Deck 11: Types of Memory

Question 1

According to the textbook,____ is the ability to retain information over time through the process of encoding,storage,and retrieval.

A) memory
B) repression
C) metamemory
D) implicit memory

Answer 1

memory

Question 2

If you pay no attention to the information currently in your sensory memory,that information will:

A) be transferred to short-term memory
B) stay in sensory memory until it is needed
C) disappear
D) be transferred to long-term memory

Answer 2

disappear

Question 3

The word that best describes encoding is:

A) output
B) input
C) recall
D) reorder

Answer 3

input

Question 4

In the case of Clive Wearing described in Module 11,his memory loss was caused by:

A) unresolved unconscious conflicts
B) a brain chemical imbalance
C) a disease that led to brain damage
D) flashbulb memories of being abused

Question 5

Which kind of memory holds seven or eight items of information for several seconds?

A) sensory memory
B) long-term memory
C) short-term memory
D) echoic memory

Question 6

The three processes of memory are:

A) encoding, imitation, retrieval
B) attention, encoding, feedback
C) encoding, retrieval, motivation
D) encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 7

Placing information in a relatively permanent "warehouse" is called:

A) encoding
B) retrieval
C) storage
D) recording

Question 8

The initial kind of memory that holds information in a "raw" form for a few seconds is called:

A) short-term memory
B) sensory memory
C) chunking memory
D) maintenance rehearsal memory

Question 9

Despite Daniel Tammet's incredible memory,he struggled with:

A) recalling birthdates
B) learning simple mathematics
C) recalling strings of numbers
D) using associations to store information

Question 10

"I've encoded the material and I've stored it.I just can't seem to remember it." This case best describes a problem with:

A) encoding
B) retrieval
C) storage
D) recording

Question 11

Information is first placed into memory in the form of mental representations through the process of:

A) encoding
B) retrieval
C) storage
D) recording

Question 12

For how long will information stay in short-term memory if you do not focus on it?

A) up to 5 seconds
B) up to 10 seconds
C) up to 20 seconds
D) up to 30 seconds

Question 13

Daniel Tammet's amazing memory ability is due to:

A) an ability to visualize numbers as shape, colors, and textures
B) an abnormally large cerebral cortex
C) flashbulb memory
D) photographic memory

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct answer to finish this sentence? "The sound of my voice will enter your sensory memory and:

A) cause interference as you recall other information from sensory memory."
B) short-term memory at the same moment."
C) will be automatically transferred to long-term memory."
D) will be held for just a brief period of time."

Question 15

If you have no difficulty with encoding and storing,but you still think you've got problems with your memory,then the real problem must be in:

A) levels of processing
B) sensory memory
C) declarative memory
D) retrieving

Question 16

____ refers to making mental representations of information.

A) Encoding
B) Feedback
C) Storage
D) Retrieval

Question 17

Place the three memory processes in their correct order with regard to the flow of memory.

A) retrieval, storage, encoding
B) encoding, retrieval, storage
C) storage, encoding, retrieval
D) encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 18

Remembering is getting information out of storage.The term ____ refers to the same process.

A) encoding
B) retrieval
C) storage
D) recording

Question 19

You are writing an article about short-term memory for the local newspaper.Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the article?

A) Unlimited Storage in Short-Term Memory
B) Short-Term Memory: Holding Seven Items
C) Processing Information from the Senses: Short-Term Memory
D) Iconic Memory in Short-Term Memory

Question 20

The correct order for the three kinds of memory is:

A) short-term memory, episodic memory, sensory memory
B) long-term memory, iconic memory, echoic memory
C) semantic, echoic memory, episodic memory
D) sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

Question 21

Echoic memory allows an individual to:

A) see separate images as continuous
B) see the world as stable, despite the movement of the eyes
C) remember sensed sounds long enough to move them to short-term memory
D) maintain knowledge about one's own personal experiences

Question 22

Iconic memory is a form of sensory memory that holds:

A) auditory information
B) visual information
C) general knowledge, facts, and definitions
D) knowledge about performing motor skills

Question 23

Iconic is to echoic as ____ is to ____.

