Deck 10: Emotional Development, Temperament, and Attachment

Question 1

The infant's level of emotional reactivity is its

A)secure base.
B)temperament.
C)avoidant attachment.
D)learned helplessness.

Answer 1

temperament.

Question 2

Which emotional expression is NOT evident at birth?

A)Guilt
B)Disgust
C)Distress
D)Contentment

Answer 2

Guilt

Question 3

The ways that parents react to their children's transgressions can influence whether they will feel

A)embarrassment or pride.
B)guilt or shame.
C)anger or sadness.
D)sadness or fear.

Answer 3

guilt or shame.

Question 4

The set of emotions that are closely tied to cognitive development, particularly self-recognition and an understanding of acceptable/unacceptable behavior, is

A)interest, distress, disgust, and contentment.
B)anger, surprise, fear, and sadness.
C)embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride.
D)joy, happiness, frustration, and boredom.

Question 5

The child begins to display complex emotions (pride, envy, shame, etc.)

A)prenatally in the womb.
B)immediately following birth.
C)during the first year.
D)during the second year.

Question 6

Of the following, the statement that best describes the emergence of emotions would be that

A)the full range of emotions is evident at birth.
B)all types of emotions emerge during the first year.
C)distinct emotions are not reliably observed until the second year, when children's cognitive capabilities are more mature.
D)various emotions appear at roughly the same times in all normal infants over the first two years.

Question 7

The purpose of Carroll Izard's experimental paradigm for studying emotionality in babies is to

A)provoke predictable emotions with stimuli.
B)determine whether infants interpret adults' emotions.
C)assess adults' interpretation of emotions shown by infants.
D)experimentally change bad emotions into positive ones.

Question 8

Emotions that the neonate can express immediately at birth are considered by researchers to be

A)positive/pleasant in tone.
B)developed via learning.
C)an aftereffect of the "Kewpie doll" phenomenon.
D)innate.

Question 9

BASIC EMOTION is to COMPLEX EMOTION as ____ is to ____.

A)VAGUE :: CLEAR
B)EARLY :: LATE
C)HUMAN :: ANIMAL
D)STRANGER ANXIETY :: SEPARATION ANXIETY

Question 10

Feelings such as embarrassment, shame, guilt, pride, or envy are known as

A)reactive attachment emoticators.
B)sycophantic feelings.
C)internal working models.
D)self-conscious emotions.

Question 11

Research into emotional competence found that children who expressed mostly positive emotions were generally

A)better at regulating their own expression of emotions than were children who expressed mostly negative emotions.
B)not as good at regulating their own expression of emotions than were children who expressed mostly negative emotions.
C)showed no difference at regulating their own expression of emotions than were children who expressed mostly negative emotions.
D)more shy and withdrawn than other children.

Question 12

____ is a secondary emotion that arises as a response to a negative evaluation of one's performance.

A)Simple embarrassment
B)Anger
C)Self-esteem
D)Evaluative embarrassment

Question 13

Which statement about primary emotions is FALSE?

A)They are evident at birth or during early infancy.
B)They include the category of self-conscious emotions.
C)They are interpreted/displayed similarly in all cultures.
D)They are regarded as having biological origins.

Question 14

When adults interpret emotions displayed by babies, they

A)are unreliable and inaccurate.
B)do better with negative emotions than with positive.
C)do better with positive emotions than with negative.
D)are highly accurate regardless of the type of emotion.

Question 15

A mother tells her toddler that it's okay to scream and shout at a sporting event but not in church. These are

A)etiquetted codifiers.
B)asocial phases of attachment.
C)preadapted characteristics.
D)display rules.

Question 16

A mother and her toddler attend a funeral of an immigrant friend. Mom says, "We'll show our feelings like others do around us." She refers to

A)emotional display rules.
B)an attachment Q-set (AQS).
C)secondary reinforcement.
D)the caregiving hypothesis.

Question 17

Which infant has the hardest time regulating his or her emotions?

A)A young infant boy
B)An older infant boy
C)A young infant girl
D)An older infant girl

Question 18

A common emotional display rule for American babies is,

A)"Don't look directly at adults."
B)"Hide your feelings unless others are interested."
C)"Arms and legs must be motionless when feelings are shown."
D)"Strong emotions are fine, so long as they are positive."

Question 19

Lewis claimed that the child does not feel embarrassment until after he or she is capable of

A)self-recognition in photos or mirrors.
B)knowing about object permanence.
C)displaying fear of strangers.
D)counting on the fingers.

Question 20

Parents commonly report that their babies express all of these emotions EXCEPT

A)pride.
B)anger.
C)joy.
D)interest.

