Deck 13: Development of the Self and Social Cognition

Question 1

At what point in the development of self-recognition does the present self emerge?

A) before the extended self
B) after the categorical self
C) at the same time as the extended self
D) at the same time as the categorical self

Answer 1

before the extended self

Question 2

What do many developmentalists,such as Meltzoff,believe about the sense of self at birth?

A) It is rudimentary.
B) It is advanced relative to motor skills.
C) It is not present at all.
D) It is present as self-recognition.

Answer 2

It is rudimentary.

Question 3

Suppose that you are conducting naturalistic research on the content of children's self-descriptions.You have gathered data from a group of children in kindergarten who were asked to describe themselves in a few short sentences at a school recital.Based upon current research,which of the following attributes would be mentioned most often?

A) their possessions
B) their emotional state
C) their likes and dislikes
D) their friends' names

Answer 3

their possessions

Question 4

Anita just looked in the mirror and saw a smudge of dirt on her cheek.If Anita is 8 months of age,what is her most likely reaction?

A) She will rub at the smudge on her cheek.
B) She will rub at her cheek on the mirror.
C) She will wave at the mirror.
D) She will turn away from the mirror.

Question 5

What terms do preschool children use most often to describe themselves?

A) their membership in social categories such as gender and age group
B) the activities they can perform and physical attributes
C) the psychological traits they view themselves as having
D) comparisons to other children in their play group

Question 6

Which of the following is the best description of what developmentalists refer to as false-self behaviour?

A) acting out of character to decrease one's acceptance by parents
B) acting out of character to improve one's acceptance by peers
C) being confused by one's feelings of changing self-concept
D) being made uncomfortable by one's feelings of changing self-concept

Question 7

During which of the following developmental phases is the integration of conflicting self-perceptions,such as "I am popular" and "I am lonely" achieved?

A) the early elementary grades
B) the later elementary grades
C) middle to late adolescence
D) early adolescence

Question 8

Suppose that you are conducting naturalistic research on the content of children's self-descriptions.You have gathered data from a group of children in kindergarten who were asked to describe themselves in a few short sentences at a school recital.Based upon current research,which of the following statements would be typical of your participants?

A) "I'm the biggest girl in my class."
B) "I like fun people."
C) "I have a backpack and a puppy. "
D) "Mark and April and Liam and Nathan are my best friends. "

Question 9

Children who show self-recognition are more likely to be raised in cultures that emphasize which characteristic?

A) physical appearance
B) maternal interdependence
C) individual autonomy
D) emotional suppressions

Question 10

Suppose you observe a young infant jerking her arm to cause a string to move a mobile over the crib.Based on current research,this behaviour indicates the development of which feature of the self?

A) person praise
B) personal comparison
C) personal agency
D) person perception

Question 11

Which type of self is most dependent on the development of autobiographical memory?

A) categorical
B) extended
C) personal
D) internal

Question 12

Of the following,which would be the first characteristics to be incorporated into a toddler's self-concept?

A) pet ownership and language
B) sex and age
C) hair colour and age
D) sex and hair colour

Question 13

Eder studied children's self-concepts by asking them to choose between two descriptive statements.Do her findings support those obtained using the method of self-description?

A) yes, self-description provides a good estimate of self-concept for children of all ages
B) no, self-description overestimates the understanding that younger children have of their own characteristics
C) no, self-description underestimates the understanding that younger children have of their own characteristics
D) partially; self-description provides a good estimate of self-concept only in elementary school-aged children

Question 14

Jessa is usually happy at school but she is always sad when she is at home with her parents.Despite these inconsistencies,she makes an extra effort to pretend to be happy whenever she is with her parents.How would a developmentalist view Jessa's change in behaviour?

A) as false-self behaviour
B) as positive self-esteem
C) as a perceptual falsehood
D) as a behavioural comparison

Question 15

According to Harter and Monsour,what is the basis for the integration and understanding of self-inconsistencies?

A) cognitive abilities achieved during the concrete-operational stage
B) biological factors associated with puberty
C) cognitive abilities achieved during the formal-operational stage
D) psychological factors such as ego integration

Question 16

Although Gary recognizes that he is generally relaxed and confident,it bothers him that there are times when he is nervous and lacking in self-confidence.He wonders why he can't be confident all the time.Based on this information,how old is Gary?

