Deck 6: Physical Development

Question 1

On average,by the time males reach their mid-20s,what percent of body weight does skeletal muscle account for?

A) 24
B) 40
C) 60
D) 80

Answer 1

40

Question 2

Which body part grows to 75 percent of its adult weight by the age of 2 years?

A) the kidneys
B) the ears and eyes
C) the brain
D) the hips and thighs

Answer 2

the brain

Question 3

Which statement best characterizes the pattern of growth of the muscles?

A) The number of fibres increase dramatically.
B) The size and weight of the fibres increases.
C) The number of synapses connecting the muscles to the neurons increase.
D) The number of fibres present at birth is reduced by approximately 50 percent by muscular pruning.

Answer 3

The size and weight of the fibres increases.

Question 4

How do children's growth rates change as they move from infancy into the preschool years?

A) Growth increases sharply.
B) Growth slows down.
C) Growth remains unchanged.
D) Growth increases for height and decreases for weight.

Question 5

In which direction does cephalocaudal development proceed?

A) from the bottom of the body upward
B) from the extremities toward the centre of the body
C) from the top of the body downward
D) from the centre of the body to the extremities

Question 6

Baby Maede can skillfully control the movements of her trunk and shoulders but not of her hands and fingers.Which trend best characterizes Maede's motor skills?

A) cephalocaudal
B) proximodistal
C) cephalomotor
D) distal motor passage

Question 7

Which statement provides strong evidence that girls mature faster than boys?

A) The brains of female infants contain more white matter at birth.
B) The skeletal development of females is advanced in comparison to males at all phases of development.
C) Females have more muscle fibres at birth than do males, but the size of the fibres increases at a slower rate than do those of males.
D) The brains of female infants are less lateralized at birth.

Question 8

During which developmental period do the most rapid gains in body height occur?

A) infancy
B) early childhood
C) middle childhood
D) adolescence

Question 9

Which statement best characterizes physical growth during the elementary school years?

A) It is rapid and steady.
B) It is slow and episodic.
C) It is rapid and episodic.
D) It is slow and steady.

Question 10

On average,by the time females reach their mid-20s,what percent of body weight does skeletal muscle account for?

A) 12
B) 24
C) 40
D) 80

Question 11

What process underlies the development of the skeleton?

A) the quantitative growth of cartilage
B) the gradual myelinization of bone
C) the gradual ossification of soft cartilage tissue into bone
D) the qualitative growth of myelin

Question 12

During which phase of development do children experience the most rapid rate of growth?

A) early infancy and the preschool years
B) early infancy and early adolescence
C) the preschool and elementary school years
D) the preschool years and late adolescence

Question 13

Stacey is a neonate who was born three weeks prior to her expected due date.Her parents are concerned about the size of her head,so they measure its length relative to the length of her body.They find that although Stacey is only 53 centimetres long,her head is 12 centimetres long.Is Stacey's head-to-body proportion unusual?

A) It is not unusual for her stage of development.
B) It is unusual and indicative of a problem with skeletal growth.
C) It is unusual and is indicative of fluid accumulation in the brain.
D) It is not unusual because Stacey was born prematurely.

Question 14

During which phase of development do children experience the slowest rate of growth?

A) early infancy
B) toddlerhood
C) the preschool and elementary school years
D) early adolescence

Question 15

In which direction does proximodistal development proceed?

A) from the bottom of the body upward
B) from the extremities toward the centre of the body
C) from the top of the body downward
D) from the centre of the body toward the extremities

Question 16

By what year of age does a child reach approximately one half of his or her eventual adult height?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 6

Question 17

Which pattern of physical development of would be most consistent with the cephalocaudal trend?

A) the feet before the hands
B) the trunk before the arms
C) the head before the legs
D) the arms before the trunk

Question 18

How is the infant's growth rate most accurately described?

A) as quantitatively regulated
B) as occurring in erratic spurts
C) as steadily continuous
D) as quantitatively dependent

Question 19

Which body part increases its number of bones during the postnatal period?

