Deck 7: Early Cognitive Foundations

Question 1

Which theory of perception ascribes much importance to the person's general knowledge stored in memory schemas?

A) differentiation
B) enrichment
C) empiricist
D) classical

Answer 1

enrichment

Question 2

The measurement of which of the following characterizes the use of the evoked potential method for studying sensation?

A) conditioned response
B) deferred imitation of what is seen
C) the infant's conscious but unspoken thoughts
D) brain waves from the sensory projection areas

Answer 2

brain waves from the sensory projection areas

Question 3

In what way are the evoked potential method and the habituation method similar?

A) Both use the psychophysiological recording of brain waves.
B) Both methods tell whether the infant notices stimulus differences.
C) Both methods are applicable only to infants, not to older persons.
D) Both methods avoid the use of equipment.

Answer 3

Both methods tell whether the infant notices stimulus differences.

Question 4

Jai is a developmentalist who believes in tenets of the differentiation theory of perceptual development.According to this perspective,which statement would Jai most likely support?

A) Perception involves transforming a subjective reality into a personally relevant experience.
B) We need to use our available schemes to interpret reality.
C) The most important task of the young child is to learn to detect distinctive features.
D) Sensory stimulation is often fragmented or confusing and the purpose of perception is to organize this stimulation and create meaning.

Question 5

How do researchers collect information about infant perception using the preference method?

A) They observe which toy an infant plays with the most from a large group of toys.
B) They ask parents which of several toys they think their infant would like best.
C) They allow infants to choose which of two or three toys they want to play with.
D) They simultaneously present two or more stimuli and then observe which stimulus the infant attends to more.

Question 6

If researchers find that experience and environmental influences are critical to perceptual learning,which theory of perceptual development is supported?

A) nativist
B) differentiation
C) enrichment
D) psychobiological

Question 7

Based on the results of research studies that have used the preference method,which of the following stimuli are infants most likely to prefer?

A) familiar rather than novel
B) novel rather than familiar
C) stimuli presented to their right visual field
D) stimuli presented to their left visual field

Question 8

Imagine that an infant is shown a blue-coloured card repeatedly.If the colour of the card is now changed to green,and the infant displays increased interest,what can researchers infer?

A) The infant can perceive the difference between the two cards.
B) The infant is not able to perceive the difference between the two cards.
C) The infant prefers the green card to the blue card.
D) The infant prefers the blue card to the green card.

Question 9

Keith uses a specialized video camera to record the eye movements of infants aged 3 to 6 months old as they are shown a variety of stimuli.After determining how long the infants gaze at each stimulus,he reports that the infants prefer bright red circles to other colours or shapes.Based on this description,which research method is Keith using?

A) preference
B) habituation
C) evoked potentials
D) differentiation of perception

Question 10

Which of the following statements best summarizes the view of enrichment theorists regarding objective reality and perceptual development?

A) There is no objective reality; all perception is socially constructed.
B) There is an objective reality, and we must interpret that reality using our cognitive schemes.
C) There is an objective reality that requires no interpretation because it is the same for everyone.
D) There is no objective reality, but our cognitions allow us to interpret our sensations to create our own reality.

Question 11

Suppose that an infant habituates to a series of similar stimuli.Then a new stimulus is presented and the infant reacts with a startle response.What does the infant's response indicate regarding his or her perception of the new stimulus?

A) The infant detects that the new stimulus is different.
B) The infant learns easily, but perception is more difficult.
C) The infant's evoked potentials have been activated.
D) The infant does not detect that the new stimulus is different.

Question 12

Suppose you allow an infant several minutes to "study" a complex pattern.Then you present a second face and assess whether the infant's heart rate changes when the second face appears.Which research method are you using?

A) preference
B) habituation
C) evoked potentials
D) high-amplitude sucking

Question 13

What does the process of perception refer to?

A) Energy from the environment is detected and transformed into neural signals.
B) Energy from the environment is selected and interpreted by the brain.
C) Stimuli from the environment are not attended to.
D) Stimuli from the environment are permanently recorded.