A) graphical; visual
B) visual; auditory
C) general; specific
D) long duration; short duration

Question 24

Your success in remembering information from long-term memory depends partly on:

A) how the information was encoded
B) the storage capacity of long-term memory
C) the storage capacity of short-term memory
D) how the information was retrieved

Question 25

What is a good and accurate way to remember what iconic memory refers to?

A) Iconic memory is visual information in short-term memory.
B) Icon means sound, and therefore iconic memory refers to auditory information.
C) "Con" in iconic refers to something false or bogus, and therefore iconic memory refers to a false memory.
D) Icon means image, and therefore iconic memory refers to visual information.

Question 26

The word "icon" means:

A) difficult idea
B) knowledge
C) sound
D) image

Question 27

A mad scientist plots to take over the world.His plan is to make our visual perception of the world appear to be very jerky and full of darting,discontinuous movements.He has perfected a ray gun that can destroy anything in the world.As his trusted advisor,what do you suggest he destroy to achieve his dastardly objective?

A) iconic memory
B) echoic memory
C) semantic memory
D) eidetic memory

Question 28

You may be able to repeat a series of words that you thought you did not hear because:

A) the words are stored in echoic memory
B) you did not initially pay attention to the words that had been moved to working memory
C) stimuli often enter long-term memory without our conscious effort
D) of cross-modal memory

Question 29

In the study described in your textbook on iconic memory,how many letters on average could subjects immediately recall?

A) 4
B) 6
C) 9
D) 12

Question 30

Of the following,which is not a function of sensory memory?

A) prevents being overwhelmed
B) gives decision time
C) allows for rehearsal of information
D) provides stability, playback, and recognition

Question 31

Who is most likely to have the longest echoic memory?

A) Alyssa, who is 21 years old
B) Miranda, who is 12 years old
C) Katelyn, who is 10 years old
D) Noelle, who is 8 years old

Question 32

What allows you to see a visual world that is smooth and not jerky?

A) semantic memory
B) short-term memory
C) photographic memory
D) iconic memory

Question 33

Echoic memory lasts as long as:

A) 2 seconds
B) 4 seconds
C) 8 seconds
D) 16 seconds

Question 34

Martin sees a fireworks display on the Fourth of July.The display will first encounter ____ memory,which will ____ sensory input.

A) short-term; limit
B) eidetic; clarify
C) working; amplify
D) sensory; limit

Question 35

An almost unlimited amount of information can be stored in:

A) sensory memory
B) long-term memory
C) short-term memory
D) echoic memory

Question 36

An usher points out a seat to Peter in a darkened theater by moving a flashlight in a rectangular motion.Peter sees the form of a rectangle because images from the flashlight are being briefly stored in:

A) semantic memory
B) short-term memory
C) photographic memory
D) iconic memory

Question 37

Of the following,which is not a feature of sensory memory?

A) maintaining visual images despite interruptions caused by blinking
B) recognizing words by momentarily holding strings of speech sounds so that related sounds can be grouped as words
C) limiting sensory input
D) facilitating permanent storage through the process of chunking

Question 38

Polly gets a piece of dust in her eye but is still able to drive,despite having to blink a lot.Her ability to maintain a visual image of the road is due to:

A) short-term memory
B) iconic memory
C) semantic memory
D) eidetic memory

Question 39

What happened in the study described in your textbook on iconic memory when the delay between the presentation of the letters and when subjects are asked to recall the letters is increased to one second?

A) Memory of the letters is reduced to an average of four letters.
B) Memory of the letters is increased to an average of four letters.
C) Memory of the letters is increased to an average of nine letters.
D) Memory is not affected.

Question 40

The momentary lingering of an image or sound after the stimulus has been removed is called:

A) sensory memory
B) long-term memory
C) short-term memory
D) semantic memory

Question 41

Which is the most accurate statement regarding sensory memory?

A) Information stored in it may be recalled without conscious control.
B) It lasts much longer than it was previously thought.
C) Information stored in it will rapidly fade unless attended to.
D) It has a very limited capacity.