A) the elbow
B) the wrist
C) the inner ear
D) the skull

Question 20

Which principle of development does the disproportionately large size of the neonate's head relative to his or her trunk and legs reflect?

A) proximodistal
B) cephalodistal
C) cephalocaudal
D) proximocaudal

Question 21

How is synaptic pruning analogous to a university?

A) It is known for great parties but neglects teaching.
B) It is so huge that students feel they are forever lost in a crowd of indifferent strangers.
C) It has an impressive campus but neglects the students.
D) It admits all applicants but then flunks out many in the first year.

Question 22

What does contemporary research on the development of the cerebrum suggest regarding the specialization of the cerebral hemispheres?

A) Age-related changes in lateral specialization reflect an increasing reliance on one hemisphere over the other to perform certain functions.
B) The right hemisphere matures earlier in females whereas the left hemisphere matures earlier in males.
C) The hemispheres show no evidence of specialized functioning at birth.
D) There is little communication between the two hemispheres in typically developing children.

Question 23

What property of the brain accounts for the finding that children's lateral preferences are apparent early but become stronger over time?

A) It is initially not at all lateralized, but becomes lateralized with age.
B) It is already lateralized at birth and becomes increasingly so with age.
C) It is not fully myelinated until puberty.
D) It is not fully differentiated at birth.

Question 24

What property of the young child's brain accounts for his or her tendency to have shorter attention spans than older children and adults?

A) the slow maturation of lateralized functions in the cerebellum
B) the increased plasticity of the cerebellum
C) the increased production of neurons in the frontal cortex
D) the slow maturation of white matter in the frontal cortex

Question 25

Brain growth during which phase of development is characterized as the "brain growth spurt"?

A) the second trimester of pregnancy
B) the third trimester of pregnancy and infancy
C) the middle childhood years
D) early adolescence

Question 26

Relative to its final adult weight,approximately how much does the brain weigh in a 2-year-old child?

A) 10 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 99 percent

Question 27

By what month of age are 90 percent of typical infants able to crawl?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 7
D) 9

Question 28

What is the typical order of the emergence of motor skills during infancy?

A) rolling over, followed by sitting, followed by crawling
B) sitting, followed by crawling, followed by rolling over
C) sitting, followed by rolling over, followed by crawling
D) rolling over, followed by crawling, followed by sitting

Question 29

Because of the "brain growth spurt," during which age range is the intake of adequate protein particularly important?

A) the first 6 months of the prenatal period
B) the last 3 months prenatally and the first two years after birth
C) the first 5 years after birth
D) the first 14 years after birth

Question 30

What is the term for cells that nourish neurons and encase them within insulating sheets of myelin?

A) wrapping cells
B) neuronurse cells
C) neurodoctor cells
D) glial cells

Question 31

We often joke "use it or lose it." Does carefully controlled research with nonhuman animals support this statement with respect to the development of the human brain?

A) no, although it is true of nonhuman animals such as rodents
B) yes, because brain size and structure are modified by experience in both humans and nonhuman animals
C) maybe, it depends on the age of the person because this finding is applicable to the period of adolescence
D) maybe, it depends on the age of the person, because this finding is applicable to perinatal period.

Question 32

What property of the brain accounts for the finding that young children often show more rapid and complete recovery of function after brain injury than do adults?

A) reserve capacity and plasticity
B) incomplete myelinization
C) incomplete ossification
D) reserved laterality

Question 33

With a few exceptions,all neurons are formed early in development.When does this milestone occur?

A) at the beginning of the embryonic period
B) at the end of the second trimester of pregnancy
C) at 4 years of age
D) at 6 years of age

Question 34

Relative to its final adult weight,approximately how much does the brain weigh in a newborn?

A) 10 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 99 percent

Question 35

Which statement best summarizes the research findings of Kolb and colleagues with respect to the effects of experience on brain development?

