experience is called:

A)development
B)learning
C)maturation
D)cognition

Question 17

By definition, learning is due to:

A)maturation
B)experience
C)heredity
D)introspection

Question 18

Operant conditioning can be thought of as learning:

A)to notice or ignore events
B)about the consequences of our behavior
C)what events signal
D)by example

Question 19

According to psychologists, an orienting response is:

A)an automatic shift of attention toward novel events
B)a decline in responsiveness after repeated exposure to an event
C)an increase in responsiveness after repeated exposure to an event
D)an acquired response that develops in anticipation of an unconditioned stimulus

Question 20

According to psychologists, habituation is:

A)a decline in responsiveness after repeated exposure to an event
B)an automatic shift of attention toward novel events
C)an increase in responsiveness after repeated exposure to an event
D)an acquired response that develops in anticipation of an unconditioned stimulus

Question 21

Classical conditioning is useful because it is adaptive to:

A)react quickly to sudden changes in the environment
B)learn to ignore events that are of little long-term significance
C)learn what events in the environment signal
D)learn about the consequences of behavioral responses

Question 22

According to psychologists, sensitization is:

A)an increase in responsiveness after repeated exposure to an event
B)a decline in responsiveness after repeated exposure to an event
C)an automatic shift of attention toward novel events
D)an acquired response that develops in anticipation of an unconditioned stimulus

Question 23

We rely on orienting responses to help:

A)ignore those things that are repeated but are of no significant consequence
B)notice the new and unusual
C)conserve our limited resources
D)form connections between events

Question 24

We rely on simple learning processes such as habituation responses to help:

A)ignore those things that are repeated but are of no significant consequence
B)form new behaviors from experience
C)notice the new and unusual
D)form connections between events

Question 25

Which form of learning helps us ignore those things that are repeated but are of no significant consequence?

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)orienting
D)habituation

Question 26

Which type of learning has occurred when we learn that one event predicts another?

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)orienting
D)habituation

Question 27

Susan remembered that when her infant daughter first saw a set of keys, she stared at them intensely.However, as she looked at them longer, she became used to them and seemed to no longer find them interesting.This change in responsiveness illustrates the learning process known as:

A)habituation
B)shaping
C)stimulus generalization
D)sensitization

Question 28

The first time Shari ate strawberries she had a minor allergic reaction with some minor itchiness.Now, when she eats strawberries she breaks out in hives all over her arms and stomach.Shari's change in responsiveness illustrates the learning process known as:

A)habituation
B)sensitization
C)desensitization
D)second-order conditioning

Question 29

The birds that were eating at the bird feeder initially flew away when the shadow of Charlie's kite passed over the feeder.However, after Charlie had been flying the kite for 15 minutes, the birds had all returned and didn't stop feeding when the kite passed overhead.The birds' change in responsiveness illustrates the learning process known as:

A)sensitization
B)habituation
C)second-order conditioning
D)negative reinforcement

Question 30

A doctor who wants to develop a new diet based on the concept of habituation would probably tell people to:

A)vary the time of one's meals daily
B)be sure to vary the foods eaten frequently
C)eat at the same time every day
D)eat the same foods over and over again

Question 31

Classical conditioning involves learning:

A)to ignore those things that are repeated but are of no significant consequence
B)that one event predicts another
C)to conserve our limited resources
D)novel behaviors we have never performed before

Question 32

An orienting stimulus produced sensitization instead of habituation.The stimulus probably was:

A)rare or infrequent
B)visual
C)weak
D)intense

Question 33

Geraldine used to really notice the smell of kitty litter when she went to visit her new neighbors, and she tried not to stay too long at their house.Now, she doesn't notice the smell at all when she visits.Geraldine's change in responsiveness illustrates the learning process known as:

A)habituation
B)sensitization
C)second-order conditioning
D)negative reinforcement

Question 34

An increase in responsiveness to an event following repeated exposure to the event is referred to as:

A)habituation
B)desensitization
C)sensitization
D)second-order conditioning

Question 35

Manfred has been trying to study for the past hour, but his neighbor is working on a building project.At first, Manfred found the sound of the pneumatic hammer was mildly irritating, but now he finds it extremely distracting.To Manfred, it seems as though the noise from the hammer is actually getting louder over time.Manfred's change in responsiveness illustrates the learning process known as:

A)habituation
B)desensitization
C)second-order conditioning
D)sensitization

Question 36

A doctor who developed a new diet based on eating the same foods over-and-over again would be capitalizing on the phenomenon known as:

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)orienting
D)habituation

Question 37

A decline in the tendency to respond to an event following repeated exposure to the event is referred to as:

A)sensitization
B)second-order conditioning
C)habituation
D)negative reinforcement

Question 38

Which form of learning helps us notice the new and unusual?