Question 14

Becca,a 3-month-old,is placed in a chamber and shown two different pictures at the same time.The researcher carefully records how long Becca looks at each picture.In this example,which method is the researcher using?

A) preference
B) habituation
C) evoked potentials
D) differentiation

Question 15

Suppose you allow an infant several minutes to "study" a checkerboard pattern.Then you present a checkerboard with a different number of squares and measure changes to his or her brain waves.What research method would you be using?

A) evoked preference
B) habituation
C) evoked potential
D) enriched perception

Question 16

Which of the following statements best characterizes how Gibson viewed a child's learning of distinctive features?

A) It is something children need to be taught.
B) It is an intrinsically motivated process.
C) It requires external reinforcement.
D) It involves imposing our knowledge on our sensory experience.

Question 17

Imagine that an infant hears the sound ba over and over,until he or she loses interest and stops listening.If the sound now changes to pa,and the infant still shows no interest,what can researchers infer?

A) The infant is able to perceive the difference between the two sounds.
B) The infant cannot perceive the difference between the two sounds.
C) The infant prefers sounds that start with "b" to sounds that start with "p."
D) The infant prefers sounds that start with "p" to sounds that start with "b."

Question 18

Which method of studying infant perception involves the measurement of brain activity?

A) preference
B) evoked potential
C) habituation
D) high-amplitude sucking

Question 19

According to Gibson,what cognitive process has a child acquired when he or she learns to attend to the perceptual qualities of different letters?

A) perception of patterns
B) identification of distinctive features
C) cross-modality transfer
D) enrichment of new sensory information by drawing on stored knowledge

Question 20

What does the process of sensation refer to?

A) Energy from the environment is detected and transformed into neural signals.
B) Energy from the environment is selected and interpreted by the brain.
C) Stimuli from the environment are attended to.
D) Stimuli from the environment are permanently recorded.

Question 21

How do male infants react when they are circumcised without anaesthesia?

A) They emit high-pitched wails during the surgery and show an increase in plasma cortisol afterward.
B) They show little response to the surgery as long as they can hear the sound of their mother's voice during the procedure.
C) They emit high-pitched wails during the surgery and show a decrease in plasma cortisol afterward.
D) They show small changes in heart rate, but otherwise little measurable reaction.

Question 22

Nathaniel is an infant who has been exclusively breast-fed from birth.At what age would you expect that Nathaniel will first show a preference for the scent of a T-shirt or a brassiere worn by his mother?

A) less than 24 hours after birth
B) between 1 and 2 weeks of age
C) about 1 month of age
D) 3 to 4 months of age

Question 23

Which statement best characterizes the results of research regarding infant language perception?

A) Infants cannot distinguish the sounds that make up their parents' languages until they begin to talk.
B) Infant perception of the sounds that make up languages is very similar to an adult's perception.
C) Infants actually lose the ability to distinguish some sounds as they acquire language.
D) Infants are much worse than adults at perceiving sounds that are not part of the language they hear spoken on a regular basis.

Question 24

Some mothers claim that their 1-week-old infants recognize their voices.Does research evidence support this claim?

A) It is unlikely due to the limited auditory discrimination ability of newborns.
B) Infants as young as 1 week old can discriminate the mother's voice from other female voices and prefer her voice.
C) Infants do not recognize their mothers' voices until they are several weeks old.
D) Infants as young as 1 week old can discriminate the mother's voice from other female voices but do not prefer it over other female voices.

Question 25

Which of the following solutions do both full-term and premature babies prefer?

A) those that taste sweet
B) those that have a taste that matches their odour
C) those that taste salty
D) those that are flavourless

Question 26

Dr.Clifton believes that newborns cannot experience pain and,therefore,do not benefit from the use of an anaesthetic during minor surgery.What has research found about this belief?

A) It is accurate because all newborn senses are poorly developed.
B) It cannot be evaluated because it is unethical to test newborns to determine if they can perceive pain.
C) It is accurate because, although some senses are well developed at birth, newborns cannot experience pain.
D) It is inaccurate because newborns have been shown to experience pain.