A) Both enrichment and deprivation affected the size and structure of the brain.
B) Deprivation adversely affected the brain size and structure, but enrichment did not affect size or structure.
C) Only the brains of young animals showed effects of enrichment or deprivation.
D) Only the brains of adult animals showed effects of enrichment or deprivation.

Question 36

Which statement best summarizes Segalowitz's data regarding the development of error-related negativity as measure by electrophysiological methods?

A) It progressively decreases from birth.
B) It increases up to birth and then decreases over early childhood.
C) It decreases during the elementary school years.
D) It increases during early adolescence.

Question 37

What does cerebral lateralization refer to?

A) the fact that the two halves of the brain control different functions
B) the encasement of neural connections in a waxy insulation
C) an impairment in the ability to read
D) the fibres that connect the two halves of the brain

Question 38

During which period of development is myelinization completed?

A) late infancy
B) middle childhood
C) mid-adolescence
D) early adulthood

Question 39

What behavioural outcome is thought to be accounted for by the slow myelinization of the frontal cortex?

A) that some infants do not crawl
B) that attention span increases steadily from elementary school age through adolescence
C) that impulsivity increases steadily from elementary school age through adolescence
D) that some children never learn prereaching behaviours

Question 40

Based upon current research,what is the plasticity of the young child's brain attributable to?

A) the rapid increase in the number of neurons during infancy
B) incomplete myelinization early in life
C) an excess of neurons and synapses early in life
D) maturation of neurons in the corpus callosum

Question 41

Although Edward could stand alone,he did not walk until the age of 14 months.Is Edward's behaviour typical?

A) no, he is neurologically impaired
B) no, he must have been born prematurely
C) yes, if he has developed in an impoverished environment
D) yes, he is still well within the normal range

Question 42

Infants and children typically show earlier motor and muscular control of activities involving the neck and upper extremities than those involving the legs.Which of the following is responsible for this developmental trend?

A) plasticity
B) lateralization
C) proximodistal
D) cephalocaudal

Question 43

Which statement best summarizes the research findings with respect to the sequence of physical maturation?

A) All children go through roughly the same sequence.
B) The sequence of physical development varies from culture to culture.
C) The sequence of physical development varies from individual to individual.
D) Although sequence varies between individual children, the rate of development is universal.

Question 44

Much like nonhuman primates,Simon holds an object by pressing his fingers against his palm.What type of grasp is Simon using?

A) simian
B) ulnar
C) pincer
D) homanoid

Question 45

Which motor behaviour is exhibited by 90 percent of typically developing infants by 15 months of age?

A) playing pat-a-cake
B) standing alone
C) walking well
D) building a tower of two blocks

Question 46

The emergence of which motor skill lies behind the increasingly skilful manipulation of dials,knobs,and small objects such as raisins,which occurs near the end of the first year?

A) the ulnar grasp
B) visually guided reaching
C) the pincer grasp
D) auditory guided reaching

Question 47

Is the order of the motor sequence of sitting,standing,and walking consistent across children?

A) yes, but the age of achieving each milestone varies considerably
B) yes, and the age of achieving each milestone is quite constant
C) no, as it occurs in different order in different cultures
D) no, as it occurs in different order due to motivational factors within the individual child

Question 48

Which statement most accurately compares the physical abilities of the two sexes with respect to activities such as running speed and the broad jump?

A) Girls outperform boys until adolescence.
B) Boys outperform girls throughout childhood and adolescence.
C) Boys and girls are very similar throughout childhood and adolescence.
D) Boys and girls are very similar until adolescence, when boys begin to outperform girls.

Question 49

Which theory of motor development portrays the infant as an active explorer who chooses actions and applies motor skills to achieve his or her goals?

A) experiential
B) dynamical systems
C) locomotory systems
D) maturational

Question 50

The emergence of which of the following is an important precursor to the exploration of objects using both hands?

