Deck 26: Hormones and the Endocrine System

Question 1

Steroid hormones are lipids made from

A)amino acids.
B)cholesterol.
C)nucleic acids.
D)carbohydrates and amino acids.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is an endocrine gland that raises blood calcium levels?

A)parathyroid
B)thyroid gland
C)pituitary gland
D)testes

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following statements about steroid hormones is true?

A)Steroid hormones cause the production of cAMP.
B)Steroid hormones are polar molecules that cannot pass through the cell membrane.
C)Steroid hormones bind to receptors in the plasma membrane.
D)Steroid hormones bind to specific receptor proteins, and the complex acts as a gene activator.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system

A)has a faster response, but the signal does not last as long.
B)has a slower response and a signal that does not last as long.
C)has a faster response with a longer-lasting signal.
D)has a slower response with a longer-lasting signal.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Hormones travel via specific pathways to specific cells, while electrical signals travel through the blood to all areas of the body.
B)Effects of hormones last for brief periods of time, while effects of electrical signals last for long periods of time.
C)It takes longer for hormones to be released into the bloodstream and taken to target cells than it does for electrical signals to be transmitted.
D)Hormones have a direct connection with target cells, while electrical signals do not.

Question 6

Which of the following options correctly pairs an endocrine gland or hormone with an aspect of metabolism that it regulates?

A)parathyroid-stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
B)pancreas-stimulates growth of the uterine lining
C)insulin-regulates blood glucose levels
D)prolactin-manages blood potassium levels

Question 7

Which of the following statements about glands and hormones is true?

A)The anterior pituitary produces multiple hormones that affect activity of other endocrine glands and cells of the body.
B)The posterior pituitary produces melatonin, which helps regulate biological rhythms.
C)The pineal gland is the master control center of the endocrine system.
D)The hypothalamus is an endocrine gland responsible for producing the hormone calcitonin.

Question 8

Why must some hormones bind to a membrane receptor on a target cell's surface in order to activate it?

A)for activation by ATP
B)because they are not water-soluble
C)because they cannot cross cell membranes
D)to stimulate endocytosis to internalize the hormone

Question 9

The two main classes of molecules that function as hormones are steroid hormones and hormones that are derived from

A)amino acids.
B)cholesterol.
C)nucleic acids.
D)long-chain fatty acids.

Question 10

Hormones are chemicals produced by the endocrine system that

A)control the formation of urine.
B)regulate a variety of body functions, such as metabolism.
C)are stimulated by the action of metabolic enzymes.
D)function to prevent a variety of diseases, such as diabetes.

Question 11

A single steroid hormone can cause different effects in different cells by

A)binding to different receptors.
B)acting on different organelles.
C)activating different second messengers.
D)activating different enzymes.

Question 12

A target cell that is affected by a particular steroid hormone would be expected to have

A)an intracellular receptor protein that binds the hormone.
B)a cell-surface receptor protein that binds the hormone.
C)enzymes that are activated or inactivated by the intracellular hormone-receptor complex.
D)enzymes that are activated or inactivated by the hormone's second messenger.

Question 13

Which of the following hormones is released by neurosecretory cells extending from the hypothalamus?

A)estrogen
B)growth hormone
C)oxytocin
D)calcitonin

Question 14

How are hormones distributed to tissues, and what determines which cells hormones will affect?

A)They are carried throughout the body in the bloodstream, and each hormone affects target cells that have receptors for it.
B)They are carried to specific organs by lymphatic vessels and affect the cells in those organs.
C)They are delivered by neurosecretory cells to specific tissues and affect the cells in those tissues.
D)They are distributed locally in the interstitial fluid and affect nearby responsive target cells.

Question 15

The result of binding a signal molecule to its receptor is

A)production of a protein by the target cell, followed by death.
B)cell division.
C)signal transduction.
D)partitioning of the nucleus within the target cell.

Question 16

Which of the following statements regarding endocrine glands is true?

A)Some endocrine glands, like the pituitary, have other endocrine glands as their targets.
B)The sex organs and the thyroid gland produce steroid hormones.
C)The pancreas has only nonendocrine functions.
D)Most of the endocrine glands produce steroid hormones.

Question 17

Which of the following options lists the sequence of events in the cell-signaling process in the correct order?

A)reception, response, signal transduction
B)signal transduction, reception, response
C)signal transduction, response, reception
D)reception, signal transduction, response

Question 18

Neurosecretory cells

A)coordinate the body's responses to stimuli such as dehydration, low blood glucose level, and stress.
B)are restricted to the endocrine system.
C)participate in the nervous and endocrine systems.
D)produce hormones that will regulate nontarget cells.