Question 21

The adaptive regulation of emotions involves

A)suppressing all types of emotions, positive or negative.
B)suppressing all negative emotions.
C)maintaining or intensifying all positive emotions.
D)suppressing some types of arousal while maintaining or intensifying others.

Question 22

Social referencing is like

A)attending a funeral for someone who isn't yet dead.
B)judging a movie by what critics say about it.
C)counting your change at the checkout stand.
D)hating to have to get up in the morning.

Question 23

Conforming to socially approved emotional display rules is

A)equally important in both individualistic and communal cultures.
B)more important in collectivistic than in individualistic cultures.
C)more important in individualistic than in communal cultures.
D)unimportant in both collectivistic nor individualistic cultures.

Question 24

In the US, parents train their young children to

A)suppress some emotions and express others.
B)suppress all emotions regardless of type.
C)express all emotions intensely, "letting it all hang out."
D)imitate the emotions expressed by family pets.

Question 25

Who is best at displaying phony feelings of gratitude after receiving an unwanted gift?

A)A seven-year-old girl
B)A seven-year-old boy
C)An 11-year-old girl
D)An 11-year-old boy

Question 26

Children begin to talk about emotions at about age

A)six months.
B)four years.
C)1-1/2 to two years.
D)12 months.

Question 27

TV talk show hosts are skilled at ____, i.e., sharing the emotional distress suffered by their guests.

A)learned helplessness
B)being in a phase of specific attachment
C)empathy
D)goodness of fit

Question 28

Cuddles is a house dog. When a stranger approaches the front window, Cuddles is unsure whether this person is "friend or foe." But when her master growls at the stranger, the dog growls, too. Cuddles demonstrates that she

A)suffers from separation anxiety.
B)has been imprinted to her human master.
C)does social referencing.
D)has a preadapted characteristic.

Question 29

The child's social referencing first becomes evident by the early age of about

A)two months.
B)seven months.
C)15 months.
D)three years.

Question 30

The onset of social referencing coincides with the age at which the child first becomes capable of

A)recognizing and interpreting others' displayed emotions.
B)climbing inside an internal working model.
C)talking about the Kewpie doll effect.
D)using grammatical morphemes.

Question 31

Empathy refers to

A)being a youthful victim of avoidant attachment.
B)being skilled at deception and at hiding one's feelings.
C)escaping from a "strange situation."
D)sharing others' emotions and understanding why they feel the way they do.

Question 32

The ability to achieve personal goals in social interactions while continuing to maintain positive relationships with others is referred to as

A)emotional competence.
B)emotional regulation.
C)social referencing.
D)emotional intelligence.

Question 33

Baby Bandy is scared by thunder, so she cries for her parents to comfort her. This emotional display served a ____ function for Bandy.

A)communicative
B)nutritive
C)Kewpie doll
D)synchronized routine

Question 34

Which strategy for regulating one's emotions is LEAST likely to be applied by a 12-month-old infant?

A)Rocking himself or herself
B)Redirecting his or her attention away from the fearful object
C)Moving away from upsetting things or people
D)Chewing on objects

Question 35

"Social referencing" refers to the child's ability to

A)categorize people or animals as good or bad.
B)use the reactions of others to interpret an ambiguous stimulus or situation.
C)hide one's own true inner feelings.
D)understand that others' feelings differ from your own.

Question 36

"You must laugh when others laugh, cry when others cry." This slogan is most likely seen as graffiti in a(n)

A)individualistic country such as the US.
B)communal country such as Japan.
C)secure base for aliens such as Roswell, New Mexico.
D)internal working model.

Question 37

Children whose parents encourage discussions about emotional feelings

A)tend to exaggerate their own emotional displays.
B)later tend to develop a homosexual orientation.
C)develop better understanding about emotions in themselves and in others.
D)imitate the emotions displayed by the family's pets.

Question 38

Sarah has just come to understand that seeing a dog will make her best friend thrilled (she loves dogs) but her other friend afraid. Given that Sarah has just developed the ability to understand that the same thing will make different people experience different emotions, how old would you hypothesize Sarah is?

A)Four
B)Six
C)Eight
D)12

Question 39

A toddler feels scared by a visitor's "monster" Halloween mask, but she relaxes when she sees her mother laughing at it. The toddler

A)suffers from learned helplessness.
B)experiences a form of goodness of fit.
C)had an experience of slow to calm down.
D)does social referencing.

Question 40

What is the correct developmental sequence for emotional understanding, from earliest to latest?