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)orienting responses
D)habituation

Question 39

A month ago, the person who has the office cubicle next to Elle started to use a scented plug-in air freshener at her desk.At first Elle found the sweet smell from the air freshener was somewhat overpowering, but now she has become accustomed to the scent and usually doesn't even notice it.Elle's change in responsiveness illustrates the learning process known as:

A)habituation
B)shaping
C)stimulus generalization
D)sensitization

Question 40

We rely on simple learning processes such as habituation to help:

A)form new behaviors from experience
B)notice the new and unusual
C)conserve our limited resources
D)form connections between events

Question 41

Natika had been working at Abercrombie Industries for six months when her boss asked to see her in his office.She thought he wanted to talk about a promotion, so she was quite excited.However, instead of giving her a promotion, the boss told Natika she was being laid off as a result of company downsizing.Natika could feel her heart pounding as she listened to the news.Natika was able to find a new job, but every time her new boss asks to talk to her in private, Natika feels a little faint.In this example of classical conditioning, her pounding heart when her old boss delivered the bad news to Natika is:

A)an unconditioned stimulus
B)a conditioned stimulus
C)a conditioned response
D)an unconditioned response

Question 42

Jan never used to worry about driving in the snow until she skidded off the highway one morning during a heavy snowfall.As the back end of the car started to fishtail, Jan's heart started to race and she became terrified.Now she finds that just getting into her car when there is snow falling causes her to become extremely agitated.In this example of classical conditioning, the car sliding on the icy roadway is:

A)an unconditioned response
B)a conditioned stimulus
C)an unconditioned stimulus
D)a conditioned response

Question 43

In classical conditioning, an environmental event that elicits an observable reaction without any prior training is referred to as:

A)an unconditioned response
B)a conditioned stimulus
C)a conditioned response
D)an unconditioned stimulus

Question 44

The Russian physiologist named Ivan Pavlov is well known for his demonstrations of:

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)observational learning
D)all of these choices

Question 45

Matthew used to like strawberries and tried some frozen strawberry daiquiris one night.After the sixth daiquiri, Matthew became extremely ill.Now Matthew finds that even the smell of strawberries can make him feel nauseated.In this example of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is:

A)the illness that followed the sixth strawberry daiquiri
B)the strawberry daiquiris that Matthew consumed
C)the smell of strawberries
D)the nausea that Matthew feels when he smells strawberries

Question 46

A psychology professor has just purchased a collection of papers by Ivan Pavlov.In the papers, Pavlov discusses his research on learning.The papers are probably about:

A)observational learning
B)operant conditioning
C)trial-and-error learning
D)classical conditioning

Question 47

If a stimulus produces a response before training begins, that stimulus is:

A)a conditioned stimulus
B)an unconditioned stimulus
C)a discriminative stimulus
D)an associative stimulus

Question 48

Anton was dancing with his new girlfriend at an Elvis tribute.When the band started playing "Can't Help Falling in Love With You," his girlfriend gave him a long, passionate kiss, which Anton found very enjoyable.Now Anton finds that every time he hears "Can't Help Falling in Love With You" on the radio, he becomes mildly excited.In this example of classical conditioning, the unconditioned response is:

A)the song "Can't Help Falling in Love With You"
B)the enjoyment Anton experienced when his girlfriend kissed him
C)the long, passionate kiss
D)the excitement Anton experiences when he hears the song on the radio

Question 49

Seeing blood always has made Sela feel sick.The movie she saw last week presented a drill-like noise just before the madman butchered each victim.Sela has noticed that she now feels queasy each time she hears the drills at the construction site next door.Based on what is known about different types of learning, you should conclude that Sela's problem is most likely the result of the type of learning known as:

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)observational learning
D)extinction

Question 50

In classical conditioning, an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited without any prior training is referred to as:

A)an unconditioned stimulus
B)an unconditioned response
C)a conditioned stimulus
D)a conditioned response