Question 19

Which of the following hormones stimulates and maintains metabolic processes?

A)calcitonin
B)thyroxine
C)oxytocin
D)melatonin

Question 20

Which of the following endocrine glands synthesizes melatonin?

A)pineal
B)adrenal cortex
C)thyroid
D)parathyroid

Question 21

Which of the following is one of the three major categories of sex hormones?

A)glucocorticoids
B)estrogens
C)glucagons
D)prolactins

Question 22

Which gland exerts primary control over the concentration of sugar in the blood?

A)liver
B)pineal
C)pancreas
D)parathyroid

Question 23

Which of the following is a nonsteroid hormone?

A)glucagon
B)a glucocorticoid
C)estrogen
D)androgen

Question 24

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship of insulin to glucagon?

A)They work together to prepare the body to deal with stress.
B)Insulin stimulates the pancreas to secrete glucagon.
C)They are antagonistic hormones.
D)Insulin is a steroid hormone; glucagon is a protein hormone.

Question 25

TRH is a type of ________ hormone secreted by the ________.

A)steroid; thyroid gland
B)releasing; hypothalamus
C)peptide; thymus
D)releasing; anterior pituitary

Question 26

Biological responses to stress are enabled by the adrenal glands. If on your birthday your friends hid inside your house to surprise you with a collective "Happy birthday!" when you opened the door, you would experience short-term stress. Which action of the adrenal glands would help you overcome this surprise stress?

A)suppressed immune system and increased blood volume
B)increased alertness and increased blood glucose
C)retention of sodium ions and water by the kidneys and increased metabolic rate
D)increased blood pressure and breathing rate

Question 27

Which of the following hormones affects the greatest variety of cell types?

A)parathyroid hormone
B)melatonin
C)growth hormone
D)calcitonin

Question 28

An excess of T₃ and T₄ in the blood is hyperthyroidism, which in its most common form is called

A)goiter.
B)sterility.
C)Graves' disease.
D)botulism.

Question 29

Which of the following glands is/are located nearest the kidneys?

A)ovaries
B)pancreas
C)pineal glands
D)adrenal glands

Question 30

Which of the following pairs of hormones have opposite effects?

A)testosterone and melatonin
B)progesterone and insulin
C)parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
D)oxytocin and prolactin

Question 31

When the concentration of glucose in the blood rises following digestion of a meal, what is the hormonal response?

A)Levels of both glucagon and insulin increase.
B)More glucagon is released.
C)More insulin is released.
D)Neither glucagon nor insulin is released.

Question 32

High levels of which of the following hormones can suppress the body's immune system?

A)glucagon
B)mineralocorticoids
C)glucocorticoids
D)antidiuretic hormone

Question 33

Which of the following act(s)mainly to regulate salt and water balance?

A)mineralocorticoids
B)glucocorticoids
C)androgens
D)oxytocin

Question 34

What is the metabolic abnormality that underlies the characteristic symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

A)a failure of the kidney tubules to reabsorb enough glucose from the urine
B)an inability of the body's cells to switch from glucose metabolism to fat metabolism between meals
C)an inability of the body's cells to retain glucose they have absorbed from the blood
D)an inability of the body's cells to absorb enough glucose from the blood

Question 35

Which of the following is associated with obesity and occurs because cells of the body fail to respond adequately to insulin?

A)type 1 diabetes
B)type 2 diabetes
C)hyperglycemia
D)hypoglycemia

Question 36

Which of the following glands secretes hormones that enable the body to respond to stress?

A)pancreas
B)adrenal
C)pineal
D)parathyroid

Question 37

Which of the following hormones causes glucose release and, consequently, a rise in the concentration of sugar in the blood?

A)insulin
B)glucagon
C)calcitonin
D)oxytocin

Question 38

Which gland requires the element iodine to produce its hormones?

A)adrenal medulla
B)thyroid
C)pineal
D)ovary

Question 39

Which of the following is a function of epinephrine?

A)release of glucose from the liver
B)decreased heart rate
C)decreased metabolic rate
D)increased digestive activities

Question 40

Which of the following may be a consequence of low secretion of parathyroid hormone?