A) prereaching movements using the palmar grasp
B) maturational acquisition of the ulnar grasp
C) the ability to reach inward to the midline of the body
D) the ability to reach outward from the midline of the body

Question 51

One reason that young infants often fail to grasp objects within their reach is that their eye-hand coordination is poor.What characteristic of their reaching accounts for this behaviour?

A) It is visually guided rather than visually initiated.
B) It is visually initiated rather than visually guided.
C) It is proactive rather than reactive.
D) It is reactive rather than proactive.

Question 52

According to the research of Goldfield and colleagues,what is an important motivator for the development of crawling?

A) frustration or anger in the child
B) interesting visual stimuli that are out of reach
C) parental coaxing of the child
D) boredom or loneliness

Question 53

What conclusion regarding the role of maturation in motor development is supported by Dennis's classic studies of Iranian orphans?

A) It is necessary but not sufficient.
B) It is both necessary and sufficient.
C) It is not necessary; practice is sufficient.
D) It is not necessary; adequate nutrition is sufficient.

Question 54

Which motor behaviour is exhibited by 90 percent of typically developing infants by 9 months of age?

A) crawling or creeping
B) standing alone
C) walking well
D) building a tower of two blocks

Question 55

Which statement best summarizes the results of research on the role of practice on locomotor development?

A) Locomotor development is inhibited by lack of experience and speeded by practice.
B) Locomotor development proceeds on a preprogrammed schedule irrespective of amount of experience or practice.
C) For locomotor development, practice is less important than experience.
D) Maturation is the only factor that influences locomotor development.

Question 56

According to Goldfield,crawling requires an external goal to motivate the infant to combine and reorganize earlier motor schemes into new motor responses.This finding offers the most support for which theory of motor skill development?

A) maturational
B) experiential
C) locomotory systems
D) dynamical systems

Question 57

By what month of age are 90 percent of typical infants able to roll over?

A) 1
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9

Question 58

Darlene is excited by the fact she has learned to turn the dial on the dishwasher.Every chance she gets,she turns the knob to hear the noise it makes.Based on this description,how old is Darlene?

A) 4 months old
B) 6 months old
C) 8 months old
D) 10 months old

Question 59

Of the following parts of the body,which would be the last to come under voluntary control?

A) the hips
B) the shoulders
C) the arms
D) the fingers

Question 60

Based on research regarding the role of practice on locomotor development,which statement best summarizes the conclusions regarding the role of maturation?

A) It is important but not sufficient.
B) It is not only important, but also sufficient.
C) It plays little role in locomotor development.
D) It is the only factor that influences locomotor development.

Question 61

Of the following,which group of adolescents is most likely to be diagnosed with anorexia and bulimia?

A) adolescent males
B) adolescents of both sexes
C) adolescent females
D) adolescents of both sexes who have been sexually abused

Question 62

Which of the following adolescents would be most likely to score low on the Body Esteem Scale?

A) taller-than-average females
B) overweight females
C) shorter-than-average males
D) overweight males

Question 63

What happens to parent-child relationships when they are disrupted in early adolescence?

A) They tend to become even more disrupted in later adolescence.
B) They typically remain strained and distant until the adolescent reaches early adulthood and leaves home.
C) They typically remain strained and distant throughout the remainder of the adolescent's life.
D) They typically become warmer by late adolescence.

Question 64

Today's children are taller and heavier,and reach sexual maturity earlier than previous generations.What did Tanner ascribe this trend to?

A) improved medical care and better nutrition
B) changing societal norms of sexuality
C) Darwinian natural selection
D) environmental pollutants that have produced genetic changes

Question 65

In contrast to previous periods in history,how do most boys in modern industrialized societies view the onset of puberty?

A) They are fully prepared it.
B) They welcome it.
C) They try to delay it.
D) They are usually confused about it.

Question 66

Anna lives in Canada and her pen pal,Mazo,lives in a nonindustrialized developing nation.As these two girls approach adolescence,what is most likely to happen to each with respect to the timing of menarche?

A) Anna will experience menarche later than Mazo.
B) Both girls will experience menarche at the age of 12 or 13.
C) Anna will experience menarche before Mazo.
D) Both girls will experience menarche at the age of 16 or 17.