A)Empathic responding :: social referencing :: discriminate facial expressions
B)Empathic responding :: discriminate facial expressions :: social referencing
C)Discriminate facial expressions :: social referencing :: empathic responding
D)Social referencing :: empathic responding :: discriminate facial expressions

Question 41

With regard to temperament, ____ refers to the regularity and predictability of bodily functions such as eating and sleeping.

A)positive affect
B)routine
C)rhythmicity
D)activity level

Question 42

Temperament is considered to have a biological basis because

A)temperamental correlations are stronger for identical twins than for fraternal twins.
B)the genetic alleles for temperament are known.
C)temperamental traits don't appear for several years.
D)identical twins have nonshared environmental experiences.

Question 43

In Kagan's research, infants who were high on behavioral inhibition reacted in which of the following ways to novel stimuli?

A)Low heart rate
B)Dry palms
C)Smiling and reaching
D)Intense physiological arousal

Question 44

Deraan is always positive and happy. She rarely complains at school or home about anything. Deraan is displaying which aspect of emotional competence?

A)Emotional expressivity
B)Emotional knowledge
C)Emotional regulation
D)Object permanence

Question 45

In kindergarten, which aspect of emotional competence is LEAST important to prediction of social competence?

A)Emotional expressivity
B)Emotional knowledge
C)Emotional regulation
D)Temperament

Question 46

Nonshared environmental influences especially affect ____ attributes of the infant's temperament.

A)positively toned/pleasant
B)neutral
C)negatively toned/unpleasant
D)macrosystem-related

Question 47

"Behavioral inhibition" is a term of psychological jargon that stands for what ordinary people would call

A)adventurousness.
B)intestinal fortitude.
C)sassiness.
D)cautiousness.

Question 48

____ is the infant's early form of personality, and it has attributes such as activity level, positive affect, and fearfulness.

A)Preadapted characteristic
B)Attachment
C)Amae
D)Temperament

Question 49

TEMPERAMENT is to PERSONALITY as ____ is to ____.

A)VOLUNTARY :: COMPULSORY
B)LEARNING :: GENETICS
C)INFANCY :: ADULTHOOD
D)COMPETITION :: COOPERATION

Question 50

Teenagers who participate in life-risking sports (e.g., skydiving, bungee-jumping) would be LOW in the trait called

A)emotional self-regulation.
B)attachment Q-set.
C)secondary reinforcement.
D)behavioral inhibition.

Question 51

Shared environmental influences (e.g., home) especially affect ____ attributes of temperament.

A)negatively toned/unpleasant
B)neutral
C)positively toned/pleasant
D)internal working model

Question 52

Rythmicity, fearful distress, and activity level are all attributes of

A)emotional intelligence.
B)infant temperament.
C)social reciprocity.
D)self-regulation.

Question 53

In Denham et al.'s study on emotional competence, how was emotional knowledge measured?

A)By asking children to look at photos of emotional expression and identify the target emotion the person was feeling
B)By showing children movies and asking them questions about what emotions the characters were feeling
C)By asking children to name the emotion a puppet would be feeling in eight common situations
D)Through use of the "strange situation"

Question 54

Three attributes that are components of temperament are

A)positive affect, irritability, and empathy.
B)sorrow, spin control, and artificiality.
C)activity level, conscientiousness, and irritability.
D)positive affect, fearfulness, and activity level.

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT a component of emotional competence?

A)Competent emotional knowledge
B)The ability to adjust one's level of emotional arousal
C)A tendency to express more positive than negative emotions
D)Social reciprocity

Question 56

Kelly is furious with her teacher, but she realizes that yelling and throwing a fit will not get her what she wants. So, Kelly gets her anger under control and asks if she can talk to her teacher about what is bothering her in a calm, kind fashion. Kelly is displaying which component of emotional competence?

A)Emotional expressivity
B)Emotional knowledge
C)Social referencing
D)Emotional regulation

Question 57

Which of these is NOT among the six attributes of infant temperament?

A)Secure base
B)Rhythmicity
C)Fearful distress
D)Activity level

Question 58

Shyness in Western cultures is associated with all of the following EXCEPT

A)low self-esteem.
B)rejection by peers.
C)depression.
D)assertiveness.

Question 59

Temperamental traits, for better or worse, are ____ from infancy through early adulthood.

A)highly stable
B)moderately stable
C)slightly stable
D)entirely unstable

Question 60

The long-term stability of temperament is most properly studied

A)experimentally.
B)cross-sectionally.
C)longitudinally.
D)speculatively.

Question 61

At about the age of six weeks through the age of six or seven months, infants are in the ____ phase of attachment. They enjoy human contact from most people equally.