Question 42

A more recent understanding of short-term memory is referred to as:

A) working memory
B) sensory memory
C) semantic memory
D) long-term memory

Question 43

Cal is watching a cooking show and wants to try one of the dishes.The recipe is being read aloud by the host.Unfortunately,Cal doesn't write anything down,thinking he can remember it."One cup flour,one teaspoon sugar ...oh,I just can't keep up.I've forgotten the first couple of ingredients." Cal's problem is best explained by:

A) maintenance
B) interference
C) chunking
D) encoding

Question 44

Tovio is an actor who is practicing his part.He keeps repeating the lines over and over and over again.What is this called?

A) maintenance rehearsal
B) memory span rehearsal
C) priming
D) chunking

Question 45

Alice tells Lana that the combination to her mailbox is 38-24-36.Lana repeats the numbers over and over to herself so that she doesn't forget them.Lana's behavior is an example of:

A) automatic encoding
B) elaborative rehearsal
C) episodic memory
D) maintenance rehearsal

Question 46

Heidi sees a hit-and-run accident.She repeats the license plate number to herself in order to remember it for the police.Heidi's way of remembering is an example of:

A) decoding
B) maintenance rehearsal
C) storage
D) mnemonics

Question 47

One of the main reasons that information disappears from short-term memory is because of:

A) interference
B) maintenance
C) chunking
D) encoding

Question 48

Why are telephone numbers seven digits?

A) seven digits is the capacity of short-term memory
B) that is the number of bytes a computer can handle in one millisecond
C) it is a tradition started by the first telephone operator
D) it is the capacity of sensory memory

Question 49

You are taking a test that measures how many numbers you can correctly repeat back.You are taking a:

A) chunking test
B) memory span test
C) memory limit test
D) encoding limit test

Question 50

What typically happens to information in short-term memory if it is not actively processed?

A) It enters long-term memory.
B) It blocks incoming information.
C) It goes back to sensory storage.
D) It disappears within seconds.

Question 51

If you combine separate items of information into large units and then remember these larger units rather than individual items,you are using:

A) attention
B) rehearsal
C) clustering
D) chunking

Question 52

What results when new information enters short-term memory and overwrites or pushes out information that is already there?

A) encoding
B) maintenance
C) chunking
D) interference

Question 53

Maintenance rehearsal involves:

A) measuring the amount of a person's short-term memory
B) intentionally repeating information over and over again
C) processing iconic and echoic images simultaneously
D) recalling items at the beginning of a list, but not at the end of a list

Question 54

Sly is assigned a locker in gym class with the combination 19-5-4.In order to remember it,he thinks of it as the year 1954.His method of remembering best illustrates:

A) decoding
B) chunking
C) rehearsal
D) recollection

Question 55

If you have ever looked up someone's phone number,but were unable to write it down,and you repeated it over and over again,then you have engaged in:

A) iconic memory
B) retrieval
C) maintenance rehearsal
D) interference

Question 56

Brian is driving to Candy's house for the first time.As he drives,he repeats to himself the directions she has given him."Highway 8 'til Lincoln,left on Lincoln,go to the second light and make another left." Brian is engaging in:

A) free recall
B) maintenance rehearsal
C) eidetic imagery
D) chunking

Question 57

Which of the following pairs accurately describes the two central characteristics of short-term memory?

A) limited duration, limited capacity
B) limited duration, unlimited capacity
C) unlimited duration, unlimited capacity
D) unlimited duration, limited capacity

Question 58

Repeating information over and over so that it does not fade from short-term memory is called ____ rehearsal.

A) intentional
B) elaborative
C) maintenance
D) episodic

Question 59

The capacity for working memory seems to be about:

A) three items
B) seven items
C) 10 items
D) 15 items

Question 60

While walking across campus,you see someone standing on his head.The fact that you pay attention to this person probably means that you will:

A) never forget him
B) process the information into short-term memory
C) lose the information in sensory memory
D) put the information into long-term memory without using working memory

Question 61

Short-term memory performs three functions.Which of the following is not among the three functions?

A) holds information for a short period of time
B) helps to encode information into long-term memory
C) selectively attends to information that is relevant
D) provides a location for network nodes

Question 62

You are being introduced to several people in your first job interview: Ted,Julie,Benito,Dewayne,Frank,and Andy.Based on the primacy effect,whose name are you most likely to remember?

A) Benito
B) Dewayne
C) Andy
D) Ted

Question 63

What are the two memory systems?