A) about 7 years
B) 13 to 14 years
C) about 15 years
D) 17 years or older

Question 17

Griffin just looked in the mirror and saw a spot on the nose of his image.If Griffin is 2 years old,how will he react?

A) He will ignore the image.
B) He will rub at the spot on his nose.
C) He will stare at the image, but ignore the spot
D) He will rub at the spot on the mirror.

Question 18

On average,mirror self-recognition typically emerges at the same age regardless of culture.What does this imply about self-recognition?

A) It develops through experience with mirrors as objects.
B) It develops from learning the affordances of mirrors.
C) It develops due to maturational processes.
D) It develops due to nonegocentric thought.

Question 19

Which of the following best characterizes the timing of the development of an infant's sense of self?

A) It is present from the time of birth.
B) It is well established by the age of 6 months.
C) It is fully formed by the age of 12 months.
D) It develops gradually over the first two years of life.

Question 20

You are having dinner with your friend.When you arrive his daughter Brianne runs up and tells you proudly that she is a "big girl." According to most developmentalists,what accounts for Brianne's self-categorical statement?

A) She has developed an awareness of her categorical self.
B) She has developed an awareness of her extended self.
C) She has developed the ability to attend to the word "big" when others are talking about their attributes.
D) She has developed the ability to attend to the spatial contrasts of self that differ from those of others.

Question 21

Which of the following best captures Archer's conclusions regarding adolescents' attitudes of their emerging adult roles?

A) The only concerns the teens reported were for their social life and their romantic relationships.
B) The teens' concerns confirmed that identity achievement occurs in all domains at the same time.
C) The teens' concerns confirmed that identity achievement may be in several different phases of identity formation at the same time, depending on the context.
D) Of all the concerns reported, academic achievement and future career paths were the most common.

Question 22

During adolescence there is often a period when individuals explore a number of roles and potential identities.This uncertainty and exploration is common during which stage of identity formation?

A) achievement
B) diffusion
C) moratorium
D) foreclosure

Question 23

Holly is a college student from a ministerial family.Her parents and grandparents were ministers,and she accepts that her future career will be within the ministry.Based on this description,which phase of identity formation best characterizes Holly's attitude?

A) moratorium
B) achievement
C) postponement
D) foreclosure

Question 24

Fifteen-year-old Angelica has had a relatively smooth transition over the course of early adolescence.Her parents have very strict rules and in response to their constant urgings,she has decided on which university she will attend and her program of studies.Based on this description,which phase of identity formation best characterizes Angelica's behaviour?

A) achievement
B) foreclosure
C) diffusion
D) mastery

Question 25

Rachelle is 18 years old,and when people ask her what she wants to do when she finishes school she tells them she hasn't really given it much thought.She is convinced there is plenty of time before she needs to think about career options.Based on this description,which state of identity formation best characterizes Rachelle's attitude?

A) diffusion
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) postponement

Question 26

After considering a number of alternatives,the adolescent who has arrived at a sense of self and direction in his or her life would be in which phase of identity formation?

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 27

Bill is an adolescent who has chosen a religious identity without exploring potential alternatives to his beliefs.Which of Marcia's categories of identity formation does Bill's choice represent?

A) achievement
B) diffusion
C) moratorium
D) foreclosure

Question 28

According to James Marcia,people who refuse to confront the challenge of charting a life course and committing to an ideology are in which state of identity formation?

A) achievement
B) moratorium
C) diffusion
D) foreclosure

Question 29

Both of Joanna's parents are high school teachers and two of her aunts are college instructors.For as long as she can remember,Joanna has wanted to be a teacher too.Based on this description,which phase of identity formation best characterizes Joanna's attitude?

A) diffusion
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) postponement

Question 30

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding identity status as evaluated within the area of religious values?

A) It is a universal human behaviour.
B) It is uneven and culturally specific.
C) It is sexually dimorphic in all cultures.
D) It is achieved after considerable stress to the individual.

Question 31

In contrast to children who are raised in individualistic societies,children raised in collectivist societies tend to have self-concepts centred around which of the following characteristics?

A) relationships with others
B) personal preferences
C) personal attributes
D) self achievements

Question 32

Which identity status is associated with the highest self-esteem?

A) achievement
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) diffusion

Question 33

The achievement of which identity status is most likely to characterize individuals who have anxiety and low self-esteem?