Question 27

Which statement best summarizes the research findings of DeCasper and his associates regarding the auditory preferences of newborn infants?

A) They prefer the sound of low-pitched male voices over the sound of high-pitched female voices.
B) They prefer the sound of their mother's voice over the voices of other women.
C) They prefer natural sounds (such as the ocean) over the sound of voices.
D) They prefer very low-amplitude sounds or silence over voices.

Question 28

Of the various sensory modalities,which is the least mature at birth?

A) smell
B) hearing
C) touch
D) vision

Question 29

When can infants group colours into similar shades (e.g.,reds,greens,blues)as well as adults do?

A) at birth
B) at about 2 months
C) at about 4 months
D) at about 6 months

Question 30

Which of the following would be the most likely response of a newborn infant to his or her mother singing?

A) orientation and attention
B) orientation and decreased attention
C) turning away and decreased motor behaviours
D) turning away and soft, rhythmic crying

Question 31

When can infants begin to perceive all the basic colours of the rainbow?

A) by the seventh month of pregnancy
B) at birth
C) at 3 months of age
D) at 6 months of age

Question 32

Lionel is 4 months old.According to research findings regarding infant perception of language sounds,what can Lionel detect?

A) Unlike his parents, Lionel will not yet be able to detect the differences between most phonemes.
B) Lionel will detect the same phonemes as his parents, but only when they are presented at a louder volume.
C) Lionel will be able to detect some phonemes, but will not be able to perceive the full range that his parents are capable of detecting.
D) Lionel will be better than his parents at detecting certain phonemes.

Question 33

What is the most commonly experienced infectious disease among infants and preschoolers?

A) mumps
B) measles
C) chicken pox
D) otitis media

Question 34

Which statement best describes current research findings regarding the auditory capacity of the neonate?

A) It is not very well developed; newborns can detect only very loud sounds.
B) It is difficult to assess with accuracy, because techniques for assessing neonate audition are very imprecise.
C) It is surprisingly good; young infants can discriminate a large number of auditory stimuli.
D) It is equivalent to that seen in adults; little improvement occurs with age.

Question 35

At approximately what month of age is the visual acuity of an infant almost as well developed as that of an adult?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 12

Question 36

How do recurring episodes of otitis media influence language and intellectual development?

A) earlier language development but poorer overall academic performance.
B) earlier language development and enhanced overall academic performance.
C) delays in language development and poorer overall academic performance.
D) delays in language development but enhanced overall academic performance.

Question 37

You observe a newborn infant who begins to suck on a bottle filled with a flavoured solution.The infant coughs and spits the solution out.Which statement best describes the taste of the solution in the bottle?

A) It is salty.
B) It is flavourless.
C) It is bitter.
D) It is sweet.

Question 38

Scott is a 4-month-old infant who is taking part in a research study investigating auditory perception.As Scott sucks on a pacifier he hears soft music playing and he begins to drift off to sleep.As he falls asleep,he stops sucking on the pacifier and the recording switches to his mother's voice reading a story.In this example,what research method is the researcher using?

A) preference
B) evoked sucking
C) habituation
D) high-amplitude sucking

Question 39

During what age range does otitis media strike children hardest?

A) birth to 6 months
B) 6 months and 3 years
C) 3 and 5 years
D) 5 and 8 years

Question 40

You observe a newborn infant who begins to suck on a bottle filled with a flavoured solution.The infant starts to smile and smack his or her lips.Which statement best describes the taste of the solution in the bottle?

A) It is salty.
B) It is sweet.
C) It is flavourless.
D) It is sour.

Question 41

Which statement best summarizes the conclusions of Kellman and Spelke's habituation experiment regarding infant perception of "wholeness" of an object?

A) Motion cues helped the identification of the whole form.
B) Boys' form perception is superior to that of girls.
C) Form perception is innate and highly accurate.
D) Subjective contours are invisible to infants.

Question 42

Based upon the research of Kellman and Spelke,under what circumstances do 4-month-old infants infer "wholeness" of a partially hidden object?