A) short-term memory and long-term memory
B) momentary memory and long-term memory
C) short-term memory and primacy memory
D) recency memory and short-term memory

Question 64

The ability to recall items at the beginning of a list more easily than the following items is the result of the ____ effect.

A) attentional
B) ordering
C) primacy
D) recency

Question 65

Gaylord likes to do memory tricks.He can memorize a list of 25 digits in just 25 seconds and then correctly recalls them.Based on this module,what is the most probable way he can do this trick?

A) chunking
B) interfering
C) encoding
D) recoding

Question 66

The textbook suggests thinking about sensory memory,short-term memory,and long-term memory as:

A) neurological locations in the brain
B) separate isolated processes
C) places in the larger memory system
D) interactive processes

Question 67

Unlike that of sensory or short-term memories,the capacity of long-term memory:

A) depends on cell development in the frontal lobe
B) is almost unlimited
C) varies tremendously from one person to the next
D) is 60 to 70 items that can be consciously recalled

Question 68

What is a type of memory that allows information to be held for a short period of time until you decide what to do with it?

A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) sensory memory
D) iconic memory

Question 69

As you study for a class,you find that the material is very difficult.To encode the material into long-term memory,you should try to ____.

A) increase the storage capacity of long-term memory
B) rehearse it many times
C) memorize the material
D) make associations between the material and what you already know

Question 70

Jack enlists the assistance of a travel agent to help him arrange a business trip to seven military bases for a weapons contractor.The agent lists all the stops on the trip.Later,when Jack tells his friend Darlene his itinerary,he can accurately remember only the date and location of his first stop.This is an example of the ____ effect.

A) attentional
B) ordering
C) primacy
D) recency

Question 71

The social security number 999-61-4374 may be best remembered as:

A) a single echoic sensation
B) three meaningful chunks of information
C) an episodic experience
D) an iconic image in sensory memory

Question 72

On the way to her wedding,Maria thinks about all the other men she has dated.Her clearest memory is of Lawrence,her first boyfriend.Maria's recall illustrates the ____ effect.

A) recency
B) primacy
C) semantic
D) encoding

Question 73

Research has found that short-term memory most involves the ____ of the brain.

A) brainstem area
B) corpus callosum
C) prefrontal area
D) cerebellum

Question 74

What happens to sensory information when you pay attention to it?

A) The information gets analyzed for a second time in iconic memory.
B) The information enters short-term memory.
C) The information is stored as explicit memory.
D) The information is rehearsed in long-term memory.

Question 75

A study of college freshmen's recall of grades showed that:

A) the recent reforms in education have worked
B) the recent reforms in education have failed
C) we often inflate negative events and eliminate or change positive ones
D) we often have better memory of positive events than negative ones

Question 76

An education major is interviewing a veteran teacher for a class project.The teacher is asked about how to help students learn and says,"Give lots of examples." Based on the textbook,what is the best reason for teachers to give examples?

A) Examples help students to connect what they are trying to learn with old information.
B) Examples facilitate iconic memory.
C) Examples are actually "fillers" that allow students extra time to think about the lesson.
D) Examples help students to do maintenance rehearsal.

Question 77

The primacy effect operates because we:

A) are biologically prepared to remember first items
B) are biologically prepared to remember last items
C) have more time to rehearse the last items
D) have more time to rehearse the first items

Question 78

Information stored in long-term memory:

A) is relatively permanent
B) decays after several days
C) is limited to about seven items at any given moment
D) requires rehearsal to prevent decay

Question 79

With the help of a travel agent,Ron plans a Caribbean cruise.The travel agent lists all the ports of call in the cruise.Later,when Ron is telling a friend his plans,he can only remember the first stop on the tour.This is an example of the:

A) recency effect
B) primacy effect
C) ordering effect
D) attentional effect

Question 80

The student tells the teacher,"I don't think I can remember this material.I don't have much room left in my long-term memory." As a teacher,how would you respond in a helpful and constructive way?

A) "No, you have plenty of room in long-term memory. It's your attitude that is the problem."
B) "That's a real possibility. Maybe we can work on mnemonics."
C) "You have unlimited storage capacity in your long-term memory. Maybe the problem is getting the information in or getting the information back out."
D) "Maybe, since you can only store a limited amount in long-term memory. I'll teach you how to do chunking."