A) mastery
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) diffusion

Question 34

The achievement of which identity status is most likely to characterize individuals who feel neglected or rejected by their parents?

A) diffusion
B) achievement
C) moratorium
D) foreclosure

Question 35

Chris is nearing the end of his doctoral studies.His only decision now is whether to pursue observational field research or laboratory research,and he has applied to postdoctoral positions for both.Based on this information,which identity status would you assign to Chris if you endorsed Marcia's categorical system?

A) diffusion
B) achievement
C) moratorium
D) foreclosure

Question 36

Raymond has taken a number of courses in a pre-Law program,but recently became interested in developmental psychology.In order to make future career decisions,he spends a great deal of time investigating both careers and charting how to transfer prerequisite courses between programs of study.Based on this information,which identity status would you assign to Raymond if you endorsed Marcia's categorical system?

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) postponement
D) moratorium

Question 37

Alain is a 23-year-old university student who has changed majors several times.At the beginning of his studies he intended to become a teacher,but now he plans on using the skills he acquired in biochemistry to work at a pharmaceutical company.Recently,he has started to think about going into graduate school in psychology.Based on this description,which phase of identity formation best characterizes Alain's behaviour?

A) mastery
B) diffusion
C) moratorium
D) lability

Question 38

Even though Cassie feels that her parents are relatively controlling,she is extremely close to them,and she often worries about living up to their standards.Based on research findings,which identity status is Cassie likely to be in?

A) achievement
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) diffusion

Question 39

What goals are usually expressed by a person in the state of identity foreclosure?

A) those adopted from others
B) those arrived at independently
C) those that are short term
D) those adopted after a long period of self-reflection

Question 40

Wayne is 24 years old and he feels very confident about a number of aspects of his identity.He explored a variety of options and has come to firm decisions about his occupational goals,his religious beliefs,and his political ideals.Based on this description,what do you predict was the parental style used by Wayne's parents as he was growing up?

A) relatively controlling with high standards for achievements
B) neglecting or rejecting
C) loving and democratic
D) permissive with few firm rules or standards

Question 41

Based upon current research,which of the following best describes the characteristics of adolescent females who have the highest self-esteem?

A) those who successfully exert social influence over their friends
B) those who have successful romantic relationships
C) those who have supportive relationships with friends
D) those who have high academic and physical competence

Question 42

Based on Stipek's findings,what is the earliest year of age you would expect to see a child display shame,rather than mere disappointment,following a failure?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 6

Question 43

Harrison is trying to open the door on one of his toys,but he is not succeeding.Rather than persisting,he simply stops playing with that toy and shifts his efforts to a different activity.Based on this information,what year of age is Harrison?

A) not yet 2
B) between 2 and 3
C) between 3 and 4
D) between 4 and 5

Question 44

Which type of mastery motivation are children demonstrating when they first seek recognition after mastering a challenging task?

A) use-of-standards
B) approval-seeking
C) self-motivation
D) joy-in-mastery

Question 45

Which of the following best summarizes the conclusions of Waterman's research regarding identity formation in late adolescents who attend university?

A) It causes them to achieve maturity in all aspects of personal identity.
B) It can push them toward a political and a religious identity, but can cause regression in the area of an occupational identity.
C) It causes them to return to identity diffusion in all aspects of personal identity
D) It can push them toward an occupational identity, but can cause regression in other areas such as religious identity.

Question 46

How do levels of self-esteem differ between children raised in collectivist societies in comparison to children who are raised in individualistic societies?

A) They have lower self-esteem than their individualistic counterparts.
B) They have higher self-esteem than their individualistic counterparts.
C) They show levels of self-esteem that do not differ from their individualistic counterparts.
D) They show more variation in their self-esteem than their individualistic counterparts.

Question 47

Which of the following best represents the research findings regarding changes to self-esteem as children enter adolescence?

A) Self-esteem decreases for most children.
B) Self-esteem decreases only for socially immature children.
C) Self-esteem decreases for males to a greater degree than it does for females.
D) Most adolescents do not experience a decrease in self-esteem.

Question 48

During which achievement phase do children show evidence of pride in their achievements?

A) approval-seeking
B) accomplishment
C) use-of-standards
D) mastery-seeking

Question 49

During which phase of achievement do children expect disapproval following failures?