A)convulsive contractions of skeletal muscles
B)gigantism
C)exhaustion of the immune system
D)loss of calcium from the bone

Question 41

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland that causes female uterine muscles to contract during childbirth and female mammary glands to eject milk during nursing. Oxytocin also occurs naturally in males and is involved in movement of sperm and production of testosterone. It has been given the common name of "the love hormone" because oxytocin is linked to human behaviors including sexual arousal and trust.
In 2012, The Atlantic (a popular news source) published a brief online news summary that explained that when scientists in Germany gave men who were in a monogamous relationship with a woman a nasal spray containing oxytocin, the men were less attracted to an attractive female stranger than men who were given a nasal spray with no oxytocin. While The Atlantic provided a link to the original scientific study, they drew conclusions and stated implications of it that included the following:
1. In men, oxytocin promotes monogamous relationships because it keeps them from communicating with women who are attractive to them.
2. If a man is unable to obtain a nasal spray with oxytocin, there are other means by which oxytocin release can be stimulated during a monogamous relationship: sexual intercourse, hand-holding, and touching.
In addition to biological reasons, what other implications does the role of oxytocin have?

A)Oxytocin can decrease the amount of time it takes for a female to give birth.
B)Oxytocin can decrease the chance that women in monogamous relationships will be attracted to men other than their mate.
C)Oxytocin can affect human social behaviors.
D)Oxytocin can weaken the bond that men and women share in a relationship.

Question 42

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Recent studies suggest that flame retardants, chemicals that are used for slow burning, can mimic estrogen hormones found in the human body. The scientists investigating this phenomenon developed three-dimensional images to show how the chemical structure of certain flame retardants allows the retardants to bind to and inhibit an enzyme (estrogen sulfotransferase) that metabolizes estrogen.
Suppose the scientists want to conduct a study of the effects of flame retardants on estrogen levels. In a hypothetical study, the scientists use frogs to test the effects of flame retardants because the frogs' skin is highly permeable and therefore allows for easy absorption of chemicals.
The scientists collected 20 wild adult frogs and brought them to a laboratory. Ten of the frogs (group 1: five male and five female) were kept in tanks mimicking their natural environment. The other ten frogs (group 2: five male, five female) were kept in tanks identical to those of group 1 but were introduced to low amounts of flame retardants in the shallow water in their tank. Estrogen levels were measured on the first day of the experiment and then every 4 days for 20 days.
What will be the result when estrogen sulfotransferase is inhibited?

A)Epinephrine will cease to be produced.
B)A diminished amount of estrogen will be present.
C)An overabundance of glucocorticoids will be present.
D)An overabundance of estrogen will be present.

Question 43

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Recent studies have shown that the onset of puberty in American girls has decreased from an average of 12-13 years of age to as young as 8-10. Many scientists who study premature puberty suggest that steroids in our food and in the environment may be contributing factors, since steroids are known to cross cell membranes and bind to receptors inside cells.
Why are hormones present in our foods? Synthetic testosterone compounds (similar to those used by some athletes) make young animals gain weight faster so they are ready for market sooner. Female animals receive synthetic estrogen to inhibit the reproductive cycle and divert all energy into weight gain. In the United States, up to two-thirds of meat animals are raised using hormones. In addition, hormones are used to increase milk production in dairy cattle.
Scientific investigation of the exact effects of environmental steroids on humans is extremely difficult since there are multiple sources of hormones in the environment. A valid study would require a control group who hasn't been exposed to the chemicals being studied. Since everyone has had some exposure to environmental hormones, no control group is available to use as a reference.
When environmental estrogens trigger premature puberty in girls, the main organs affected are the

A)ovaries and uterus.
B)thyroid gland and pituitary gland.
C)adrenal cortex.
D)pituitary gland and parathyroid glands.

Question 44

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland that causes female uterine muscles to contract during childbirth and female mammary glands to eject milk during nursing. Oxytocin also occurs naturally in males and is involved in movement of sperm and production of testosterone. It has been given the common name of "the love hormone" because oxytocin is linked to human behaviors including sexual arousal and trust.
In 2012, The Atlantic (a popular news source) published a brief online news summary that explained that when scientists in Germany gave men who were in a monogamous relationship with a woman a nasal spray containing oxytocin, the men were less attracted to an attractive female stranger than men who were given a nasal spray with no oxytocin. While The Atlantic provided a link to the original scientific study, they drew conclusions and stated implications of it that included the following:
1. In men, oxytocin promotes monogamous relationships because it keeps them from communicating with women who are attractive to them.
2. If a man is unable to obtain a nasal spray with oxytocin, there are other means by which oxytocin release can be stimulated during a monogamous relationship: sexual intercourse, hand-holding, and touching.
What is the main evidence that you would use to decide whether the conclusions and implications that The Atlantic published were valid?