A) when it can be touched by the infant
B) when it is moving
C) when it is stationary
D) when it is brightly coloured and very salient

Question 43

It has been found that preterm infants do not begin to blink when an object looms at them until several weeks after full-term infants do.Based on current research,what accounts for this effect?

A) stereopsis
B) maturation
C) fetal experience
D) motivation

Question 44

When Baby T rocks his head back and forth while lying on his back in the crib,he perceives that images of close objects show more motion than objects across the room.What is the term for this visual cue?

A) stereopsis
B) kinetic
C) perspective
D) binocular

Question 45

Lawrence knows that a quarter is exactly the same size regardless of whether he looks at it from far away or from up close.In order to understand this concept,what aspect of visual perception has Lawrence acquired?

A) looming
B) size constancy
C) interposition
D) optic flow

Question 46

Conrad and Chelsea are shopping for a mobile to hang above their newborn's crib.Their best choice would be a mobile that contains high contrasts of which colours?

A) white and blue
B) blue and green
C) blue and red
D) red and yellow

Question 47

Jana tells you that her 2-day-old daughter is able to visually track an object moving above her crib.Is this ability to track movement typical of all infants?

A) It is typical for a newborn, if the object is moving slowly.
B) It is not typically present before the sixth or seventh month.
C) It is not typically present in an infant less than one month old.
D) It is typical for a newborn, but only if the object is brightly coloured.

Question 48

Of the following stimuli,which would be most likely to attract a neonate's visual attention?

A) a random display of red, white, and yellow disks
B) a simple pattern
C) a human face
D) a bull's-eye pattern

Question 49

When does sensitivity to cues about the depth,distance,and size of objects develop?

A) they are present at birth
B) about 18-24 months of age
C) within the first 6 months
D) when the child starts to walk, regardless of age

Question 50

Lisette is 6,Julia is 10,and Jacqueline is 14.They were all shown pictures of two girls with common external facial contours,but different internal features such as the shape of the lips and the eyes.Based on Daphne Maurer's research,which child would you expect detect differences between the two pictures?

A) Lisette, Julia, and Jacqueline would be able to tell you that the girls were different.
B) Lisette, but not Julia or Jacqueline, would be able to tell you that the girls were different.
C) Jacqueline, but not Lisette or Julia, would be able to tell you that the girls were different.
D) Jacqueline and Julia, but not Lisette, would be able to tell you that the girls were different.

Question 51

Daphne Maurer and colleagues demonstrated a developmental progression in the ability to use different pieces of information for face recognition.According to their research findings,what is the correct developmental sequence?

A) contours/features/configural processing
B) features/contours/configural processing
C) configural processing/features/ contours
D) contours/configural processing/features

Question 52

Similar to the development of form perception,an infants' perception of depth,distance,and size constancy appears in response to specific stimuli.What is the common property of these stimuli?

A) They are stationary.
B) They are accompanied by noise.
C) They have human characteristics.
D) They are in motion.

Question 53

What is thought to account for the failure of neonates to perceive form?

A) They have poor visual acuity.
B) They tend to focus on the internal details and ignore the boundaries of the form.
C) They visually search only a limited portion of the form.
D) They tend to focus on the entire perimeter and ignore the internal details of the form.

Question 54

In comparison to an adult,how are the neonate's visual capabilities best described?

A) as deficient but "working"
B) as well developed except for colour vision
C) as minimal
D) as well developed in all respects

Question 55

Clyde tells his friends that even though he travels a lot and is only home about once every two weeks,his 6-month-old son still knows him.Is Clyde right?

A) He is most likely exhibiting wishful thinking, because 6-month-old infants typically cannot remember faces for more than a day.
B) He is probably correct, because it is typical for 6-month-olds to remember faces they have been exposed to, even if they do not see them again for 2 weeks.
C) He has an exceptional son, because normally this ability does not emerge until infants are nearly 9 months of age.
D) He has an exceptional son, because normally this ability does not emerge until children are just over 12 months of age.