Question 51

In classical conditioning, an environmental event that only elicits an observable reaction after training or experience is referred to as:

A)an unconditioned stimulus
B)an unconditioned response
C)a conditioned stimulus
D)a conditioned response

Question 52

An author has just written a book about the person who first proposed the process of classical conditioning.The book would be about:

A)E. L. Thorndike
B)B. F. Skinner
C)Wilhelm Wundt
D)Ivan Pavlov

Question 53

When Selma was five years old she, was terrified and became hysterical when her older brother dropped a spider down her shirt.Today, even the sight of a rubber spider is enough to make her agitated and uneasy.In this example of classical conditioning, having the spider dropped down her shirt by her older brother is:

A)an unconditioned response
B)a conditioned stimulus
C)an unconditioned stimulus
D)a conditioned response

Question 54

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, the dog's salivating following the sounding of a the bell was:

A)the unconditioned stimulus
B)the unconditioned response
C)the conditioned stimulus
D)the conditioned response

Question 55

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is:

A)an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited without any prior training
B)an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited only after training or experience
C)an environmental event that elicits an observable reaction without any prior training
D)an environmental event that only elicits an observable reaction after training or experience

Question 56

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments in which dogs salivated following the sounding of a bell, the dog's learning is an example of which of the following?

A)observational learning
B)operant conditioning
C)classical conditioning
D)modeling

Question 57

Mike used to really enjoy potato salad, and at a family reunion he ate a large helping.Unfortunately, the potato salad had not been properly refrigerated, and Mike became quite ill after eating it.Now he finds that even the sight of potato salad in the school cafeteria can make him feel sick to his stomach.In this example of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is:

A)the improperly refrigerated potato salad at his family reunion
B)the illness Mike experienced after the family reunion
C)Mike feeling sick to his stomach when he sees potato salad in the school cafeteria
D)the sight of potato salad in the school cafeteria

Question 58

Research on classical conditioning was conducted by which of the following:

A)Ivan Pavlov
B)Robert Rescorla
C)Albert Bandura
D)B.F. Skinner

Question 59

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned response is:

A)an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited without any prior training
B)an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited only after training or experience
C)an environmental event that elicits an observable reaction without any prior training
D)an environmental event that only elicits an observable reaction after training or experience

Question 60

People learn about the signaling properties of environmental events through the type of learning known as:

A)operant conditioning
B)observational learning
C)classical conditioning
D)habituation

Question 61

When Margie was a toddler, she nearly drowned in a lake where her family was fishing.The experience left her phobic of water.The fear that arises when Margie sees a body of water is which of the following?

A)a conditioned stimulus
B)an unconditioned stimulus
C)an unconditioned response
D)a conditioned response

Question 62

If the conditioned stimulus is presented after the unconditioned stimulus, which type of conditioning is occurring?

A)simultaneous
B)forward
C)backward
D)operant

Question 63

Lionel never used to worry about driving in the snow until he skidded off the highway one morning during a heavy snowfall.As the back end of the car started to fishtail, Lionel's heart started to race and he became terrified.Now he finds that just getting into his car when there is snow falling causes him to become extremely agitated.In this example of classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is:

A)getting into the car when there is snow falling
B)the car sliding on the icy roadway
C)the agitation that Lionel feels when he gets into the car on snowy days
D)Lionel's increased heart rate as the car slipped on the icy road

Question 64

When Natasha was five years old she was terrified and became hysterical when her older brother dropped a spider down her shirt.Today, even the sight of a rubber spider is enough to make her agitated and uneasy.In this example of classical conditioning, the conditioned response is:

A)having the spider dropped down her shirt by her older brother
B)the agitation Natasha experiences when she sees a rubber spider
C)the hysterical reaction Natasha had when she was five years old
D)the sight of a rubber spider

Question 65

In classical conditioning, an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited only after training or experience is referred to as:

A)an unconditioned stimulus
B)an unconditioned response
C)a conditioned response
D)a conditioned stimulus

Question 66

When Margie was a toddler, she nearly drowned in a lake where her family was fishing.The experience left her phobic of water.The experience of seeing a body of water is now which of the following for Margie:

A)a conditioned stimulus
B)an unconditioned stimulus
C)an unconditioned response
D)a conditioned response

Question 67

One Saturday, Adolf was sitting at home when the telephone rang.A local company was making promotional calls and told Adolf he had just won a $1,000 gift certificate.He felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what he could do with $1,000.Now Adolf finds that whenever he hears a telephone ring, he feels a small surge of excitement.In this example of classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is:

A)the ringing of a telephone
B)the rush of excitement that Adolf felt when he won the gift certificate
C)the news that he had won a $1,000 gift certificate
D)the rush of excitement that Adolf feels whenever he hears a ringing telephone

Question 68

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, before the dog learned the association, the food functioned as which of the following?