A)the online news story from The Atlantic
B)the original scientific study
C)a different online summary of the original scientific study
D)a different original scientific study on a hormone that is biologically similar to oxytocin

Question 45

The production of estrogen and progesterone is drastically decreased in women experiencing menopause. This can cause women to experience poor sleep, night sweats, thinning of bones, and brief moments of feeling hot. What is another biological effect of low amounts of these hormones in women?

A)being no longer able to maintain normal nerve cell development
B)being no longer able to reproduce successfully
C)being likely to become anemic
D)being likely to experience joint swelling

Question 46

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Recent studies have shown that the onset of puberty in American girls has decreased from an average of 12-13 years of age to as young as 8-10. Many scientists who study premature puberty suggest that steroids in our food and in the environment may be contributing factors, since steroids are known to cross cell membranes and bind to receptors inside cells.
Why are hormones present in our foods? Synthetic testosterone compounds (similar to those used by some athletes) make young animals gain weight faster so they are ready for market sooner. Female animals receive synthetic estrogen to inhibit the reproductive cycle and divert all energy into weight gain. In the United States, up to two-thirds of meat animals are raised using hormones. In addition, hormones are used to increase milk production in dairy cattle.
Scientific investigation of the exact effects of environmental steroids on humans is extremely difficult since there are multiple sources of hormones in the environment. A valid study would require a control group who hasn't been exposed to the chemicals being studied. Since everyone has had some exposure to environmental hormones, no control group is available to use as a reference.
How are steroids able to cross cell membranes and enter cells?

A)Steroids and cell membranes both contain receptor proteins.
B)Steroids are able to pass through the phospholipid bilayer and bind to receptors inside the cell.
C)Steroids can diffuse through open channel proteins in the membrane.
D)Steroids move through cell membranes, such as water, by osmosis.

Question 47

Results of the experiment yield the data shown in the following graph.

The figure shows percentage of male and female frogs with flame retardants in their blood in two groups: Group 1 was not exposed to flame retardants, and group 2 was exposed to low doses.
What is one overall conclusion that you can draw from these results?

A)There was no noticeable difference between the male and female frogs in group 2 in percentage of frogs with high retardant levels.
B)As compared to the group 1 male frogs, group 1 female frogs had a lower percentage of frogs with high retardant levels.
C)As compared to the group 2 female frogs, there were a lower percentage of group 2 male frogs with high levels of flame retardants in their blood.
D)As compared to the group 2 male frogs, there were a lower percentage of group 2 female frogs with high levels of flame retardants in their blood.

Question 48

The hormone prolactin, found in distantly related vertebrates, exerts different effects in different species. From an evolutionary standpoint, this is an indication that prolactin

A)can only have functions related to childbirth.
B)is an ancient hormone whose function diversified through evolution.
C)was a recent evolutionary adaptation.
D)was not required in fish and amphibians.

Question 49

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Recent studies suggest that flame retardants, chemicals that are used for slow burning, can mimic estrogen hormones found in the human body. The scientists investigating this phenomenon developed three-dimensional images to show how the chemical structure of certain flame retardants allows the retardants to bind to and inhibit an enzyme (estrogen sulfotransferase) that metabolizes estrogen.
Suppose the scientists want to conduct a study of the effects of flame retardants on estrogen levels. In a hypothetical study, the scientists use frogs to test the effects of flame retardants because the frogs' skin is highly permeable and therefore allows for easy absorption of chemicals.
The scientists collected 20 wild adult frogs and brought them to a laboratory. Ten of the frogs (group 1: five male and five female) were kept in tanks mimicking their natural environment. The other ten frogs (group 2: five male, five female) were kept in tanks identical to those of group 1 but were introduced to low amounts of flame retardants in the shallow water in their tank. Estrogen levels were measured on the first day of the experiment and then every 4 days for 20 days.
Flame retardants are an example of

A)lipid-soluble hormones.
B)endocrine disrupters.
C)progestins.
D)androgens.

Question 50

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland that causes female uterine muscles to contract during childbirth and female mammary glands to eject milk during nursing. Oxytocin also occurs naturally in males and is involved in movement of sperm and production of testosterone. It has been given the common name of "the love hormone" because oxytocin is linked to human behaviors including sexual arousal and trust.
In 2012, The Atlantic (a popular news source) published a brief online news summary that explained that when scientists in Germany gave men who were in a monogamous relationship with a woman a nasal spray containing oxytocin, the men were less attracted to an attractive female stranger than men who were given a nasal spray with no oxytocin. While The Atlantic provided a link to the original scientific study, they drew conclusions and stated implications of it that included the following:
1. In men, oxytocin promotes monogamous relationships because it keeps them from communicating with women who are attractive to them.
2. If a man is unable to obtain a nasal spray with oxytocin, there are other means by which oxytocin release can be stimulated during a monogamous relationship: sexual intercourse, hand-holding, and touching.
Biologically, why might oxytocin have the nickname "the love hormone?"