Question 56

Depth cue abilities emerge at different ages.What is the correct developmental sequence for these depth cue categories,from youngest to oldest?

A) pictorial cues/binocular cues/kinetic cues
B) pictorial cues/kinetic cues/binocular cues
C) binocular cues/pictorial cues/kinetic cues
D) kinetic cues/binocular cues/pictorial cues

Question 57

Which feature is least likely to attract the attention of an infant?

A) complex form
B) limited colour range
C) curvature
D) high-contrast image

Question 58

When do visual looming and development of size constancy occur?

A) They are present at birth.
B) They do not begin to develop until near the end of the first year of life.
C) They develop completely in the first 6 months of life.
D) They develop at different periods during the first year of life

Question 59

In newborns,which sense is the least similar to an adult's?

A) taste
B) hearing
C) vision
D) smell

Question 60

In Fantz's looking-chamber experiment,which stimulus did babies prefer to gaze at?

A) a cartoon face
B) a light-dark pattern
C) a scrambled cartoon face
D) a brightly coloured square

Question 61

Reginald is 6 weeks old.As part of a research study,he is presented with a sensory incongruity in which he hears his mother's voice coming from his right while his mother is sitting to his left.How is Reginald likely to react to this situation?

A) He will fail to react negatively, because the various senses are not integrated yet.
B) He will fail to react negatively, because infants cannot detect the location of sounds at this age.
C) He will react negatively, a finding that is consistent with the predictions of enrichment theory.
D) He will react negatively in this situation, a finding that is consistent with the predictions of differentiation theory.

Question 62

Despite the fact that John dislikes algebra,he studies very hard and usually does well on exams.Unfortunately,when he is asked how to do one of the problems that he had answered correctly only one week earlier,he is unable to generate the correct answer.According to Domjan's definitions of learning,what accounts for John's failure?

A) He has learned algebra.
B) He has forgotten what he learned.
C) He has not learned algebra.
D) He has dishabituated to that specific problem.

Question 63

What would be the best slogan for Gibson's differentiation theory of perceptual learning?

A) "Learn from your prior mistakes."
B) "The CS signals that the reflex is coming."
C) "Repeat the actions that have been reinforced."
D) "Notice the small details that make figures different."

Question 64

Which statement best summarizes the findings of the cross-cultural research conducted by Lynch and his associates regarding auditory perception of musical melodies in 6-month-old American infants?

A) They could detect mistuned notes in either a Western or a Javanese melody.
B) They could detect mistuned notes in a Western melody but not in a Javanese melody.
C) They could detect mistuned notes in a Javanese melody but not in a Western melody.
D) They could not detect mistuned notes in either melody, but if the notes were in tune they detected the Western melody more rapidly.

Question 65

Which statement best summarizes the results of research studies regarding depth perception using the visual cliff apparatus?

A) Infants of 2 months of age will show a change in heart rate when placed on the deep side of the cliff.
B) Infants show no response to the deep side of the cliff until they are 4 months old.
C) Infants who are 6 months old are willing to cross the deep side of the cliff.
D) Infants show no response to the deep side of the cliff until they are nearly 1 year old.

Question 66

Which statement best characterizes the results of experiments that have used the visual cliff apparatus with 6 1/2 month old infants?

A) Fewer than 10 percent of infants would cross the shallow side, but 90 percent would cross the deep side.
B) Almost all the infants refused to cross either side.
C) Ninety percent of infants would cross the shallow side, but fewer than 10 percent would cross the deep side.
D) The infants would cross either side when coaxed by the mother, but they would refuse to cross either side when coaxed by a stranger.

Question 67

Two-month-old infants show a decrease in heart rate when placed on the deep side of a visual cliff apparatus,but no change in heart rate when placed on the shallow side.What does this difference in heart rate indicate about the infant's perception of depth?

A) They cannot yet detect the difference between the two sides.
B) They can detect the difference between the two sides and are afraid of the deep side.
C) They can detect the difference between the two sides, but they do not yet fear the deep side.
D) They cannot detect the difference between the two sides, butare more interested in the shallow side.

