Exam 26: Hormones and the Endocrine System

Which of the following hormones is released by neurosecretory cells extending from the hypothalamus?

Neurosecretory cells

How are hormones distributed to tissues, and what determines which cells hormones will affect?

Which of the following endocrine glands synthesizes melatonin?

Which of the following glands secretes hormones that enable the body to respond to stress?

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow. Recent studies have shown that the onset of puberty in American girls has decreased from an average of 12-13 years of age to as young as 8-10. Many scientists who study premature puberty suggest that steroids in our food and in the environment may be contributing factors, since steroids are known to cross cell membranes and bind to receptors inside cells. Why are hormones present in our foods? Synthetic testosterone compounds (similar to those used by some athletes) make young animals gain weight faster so they are ready for market sooner. Female animals receive synthetic estrogen to inhibit the reproductive cycle and divert all energy into weight gain. In the United States, up to two-thirds of meat animals are raised using hormones. In addition, hormones are used to increase milk production in dairy cattle. Scientific investigation of the exact effects of environmental steroids on humans is extremely difficult since there are multiple sources of hormones in the environment. A valid study would require a control group who hasn't been exposed to the chemicals being studied. Since everyone has had some exposure to environmental hormones, no control group is available to use as a reference. -When environmental estrogens trigger premature puberty in girls, the main organs affected are the

The production of estrogen and progesterone is drastically decreased in women experiencing menopause. This can cause women to experience poor sleep, night sweats, thinning of bones, and brief moments of feeling hot. What is another biological effect of low amounts of these hormones in women?

A single steroid hormone can cause different effects in different cells by

Which of the following glands is/are located nearest the kidneys?

Which of the following is a nonsteroid hormone?

Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system

TRH is a type of ________ hormone secreted by the ________.

Which of the following statements is true?

Biological responses to stress are enabled by the adrenal glands. If on your birthday your friends hid inside your house to surprise you with a collective "Happy birthday!" when you opened the door, you would experience short-term stress. Which action of the adrenal glands would help you overcome this surprise stress?

Which of the following statements regarding endocrine glands is true?

Hormones are chemicals produced by the endocrine system that

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow. Recent studies suggest that flame retardants, chemicals that are used for slow burning, can mimic estrogen hormones found in the human body. The scientists investigating this phenomenon developed three-dimensional images to show how the chemical structure of certain flame retardants allows the retardants to bind to and inhibit an enzyme (estrogen sulfotransferase) that metabolizes estrogen. Suppose the scientists want to conduct a study of the effects of flame retardants on estrogen levels. In a hypothetical study, the scientists use frogs to test the effects of flame retardants because the frogs' skin is highly permeable and therefore allows for easy absorption of chemicals. The scientists collected 20 wild adult frogs and brought them to a laboratory. Ten of the frogs (group 1: five male and five female) were kept in tanks mimicking their natural environment. The other ten frogs (group 2: five male, five female) were kept in tanks identical to those of group 1 but were introduced to low amounts of flame retardants in the shallow water in their tank. Estrogen levels were measured on the first day of the experiment and then every 4 days for 20 days. -What will be the result when estrogen sulfotransferase is inhibited?

A target cell that is affected by a particular steroid hormone would be expected to have

When the concentration of glucose in the blood rises following digestion of a meal, what is the hormonal response?

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow. Recent studies have shown that the onset of puberty in American girls has decreased from an average of 12-13 years of age to as young as 8-10. Many scientists who study premature puberty suggest that steroids in our food and in the environment may be contributing factors, since steroids are known to cross cell membranes and bind to receptors inside cells. Why are hormones present in our foods? Synthetic testosterone compounds (similar to those used by some athletes) make young animals gain weight faster so they are ready for market sooner. Female animals receive synthetic estrogen to inhibit the reproductive cycle and divert all energy into weight gain. In the United States, up to two-thirds of meat animals are raised using hormones. In addition, hormones are used to increase milk production in dairy cattle. Scientific investigation of the exact effects of environmental steroids on humans is extremely difficult since there are multiple sources of hormones in the environment. A valid study would require a control group who hasn't been exposed to the chemicals being studied. Since everyone has had some exposure to environmental hormones, no control group is available to use as a reference. -How are steroids able to cross cell membranes and enter cells?