A)because it has a role in reproductive behavior of males only
B)because it has a role in reproductive behavior of females only
C)because it has a role in reproductive behavior of both males and females
D)because it has a role in androgen development

Question 51

Feeling tired after a long day of work, you walk across a parking lot at night to get to your car. As you approach the car you see a shadow extending behind the back of the car. You immediately feel a rush of energy, your heart starts pounding, and you feel wide awake and alert. You slowly circle around to the back of the car and see that the shadow is coming from a parking lot sign above your car. You breathe a sigh of relief and start to calm down. You think about how you just felt in that scary situation and realize that you had the same reaction when you were called on in class to answer a question in front of everyone. Your teacher used that exercise to describe that the hormone ________ can be produced in fearful situations by ________.

A)epinephrine; adrenal glands
B)epinephrine; parathyroid glands
C)glucagon; pancreas
D)calcitonin; thyroid gland

Question 52

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Recent studies suggest that flame retardants, chemicals that are used for slow burning, can mimic estrogen hormones found in the human body. The scientists investigating this phenomenon developed three-dimensional images to show how the chemical structure of certain flame retardants allows the retardants to bind to and inhibit an enzyme (estrogen sulfotransferase) that metabolizes estrogen.
Suppose the scientists want to conduct a study of the effects of flame retardants on estrogen levels. In a hypothetical study, the scientists use frogs to test the effects of flame retardants because the frogs' skin is highly permeable and therefore allows for easy absorption of chemicals.
The scientists collected 20 wild adult frogs and brought them to a laboratory. Ten of the frogs (group 1: five male and five female) were kept in tanks mimicking their natural environment. The other ten frogs (group 2: five male, five female) were kept in tanks identical to those of group 1 but were introduced to low amounts of flame retardants in the shallow water in their tank. Estrogen levels were measured on the first day of the experiment and then every 4 days for 20 days.
Why is group 1 needed in this experiment?

A)Group 1 is the standard of comparison for the experimental group.
B)Group 1 is the standard of comparison for only adult males.
C)Group 1 is the standard of comparison for only adult females.
D)Group 1 allows for reliable comparison of all ages of female frogs in the study.

Question 53

Androgens stimulate

A)the female reproductive system.
B)growth of breasts in mammals.
C)growth of facial hair in humans.
D)ovulation.

Question 54

Feeling tired after a long day of work, you walk across a parking lot at night to get to your car. As you approach the car you see a shadow extending behind the back of the car. You immediately feel a rush of energy, your heart starts pounding, and you feel wide awake and alert. You are experiencing

A)an allergic reaction.
B)a surge in blood glucose.
C)the fight-or-flight response.
D)effects of endocrine disruptors.

Question 55

Glucocorticoids help reduce inflammation, but they can also cause liver cells to produce extra sugar. This could lead to high blood sugar levels and bring about steroid-produced ________.

A)gigantism
B)androgen insensitivity
C)hyperthyroidism
D)diabetes mellitus

Question 56

A mutation in the gene for hormone A causes it to be unable to bind to its receptor protein. What do you predict will happen?

A)The receptor protein will not be activated and therefore will not initiate a signal transduction pathway.
B)The receptor protein will change shape in order to bind with hormone A.
C)The water-soluble hormone molecule will not be able to pass through the phospholipid bilayer.
D)The water-soluble hormone molecule will not be able to pass through the interstitial fluid.

Question 57

Prednisone is a synthetic version of what natural hormone that is often prescribed to individuals who are suffering from redness and swelling due to allergies?

A)mineralocorticoid
B)glucocorticoid
C)estrogen
D)progestin

Question 58

Which molecule in this figure portraying water-soluble hormone action is the receptor protein?

A)molecule A
B)molecule B
C)molecule C
D)molecule D

Question 59

Prolactin is a hormone whose molecular structure has remained stable over evolutionary time but whose hormonal role has changed dramatically in different animal species. This is an excellent example of how evolution

A)is responsible for mutation in vertebrates.
B)occurs rapidly at the molecular level to keep up with changing environmental influences.
C)has stayed within narrow boundaries in regard to regulation of homeostasis.
D)can both preserve unity and promote diversity.

Question 60

Which step in this figure portraying lipid-soluble hormone action shows transcription in response to the bound hormone-receptor complex?

A)step 1
B)step 2
C)step 3
D)step 4