A) use-of-standards
B) approval-seeking
C) self-seeking
D) use-of-approval

Question 50

According to researchers,when do children first begin to assess their competence by using a peer group for reference?

A) as soon as a sense of categorical self is firmly established
B) during the early preschool years
C) when they enter the stage of industry versus inferiority
D) when they enter the stage of identity versus role confusion

Question 51

According to Harter,how do 8-year-old children rate themselves regarding their social,cognitive,and physical competencies?

A) uniformly high or low in all domains
B) underestimating their competencies
C) overestimating their competencies
D) similarly to how teachers and peers perceive them

Question 52

Based upon current research,which of the following best describes the characteristics of adolescent males who have the highest self-esteem?

A) They successfully exert social influence over their friends.
B) They have successful romantic relationships.
C) They have supportive relationships with friends.
D) They feel they have high academic and physical competence

Question 53

Which of the following parental behaviours are most strongly associated with high levels of self-esteem in their children?

A) Parents are warm and supportive.
B) Parents are autocratic.
C) Parents are loving and permissive.
D) Parents are directive and controlling.

Question 54

Martin is concerned with how he compares to others in his peer group.For example,he is always trying to kick a ball farther than his friends,and he constantly wonders if he is doing as well in school as his classmates.Based on this information,what grade level of schooling is Martin in?

A) kindergarten
B) middle elementary
C) late elementary
D) senior high school

Question 55

Which of the following best characterizes children's behaviour during the joy-in-mastery phase of achievement?

A) They are pleased to master challenges, but they do not seek attention when they succeed and they are not bothered by failures.
B) They seek recognition when they master challenges and expect disapproval when they fail.
C) They begin to react independently to their success and failures, and show pride following successes and shame following failure.
D) They show strong persistence at tasks in which they have previously been unsuccessful.

Question 56

Phillipe's and Bernice's parents differ in their parenting style.Phillipe's parents use an authoritarian style and Bernice's parents use a permissive style.Based on this scenario,which of the following would you expect when both children are measured for levels of self-esteem?

A) Both children will have a high score.
B) Phillipe will have a higher score than Bernice.
C) Both children will have a low score.
D) Bernice will have a higher score than Phillipe.

Question 57

Which of the following is true with respect to suicide during adolescence?

A) Boys make more suicide attempts than girls, and are rarely successful.
B) Girls make more suicide attempts than boys, and are rarely successful.
C) Boys attempt suicide less often than girls, but when they do, they are more likely to be successful.
D) Girls attempt suicide less often than boys, but when they do, they are more likely to be successful.

Question 58

Jade is trying to get two pieces of a puzzle to fit together.She works on it for several minutes,and when she succeeds,she quickly looks up at her mother and says "Look,Mommy." Based on this information,approximately how old is Jade?

A) 18 months
B) 2 years
C) 3 years
D) 5 years

Question 59

Leo has always enjoyed playing with Lego blocks.Recently he has begun to compare his projects with the elaborate models that are pictured in his Lego handbooks.Based upon this example,how would you categorize Leo's phase of mastery motivation?

A) use-of-standards
B) joy-in-mastery
C) self-reflective role taking
D) approval-seeking

Question 60

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding relational self-worth?

A) It is not dependent on relational context.
B) It begins in young adulthood.
C) It contributes to global self-esteem.
D) It begins in early infancy.

Question 61

Which of the following is a stable external cause for an achievement outcome?

A) effort
B) ability
C) task difficulty
D) luck

Question 62

What characterizes the parental behaviour of those children who show a low need to achieve?

A) They set high standards and give praise for success.
B) They offer only tangible rewards for successes.
C) They offer encouragement regardless of success or failure.
D) They monitor their children's academic progress, but also allow autonomy.

Question 63

Suppose you overhear a group of students discussing the results of their Psychology midterm.Based on current research findings,which of the following statements would be made by the student with an external achievement attribution?

A) "I can't understand her English during the lecture."
B) "I was tired because I was called in to work the graveyard shift the night before."
C) "The test was too hard and was unfair."
D) "I am never going to learn this material; I am no good at Psychology."

Question 64

Which parenting style is typical of parents whose children have low levels of achievement motivation?

A) permissive
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) autocratic

Question 65

According to cross-cultural research,how do the achievement attitudes of Chinese children differ from those of children who are raised in North America?

