Deck 3: Individual Views of Delinquency: Choice and Trait

Question 1

Research which links antisocial behavior to a person's brain chemistry, brain damage, and complications attributed to low birth weight draw from which theoretical perspective?

A)hormonal imbalances
B)deterrence theory
C)behaviorism
D)neurological dysfunction

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following theories best reflects the branch of psychology that holds that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed early in childhood?

A)Psychodynamic theory
B)Behavioral theory
C)Cognitive theory
D)General deterrence theory

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following statements about specific deterrence is false?

A)Kids who are placed in a juvenile justice facility are just as likely to become adult criminals as those treated with greater leniency
B)The association between punishment and desistance is logical, and there is plenty of evidence that punitive measures alone deter future delinquency
C)A history of prior arrests, convictions, and punishments has proven to be the best predictor of re-arrest among young offenders released from correctional institutions
D)Punishment strategies may stigmatize kids and help lock offenders into a delinquent career

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A guiding principle of ____________________ is that the choice to commit delinquent acts can be controlled by the threat of punishment.

A)general deterrence
B)specific deterrence
C)restorative justice
D)retribution

Question 5

The _______________________ argues that the link between learning disabilities and delinquency is caused by the side effects of learning disabilities such as impulsiveness and the inability to learn from social cues.

A)school failure rationale
B)susceptibility rationale
C)reactionary rationale
D)accentuating mediating rationale

Question 6

Research which links antisocial behavior to a person's diet draws from which theoretical perspective?

A)biosocial theories
B)choice theory c behaviorism
C)personality trait theory

Question 7

_______________________ theory views crime as a "normal" function modern living.

A)Social control
B)Social learning
C)Trait
D)Routine activities

Question 8

According to the concept of ________________, if offenders are punished severely, the experience will convince them not to repeat their illegal acts.

A)specific deterrence
B)general deterrence
C)retribution
D)restorative justice

Question 9

Which of the following is not a symptom of ADHD?

A)The individual frequently fails to finish projects
B)The individual cannot organize tasks or work
C)The individual sustains interest in play activities
D)The individual has difficulty regulating emotions

Question 10

A geographic location that is known to be the scene of repeated delinquent activity is called a:

A)critical area
B)party zone
C)hot zone
D)hot spot

Question 11

The __________________ develops through interactions with parents and others and represents the conscience and the moral rules that are shared by most adults.

A)Superego
B)Id
C)Ego
D)Self

Question 12

It has been suggested that children who manifest behavioral disturbances may have neurological deficits, such as damage to the hemispheres of the brain; this is sometimes referred to as:

A)bipolar disorder
B)cognitive dissonance
C)minimal brain dysfunction
D)autism

Question 13

Contemporary biochemical factors related to delinquency include each of the following except:

A)overexposure to lead
B)high sugar diet
C)minimal brain dysfunction
D)exposure to high levels of testosterone

Question 14

The _______________________ assumes that LD leads to poor school behavior which leads to frustration, negative self image, and acting out.

A)school failure rationale
B)susceptibility rationale
C)reactionary rationale
D)accentuating mediating rationale

Question 15

According to __________________ theory, delinquency is a function of personal predispositions such as temperament, personality, hormones, or genetics.

A)social learning
B)choice
C)trait
D)social structure

Question 16

______________________ philosophers Beccaria and Bentham are identified as the core theorists of classical criminology.

A)Zen
B)Utilitarian
C)Marxist
D)Post-Modern

Question 17

Which of the following criminologists is credited with the development of the theory of criminal atavism?

A)Charles Goring
B)Enrico Ferri
C)Cesare Lombroso
D)Raffaele Garofalo

Question 18

The volume and distribution of predatory crimes in a particular area and at a particular time is influenced by the interaction of three variables. Which of the following is not one of these variables?

A)the availability of suitable targets
B)the absence of capable guardians
C)the presence of motivated offenders
D)the absence of law enforcement

Question 19

Which of the following statements about situational crime prevention efforts is true?

A)They are designed to reduce or redirect crime by making it more difficult to profit from illegal acts
B)They aim at reducing crime through the application of severe punishments
C)They are based on the fear of the severity, swiftness, and certainty of punishments
D)They are based on the beliefs that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically similar to our savage and primitive ancestors

Question 20

According to choice theorists, offenders:

A)are rational actors who choose to crime because they believe their actions will be beneficial
B)are compelled to engage in crime because of specific physical or psychological conditions
C)developed abnormal personality types
D)have hormonal imbalances that have not been detected

Question 21

Beccaria and Bentham found that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them similar to our primitive ancestors

Question 22

A psychological condition producing mood swings between wild elation and deep depression is called:

A)sleep disorder
B)bipolar disorder
C)anxiety disorder
D)mood disorder

Question 23

People commit crimes when they model their behavior after others they see being rewarded for the same acts; behavior is reinforced by rewards and extinguished by punishment. Which of the following theories does this best illustrate?

A)Psychodynamic
B)Behavioral
C)Cognitive
D)General deterrence theory

Question 24

According to routine activity theory, elderly women have the highest crime victim rates because they are seen as suitable targets for crime.

Question 25

_____________________ are impulsive individuals who lack the ability to examine their own motives.

A)Extraverts
B)Neurotics
C)Sadists
D)Defiants

Question 26

Situational crime prevention aims to reduce opportunities to commit crimes by increasing the effort or the risks of criminal activity or by reducing the rewards attached to delinquent acts.

Question 27

As a rule, deterrence strategies are based on the idea of an "irrational" offender.

Question 28

Which theorist developed the stages of moral development?

A)Lombroso
B)Sheldon
C)Kohlberg
D)Drummond

Question 29

The techniques of situational crime prevention include hardening targets, using surveillance, and more effective street lighting.