A)asocial
B)indiscriminate
C)specific
D)multiple

Question 62

Nellie Neglect is a teenage mother who spends little time with her baby, which has a difficult temperament. It may be inferred that

A)the baby lives in a "strange situation."
B)the baby is becoming imprinted to the "sound of silence."
C)goodness of fit is bad because the baby lacks the frequent maternal attention it needs from Nellie.
D)Nellie is too busy all day with her social referencing.

Question 63

The goodness-of-fit principle states that parents should

A)ensure that the child's clothing fits properly.
B)optimize parenting style for the child's temperament.
C)identify an imprinting target and place it in the crib.
D)prevent learned helplessness by offering a helping hand.

Question 64

A secure base is a(n)

A)outpost for children located in hostile territory.
B)refuge for victims of child abuse.
C)playmate who has many desirable toys.
D)place from which the infant can venture to explore.

Question 65

The best sign as to whether an infant has developed an attachment for a specific adult would be if the infant

A)becomes apathetic when not near that specific adult.
B)attempts to communicate telepathically with that adult.
C)protests when he is separated from his primary caregiver.
D)smiles often when strangers are nearby.

Question 66

A mother wants to hug her baby, and the baby enjoys being close to mom. This describes the ____ of attachment.

A)reciprocity
B)secure base
C)social referencing
D)emotional display rules

Question 67

Synchronized interactions between infants and their parents are important contributors to emotional attachment because

A)they create a routine.
B)the infant likes to look at faces rather than other stimuli.
C)they provide an opportunity for the infant to learn what his parent is like and how to attract his or her attention.
D)such exchanges are innately pleasurable.

Question 68

Infants develop an attachment secure base between the ages of seven and nine months. This interval is called the

A)asocial phase.
B)phase of indiscriminate attachments.
C)specific attachment phase.
D)phase of multiple attachments.

Question 69

Children who are adopted are ____ nonadoptive infants to become securely attached to their primary caregiver.

A)just as likely as
B)less likely than
C)more likely than
D)less likely when the adoption is international than

Question 70

Emotional attachments between parent and child

A)are strengthened by "bonding medication" taken during the last trimester of pregnancy.
B)slowly rise from social interactions in the first months.
C)emerge suddenly at birth, to the strongest level.
D)result from their shared genetic relatedness.

Question 71

Having a secure base first becomes important to the infant when he or she

A)suffers from intermittent episodes of malnutrition.
B)achieves mobility by crawling.
C)gets fed up with being smothered by affection.
D)notices that the faulty room heater is slow to warm up.

Question 72

Two parents have regular patterns of activity in their home with respect to feeding, changing, and soothing their baby. These patterns are called

A)infantile monotonies.
B)slow-to-speed-up activities.
C)paternal care alibis.
D)synchronized routines.

Question 73

Patty Patience's baby has a difficult temperament, fussing and crying all the time. Patty never loses her temper. The goodness of fit for Patty and her baby is

A)unknown because nothing was stated about clothing.
B)poor because both should be difficult.
C)unknown because Patty's family income was not given.
D)excellent; they are a compatible pair.

Question 74

Between seven and nine months of age, there is a shift in the infant's social responses. In particular, infants

A)begin to show distinct preference for social interactions over nonsocial stimuli.
B)begin to show a positive response to individuals without any special preferences.
C)change from multiple attachments to one or two specific attachments.
D)start to become less anxious around strangers.

Question 75

Which of these was NOT among Thomas and Chess's three categories of infant temperament?

A)Slow to warm up
B)Difficult
C)Slow to cool off
D)Easy

Question 76

The baby with a(n) ____ temperament would be most likely to fuss and make noise at a solemn event.

A)slow-to-warm-up
B)difficult
C)easy
D)unclassified

Question 77

After learning about temperamental categories, most moms and dads would prefer to have a baby with a(n)

A)easy temperament.
B)slow-to-warm-up temperament.
C)difficult temperament.
D)unclassified temperament.

Question 78

Identify the correct developmental sequence of the phases of primary attachments, from earliest to last:

A)multiple attachments :: asocial :: specific attachments.
B)asocial :: multiple attachments :: specific attachments.
C)multiple attachments :: specific attachments :: asocial.
D)asocial :: specific attachments :: multiple attachments.

Question 79

When out of the house, little Lanny clenches his fist to his mother's skirt, and he returns to the skirt whenever he's anxious. Mom's skirt serves as Lanny's

A)Kewpie doll.
B)secure attachment.
C)secure base.
D)internal working model.

Question 80

Schaffer and Emerson's famous study of infant attachment applied a ____ research design.

A)case study
B)longitudinal
C)cross-sectional comparison
D)sequential