A) They are more tolerant of failure.
B) They are less tolerant of failure.
C) They are more likely to view the learning of a task as something to be accomplished.
D) They are less likely to view learning as a personal virtue.

Question 66

According to Weiner,which of the following patterns of causal attribution for successes and failures characterizes low achievers?

A) They attribute successes to stable, internal factors, and failures to unstable, internal factors.
B) They attribute successes to stable, external factors, and failures to stable, internal factors.
C) They attribute successes to unstable, internal factors, and failures to stable, external factors.
D) They attribute successes to unstable, external factors, and failures to stable, internal factors.

Question 67

According to Weiner,which of the following patterns of causal attribution for successes and failures characterizes high achievers?

A) They attribute successes to stable, internal factors, and failures to unstable, external factors.
B) They attribute successes to stable, external factors, and failures to stable, internal factors.
C) They attribute successes to unstable, internal factors, and failures to stable, external factors.
D) They attribute successes to unstable, external factors, and failures to unstable, internal factors.

Question 68

Coral scored 100 percent on her statistics midterm.If Coral makes an internal-stable attribution for her success,what is she most likely to say?

A) "It was just good luck that most of the exam was on the material I had time to study."
B) "I was calm and relaxed the day of the exam because I was able to get a good night's sleep the night before."
C) "I have always been good at statistics; I guess I just have a natural ability in that area."
D) "The professor makes the whole course so easy to understand that it is virtually impossible to do poorly in the class."

Question 69

Despite being warm and loving,why are permissive parents more likely to have children who are low in academic achievement?

A) They grant too much autonomy and little monitoring of children's progress.
B) They do not allow children to discover their own solutions to problems.
C) They are not sufficiently critical of failures.
D) They set high standards and praise accomplishments.

Question 70

Which of the following is a stable internal cause for an achievement outcome?

A) effort
B) ability
C) task difficulty
D) luck

Question 71

Which of the following statements best characterizes a child with an intrinsic orientation to achievement?

A) "I do my work at school so I can get good grades."
B) "I like challenging tasks."
C) "I try hard because it's important to my parents."
D) "I try hard because my dad gives me ten dollars for every 'A' I get on my report card."

Question 72

Jari failed his geology midterm.If Jari makes an external-unstable attribution for his failure,what is he most likely to say?

A) "It was just bad luck that most of the exam was on the one chapter I didn't study."
B) "I was really tired during the exam, because I had to work the late shift the night before."
C) "I just can't seem to catch on in my geology classes, and I don't think I'll ever learn all those terms."
D) "That professor has impossible exams; if I retake the class with a different professor I'll probably do much better."

Question 73

According to research findings,what data support the link between secure attachments in infancy and later achievement motivation?

A) The children are more curious.
B) The children are more intellectually competent.
C) The children are more reserved.
D) The children are better at future planning.

Question 74

According to most developmentalists,what aspect of an individual's achievement motivation is determined by the stability dimension?

A) an individual's perception of the overall effort required
B) an individual's expectations for success or failure
C) an individual's evaluation of the outcome
D) an individual's perceived probability of success

Question 75

Which of the following is an unstable internal cause for an achievement outcome?

A) effort
B) ability
C) context
D) luck

Question 76

According to research findings,what data provide support for the link between secure attachments in infancy and later achievement motivation?

A) The parents permit free exploration and impose few boundaries
B) The parents provide lavish praise.
C) The parents provide more stimulating environments.
D) The parents are more demanding of proper behaviour.

Question 77

Which parenting style is typical of parents whose children are high achieving and successful?

A) authoritative
B) uninvolved
C) permissive
D) authoritarian

Question 78

Suppose you observe a group of students who have just received the results of a midterm test.Based on current research findings,which of the following reasons for a high mark would be given by the student who views academic success as a valued attribute?

A) "The teacher likes me."
B) "I'm smart and I worked hard."
C) "The test was easy."
D) "I lucked out."

Question 79

What characterizes the parental behaviour of those children who show a high need to achieve?

A) They set high standards and give praise for success.
B) They offer only tangible rewards for successes.
C) They are very critical of any failure.
D) They are highly controlling and closely monitor academic progress.

Question 80

Which of the following is an unstable external cause for an achievement outcome?

A) effort
B) ability
C) context
D) luck