Question 30

Police crackdowns seem to have an effective short-term strategy, but their effect begins to decay once the initial shock effect wears off.

Question 31

Cognitive theorists contend that chronically delinquent youths use fewer cues than most people to process information, use violence to get what they want, and react in a volatile fashion to the slightest provocation because they:

A)have learned improper scripts
B)modeled violent behavior from TV
C)are unrestrained by formal consequences
D)have severe hormonal imbalances

Question 32

The general deterrence concept holds that the choice to commit delinquent acts can be controlled by the threat of punishment.

Question 33

Erik Erikson coined the term ____________________ to refer to a psychological state in which youth face inner turmoil and uncertainty about life roles.

A)identity crisis
B)alter ego
C)adolescent superego
D)peer identity diffusion

Question 34

According to the text, delinquents do not like to travel to commit crimes.

Question 35

Which of the following is not a personality trait identified by Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck to characterize delinquents?

A)extraversion
B)empathy
C)suspicion
D)hostility

Question 36

According to the text, behaviorism was popularized by Harvard professor:

A)G. H. Mead
B)E. Goffman
C)B. F. Skinner
D)S. Pinker

Question 37

Classical criminology suggests that delinquent acts, especially violent ones, are not rational choices but uncontrollable, irrational behaviors.

Question 38

According to specific deterrence if young offenders are punished severely, the experience will convince them not to repeat their illegal acts.

Question 39

It is estimated that the average child views ____________ TV murders before finishing elementary school.

A)425
B)670
C)1,200
D)8,000

Question 40

__________________ hold that children will model their behavior according to the reactions they receive from others.

A)Behaviorists
B)Social learning theorists
C)Psychodynamic theorists
D)Arousal theorists

Question 41

__________________ theory states that offenders are rational decision makers who choose to engage in antisocial activity because they believe their actions will be beneficial.

Question 42

____________________ deterrence theory contends that behavior is controlled by the threat of formal penalties which are swift, certain, and severe.

Question 43

A ___________________ is a particular location or address that is the site of repeated and frequent criminal activity.

Question 44

____________________ deterrence is demonstrated by sending convicted offenders to secure incarceration facilities so that punishment is severe enough to convince them not to repeat their criminal activity.

Question 45

Hirschi and Hindelang reported that IQ is more important than race and social class for involvement in delinquency.

Question 46

According to data from the Cambridge Youth Survey, fewer sons of noncriminal fathers become chronic offenders than youths with criminal fathers.

Question 47

Lombroso's theory of criminal ___________________ reflects the idea that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically and physiologically similar to our primitive ancestors, savage throwbacks to an earlier stage of human evolution.

Question 48

__________________ theory states that delinquent acts are uncontrollable, irrational behaviors caused in part by an individual's mental and physical traits.

Question 49

Cognitive theory contends that the choice to commit delinquent acts can be controlled by the threat of punishment; if people believe illegal behavior will result in severe sanctions, they will choose not to commit crimes.

Question 50

Children with ADHD are more likely to use illicit drugs, alcohol, cigarettes in adolescence.

Question 51

People with pathological traits, such as abnormal personality, are at lower risk for crime over the life course.

Question 52

Twin studies and adoption studies provide no evidence that delinquent-producing traits may be inherited.

Question 53

Cognitive theory contends that a significant number of non-delinquent youths display higher stages of moral reasoning than delinquents.

Question 54

__________________ philosophers Beccaria and Bentham argued that people weigh the consequences of their actions before deciding on a course of action.

Question 55

____________________ is a method that relies on reducing the opportunity to commit criminal acts by making them more difficult to perform, reducing their reward, and increasing their risks.

Question 56

According to ___________________ theory, predatory crimes are influenced by the intersection of three variables: availability of suitable targets, the presence of motivated offenders, and the absence of capable guardians.

Question 57

Research shows that children with conduct disorder are frequently involved in bullying, fighting, committing sexual assaults, and behaving cruelly toward animals.

Question 58

Lombroso found that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them similar to our primitive ancestors

Question 59

Arousal theorists believe that some people's brains function differently in response to environmental stimuli.

Question 60

__________________ theory is the view that both thought and behavior have biological and psychological bases.

Question 61

__________________ is a personality trait marked by unfounded anxiety, tension, and emotional instability.

Question 62

__________________ personality is a person lacking in warmth, exhibiting inappropriate behavior responses, and unable to learn from experience; the condition is defined by persistent violations of social norms, including lying, stealing, truancy, inconsistent work behavior, and traffic arrests.

Question 63

One aspect of ____________________ theory contends that children will model their behavior according to the reactions they receive from others; the behavior of adults, and the behavior they view on television and in the movies.

Question 64

Compare and contrast choice theory and routine activities theory. Provide examples.

Question 65

Psychodynamic theory argues that the personality contains three major components, the id, the ego, and the _____________.

Question 66

____________________ theory is the view that behavior is modeled through observation either directly through intimate contact with others or indirectly through media.

Question 67

__________________ theory is the branch of psychology that studies the perception of reality and the mental processes required to understand the world we live in.

Question 68

__________________ theory is the view that intelligence is determined by environmental stimulation and socialization.

Question 69

__________________ is impulsive behavior without the ability to examine motives and behavior.

Question 70

List and discuss the reasons discussed in the text as to why incarcerating delinquents may not reduce their crime rates.

Question 71

Compare and contrast nature theory and nurture theory.

Question 72

Identify and discuss the three psychological theories of delinquency.

Question 73

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), believed to be a precursor of delinquent behaviors, has been linked to the presence of excessive ___________.

Question 74

Compare and contrast general deterrence and specific deterrence. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of this theoretical perspective on juvenile justice policy.

Question 75

____________________ theory is the view that intelligence is inherited and is a function of genetic makeup.