Question 68

While blindfolded,a person feels the various surfaces of an object and correctly identifies it as a file for smoothing wood.What perceptual process accounts for this ability?

A) object literacy
B) intermodal perception
C) imagined optic flow
D) horoptical fusion

Question 69

What developmental outcome is correlated with rapid habituation in infancy?

A) These children will be quicker to understand and use language during the second year.
B) These children will typically score lower on standardized intelligence tests later in childhood.
C) These children are more apt to be bored and to have poor social skills in adolescence.
D) These children will have adequate development of language skills but will have poor social skills throughout childhood.

Question 70

What is the earliest age that habituation to a repeated stimulus has been demonstrated?

A) prenatally
B) at birth
C) at 2 months of age
D) at 4 months of age

Question 71

What is the term for recognizing information through one sensory system that is usually received via a different modality?

A) intermodal perception
B) extrasensory perception
C) stereoptic differentiation
D) transubstantiated awareness

Question 72

Suppose that you studied very hard for a test and you score 100 percent.However,a few days later you are unable to answer questions about the same material.Which statement best accounts for this phenomenon,according to Domjan's criteria for learning?

A) Learning clearly took place because your initial performance was error free.
B) Learning took place, but it was only temporary.
C) Learning occurred but declined because you habituated to the test material.
D) Learning never occurred because your behaviour change was only temporary.

Question 73

If you were to compare the number of presentations of a stimulus before habituation occurred for a 1-month-old and a 12-month-old,what would you expect to find?

A) The younger infant would require the same number of presentations, but only in the auditory domain.
B) The younger infant would require fewer presentations.
C) The younger child would require many more presentations than the older infant.
D) The younger child would require fewer presentations than the older child, but only in the auditory domain.

Question 74

Suppose that you are searching through your book bag to make sure that you brought your flash drive with you as you walk across campus to the computer lab.You do not stop to look in your bag but rather find it by patting the pocket where you always place it.Which perceptual process allows you to accomplish this task?

A) object literacy
B) intermodal perception
C) imagined optic flow
D) horoptical perception

Question 75

Which statement best summarizes the nativist and empiricist views of the development of intermodal perception?

A) Both nativists and empiricists would most likely agree with differentiation theory.
B) Empiricists would most likely agree with differentiation theory, whereas nativists would more likely agree with enrichment theory.
C) Nativists would most likely agree with differentiation theory, whereas empiricists would be more likely to agree with enrichment theory.
D) Both empiricists and nativists would most likely agree with enrichment theory.

Question 76

As our perceptual processes mature,we lose the ability to detect sensory information that has little cultural relevance.Based upon current research in perceptual development,what is this change thought to be due to?

A) learning
B) reverse enrichment
C) dynamic systems
D) maturation

Question 77

Which statement best characterizes the research findings regarding the growth of perceptual abilities?

A) It depends almost entirely on the acquisition of new skills.
B) It is largely independent of cultural or subcultural influences.
C) It follows an invariant sequence that results from maturation of the nervous system.
D) It involves the addition of new skills, and a compensatory loss of unnecessary skills.

Question 78

Which statement best characterizes the different emphases of the various models of perceptual development as presented in the textbook?

A) All place great importance on the role of maturation in perceptual development.
B) All place little importance on the role of the environment in perceptual development.
C) All vary in the importance attributed to the role of the environment in perceptual development.
D) All are consistent with respect to the role of the environment in perceptual development and differ only in the role allotted to genetic or maturational influences.

Question 79

Which statement best summarizes the findings of Gibson's research on the ability to differentiate letters and children's reading ability?

A) Most children can easily learn to read by about 3 years of age.
B) Most children show readiness to read by age 4.
C) Starting reading instruction at age 6 coincides with the time when most children show readiness to read.
D) Most children are not ready to learn to read until about age 7.

Question 80

A change in behaviour that is attributable to one's environment and is relatively permanent meets Domjan's definition of which of the following developmental processes?

A) development
B) maturation
C) learning
D) information processing