A)the unconditioned stimulus
B)the unconditioned response
C)the conditioned stimulus
D)the conditioned response

Question 69

Sarah used to like strawberries and tried some frozen strawberry daiquiris one night.After the sixth daiquiri, Sarah became extremely ill.Now Sarah finds that even the smell of strawberries can make her feel nauseated.In this example of classical conditioning, the conditioned response is:

A)the illness that followed the sixth strawberry daiquiri
B)the smell of strawberries
C)the strawberry daiquiris that Sarah consumed
D)the nausea that Sarah feels when she smells strawberries

Question 70

At Jamie's birthday party when he was six, he became nauseated and threw up just as everyone at the party was singing "Happy Birthday" to him.Even now as an adult, Jamie starts to feel queasy anytime he hears the song.His queasiness is the result of:

A)observational learning
B)operant conditioning
C)classical conditioning
D)law of effect

Question 71

Golda used to really enjoy potato salad, and at a family reunion she ate a large helping.Unfortunately, the potato salad had not been kept cold, and Golda became quite ill after eating it.Now she finds that even the sight of potato salad in the school cafeteria can make her feel sick to her stomach.In this example of classical conditioning, the sight of potato salad in the school cafeteria is:

A)an unconditioned stimulus
B)a conditioned stimulus
C)an unconditioned response
D)a conditioned response

Question 72

If the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented at the same time, which type of conditioning is occurring?

A)simultaneous
B)forward
C)backward
D)operant

Question 73

A few seconds before your new clock radio sounds its alarm, it makes a tiny click.You've recently noticed that you wake up right after the click and before the alarm, even though you previously never woke up to anything but the alarm itself.The click is acting as:

A)an unconditioned stimulus
B)a conditioned stimulus
C)a positive reinforcer
D)a blocking stimulus

Question 74

Troy is trying to study, and his sister is in the next room, playing with some balloons.She counts "one, two, three," and just as she says "three" she pops one of the balloons with a pin.Each time a balloon pops Troy is startled and jumps.By the time his sister has popped six balloons Troy begins to cringe when he hears the counting start, before he actually hears the balloon pop.In this example of classical conditioning, the cringing that Troy experiences when he hears his sister start counting is:

A)a conditioned response
B)an unconditioned stimulus
C)an unconditioned response
D)a conditioned stimulus

Question 75

In classical conditioning, the conditioned response is:

A)an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited without any prior training
B)an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited only after training or experience
C)an environmental event that elicits an observable reaction without any prior training
D)an environmental event that only elicits an observable reaction after training or experience

Question 76

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is:

A)an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited without any prior training
B)an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited only after training or experience
C)an environmental event that elicits an observable reaction without any prior training
D)an environmental event that only elicits an observable reaction after training or experience

Question 77

Nicole was having dinner at Appleby's with her boyfriend last year.When their food arrived, he and she began to argue.The argument was serious and continued the entire evening.Now Nicole finds that every time she is in Appleby's, she begins to feel tense and upset.In this example of classical conditioning, being in Appleby's is:

A)a conditioned stimulus
B)an unconditioned stimulus
C)an unconditioned response
D)a conditioned response

Question 78

Research has shown that the most effective classical conditioning association will form when the unconditioned stimulus occurs:

A)just before the conditioned stimulus
B)soon after the unconditioned response
C)soon after the conditioned stimulus
D)just before the conditioned response

Question 79

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, after the dog learned the association, the bell functioned as which of the following:

A)the unconditioned stimulus
B)the unconditioned response
C)the conditioned stimulus
D)the conditioned response

Question 80

Research has shown that in order for an effective classical conditioning association to form, the conditioned stimulus should be present:

A)at the same time as the unconditioned stimulus
B)before the unconditioned stimulus
C)after the unconditioned stimulus, but before the unconditioned response
D)after the unconditioned response, but before the unconditioned stimulus