Question 67

Which of the following best characterizes the term puberty?

A) the entire physical process of becoming sexually mature
B) the attainment of reproductive capacity
C) the adolescent growth spurt
D) the change in physique that occurs in early adolescence

Question 68

Is early sexual maturation often initially a social advantage for boys and girls?

A) It is a short-term social advantage to males.
B) It is a long-term social disadvantage to females.
C) It is a short-term social advantage to females.
D) It is a long-term social disadvantage to males.

Question 69

What is the most likely explanation for the decrease in the average age of onset for menarche over the past 100 years?

A) better nutrition and medical care
B) changes to hormone production due to environmental hazards
C) increased acceptance of adolescent sexuality
D) decreased separation of the societal roles of females and males

Question 70

Which statement best characterizes the timing of the adolescent growth spurt?

A) It occurs in boys prior to sexual fertility and in girls after sexual fertility.
B) It occurs in boys after sexual fertility and in girls before sexual fertility.
C) It occurs in both boys and girls before sexual fertility.
D) It occurs in both boys and girls after sexual fertility.

Question 71

Based on the discussion in the text,which adolescent girl would be most likely to be diagnosed with bulimia?

A) an extroverted, impulsive girl who experiences a lack of affection in the home
B) a quiet, obedient girl who has reached puberty later than most of her peers
C) an extroverted, impulsive girl whose parents are overly permissive
D) a quiet, obedient girl who has reached puberty earlier than most of her peers

Question 72

According to Herkowitz and Dyer,what accounts for the decline in physical performance of many girls during adolescence?

A) declining physical ability accompanying menarche and sexual maturation
B) declining participation in physical activities as a result of sex-role socialization
C) lack of large motor skill development
D) a decrease in girls' overall aerobic capacity during puberty and adolescence

Question 73

What is a major obstacle to the successful treatment of bulimia?

A) Psychotherapy is not effective with bulimics.
B) Bulimics often do not seek help because they do not recognize/admit their eating behaviour is a potentially serious problem.
C) Bulimics are often extremely shy.
D) Bulimics are often reluctant to give up the attention and sympathy they get from others for their problem.

Question 74

In contrast to previous periods in history,how do most girls in modern industrialized societies view the onset of menstruation?

A) They are fully prepared for it.
B) They welcome it.
C) They try to delay it.
D) They are excited but confused about it.

Question 75

Is late sexual maturation often initially a social advantage for boys and girls?

A) It is a social advantage for boys and a social disadvantage for girls.
B) It is a social advantage for both boys and girls.
C) It is a social disadvantage for boys and a social advantage for girls.
D) It is a social disadvantage for both boys and girls.

Question 76

What does contemporary research indicate that a decline in large-muscle performance among adolescent females is most likely attributable to?

A) biological limitations of the female musculature
B) the lower centre of gravity resulting from the widening of the hips
C) increases in fatty tissue that occur with sexual maturation
D) adolescent girls choosing to be less physically active in accord with their gender stereotype

Question 77

Which factor best accounts for the fact that females are typically taller than males during middle school?

A) Females are 5 centimetres taller than males right from birth.
B) There is a two-year delay in the growth spurt for males in comparison to females.
C) Females grow more in height than males do during the adolescent growth spurt.
D) Males have lower levels of estrogen, and this hormone promotes skeletal growth and development.

Question 78

Which of the following marks the onset of the adolescent growth spurt?

A) an increase in height
B) a decrease in weight relative to height
C) an increase in both height and weight
D) a decrease in weight

Question 79

In comparison to males,when do females experience the adolescent growth spurt?

A) 6 months after
B) 6 months before
C) 2 years after
D) 2 years before

Question 80

What does the term menarche refer to?

A) the maturation of secondary sexual characteristics in both sexes
B) the onset of menstruation in females
C) the onset of sperm production in males
D) genital maturation in both sexes