Deck 11: Development of the Self-Concept

Question 1

Newborns respond with empathy to other babies' cries but not to tapes of their own cries. This implies that neonates

A)cannot yet pass the "rouge test" of mirror recognition.
B)enter early into the psychological comparisons phase.
C)show early signs of achievement expectancy.
D)distinguish themselves from others.

Answer 1

distinguish themselves from others.

Question 2

Self-recognition in mirrors or photos is achieved by the majority of children by the age interval of

A)two to eight months.
B)nine to 13 months.
C)14 to 17 months.
D)18 to 24 months.

Answer 2

18 to 24 months.

Question 3

Little Ima, age four, says, "I'm a counter, and I'm a rescuer of baby kitties." Little Ima has a(n) ____ because she rates herself on these dimensions.

A)categorical self
B)looking-glass self
C)foreclosed identity
D)authoritative parenting style

Answer 3

categorical self

Question 4

The ability to notice oneself in a mirror or photograph is called

A)personal agency.
B)self-recognition.
C)identity foreclosure.
D)the psychological comparisons phase.

Question 5

Gordon Gallup showed that apes respond to the "rouge test" just like older infants do, but monkeys do not. This result implies that

A)even monkeys have a simple theory of mind.
B)personal agency emerges at the level of apes.
C)apes, like humans, have an incremental view of ability.
D)apes have a sense of self-recognition.

Question 6

Two-month-old babies like to jerk a foot and cause a string to move a mobile over the crib. This suggests that the babies have achieved a sense of

A)person praise.
B)social comparison.
C)personal agency.
D)foreclosed identity.

Question 7

A slogan for the principle of personal agency would be,

A)"My family guides me into my life's role."
B)"I fit into the crowd."
C)"I cause changes."
D)"I know I'm great because others say so."

Question 8

How a person answers the question, "Who am I?" reveals his or her conception of

A)the learned-helplessness orientation.
B)role-taking.
C)their belief-desire state of mind.
D)the self.

Question 9

Two-year-old Jason's big sister stuck a sticker on his head. Later, he looks at himself in the mirror but does not try to retrieve the sticker off of his own head. Jason's self-concept is limited to that of the

A)extended self.
B)present self.
C)categorical self.
D)past self.

Question 10

A social experience that is known to contribute positively to the child's sense of self-awareness is

A)secure attachment to a caregiver.
B)attempting to lie or deceive others.
C)developing a moratorium identity status.
D)eating together with family members at mealtimes.

Question 11

The fact that newborns can imitate facial expressions seen in others suggests that they are capable of

A)developing a belief-desire theory of mind.
B)using proprioceptive sensory feedback.
C)experiencing identity diffusion at such a young age.
D)having a relational sense of self-worth.

Question 12

PRESENT SELF is to EXTENDED SELF as ____ is to ____.

A)INSTANT :: DURATION
B)RECEIVING :: GIVING
C)SHARING :: STEALING
D)POLITICIAN :: INTERN

Question 13

If the self develops through social interactions, then it may reasonably be inferred that the newborn child

A)has an entity view of ability.
B)cannot yet respond to proprioceptive feedback.
C)has a self that is a phenotypic expression of genotype.
D)has not yet developed a self.

Question 14

In the "rouge test," the infant demonstrates self-recognition when it

A)approaches and touches its reflected image in the mirror.
B)first touches the rouge spot in its forehead after seeing itself in the mirror.
C)has conflict between the extended and present self.
D)briefly experiences an identity crisis seen by others.

Question 15

Mirror self-recognition emerges at the same average age regardless of whether the child has had experience with mirrors. This result implies that self-recognition

A)develops through learning.
B)develops through maturation.
C)develops from supernatural psychic powers.
D)is a relatively useless cognitive skill.

Question 16

The thinking people display about the thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviors of themselves and others is

A)personal agency.
B)social cognition.
C)self-esteem.
D)self-concept.

Question 17

When infants achieve self-recognition, this cognitive skill paves the way for experiencing

A)the moratorium identity status.
B)the learned-helplessness orientation.
C)self-conscious emotions such as embarrassment or pride.
D)primary circular reactions.

Question 18

Children raised in a very collectivist culture will probably be _____ to recognize themselves in the rouge test as children raised in an individualist culture.

A)less likely
B)equally likely
C)more likely
D)happier

Question 19

Shortly after toddlers show self-recognition, they begin to show evidence of the "categorical self" and the ways people differ. The first dimensions that are incorporated into a toddler's self-concept are

A)pet ownership and language.
B)sex and hair color.
C)sex and age.
D)hair color and age.

Question 20

What is "extended" in the extended self?

A)Nurturance is extended from parent to child.
B)Nurturance is extended from child to family pets.
C)The child knows that the self is stable over time.
D)Child-to-child scaffolding help is given to friends.

Question 21

Which country DIFFERS most from the other three in its status on the collectivism/ individualism dimension?

A)Australia
B)India
C)Japan
D)China

Question 22

The psychological conceptualization of the self as a set of abstract personal traits first emerges during

A)toddlerhood.
B)preschool/early childhood.
C)grade school/middle childhood.
D)adolescence.

Question 23

Damon and Hart and Kellet et al. found that self-descriptions of three- to five-year-olds focus on

A) physical characteristics, possessions, and actions; e.g., "I can ride a bike."
B) physical characteristics and psychological descriptions; e.g. "I'm happy a lot" or "I like people."
C) possessions or comparisons to others; e.g., "I'm the tallest in my preschool."
D)names of friends, and likes/dislikes; e.g., "I love pizza."

Question 24

Which of these is NOT among Harter's five components of self-esteem?

A)Good looks
B)Athletic skill
C)School achievement
D)Inventiveness

Question 25

Self-esteem tends to

A)remain reasonably stable over time.
B)fluctuate wildly throughout childhood.
C)change dramatically during adolescence.
D)change only slightly between late childhood and early adolescence.

Question 26

Children who are securely attached to parents usually develop a(n) ____ level of self-esteem.

A)high
B)middle
C)low
D)erratically variable

Question 27

A teenager is asked to answer "Who am I?" and responds with "I am smart, I am silly, I am fun" and so forth. What sort of culture is this teen likely from?

A)Communal
B)Collectivist
C)Multi-racial
D)Individualist

Question 28

A slogan for the false self-behaviors of adolescence would be,

A)"Lending often loses both the loan and the friendship."
B)"Do what you wanna do, go where you wanna go."
C)"Acting special for a special audience."
D)"The child shows the person as morning shows the day."

Question 29

Among worldwide cultures, COLLECTIVISM is to INDIVIDUALISM as ____ is to ____.

A)PRESENT SELF :: EXTENDED SELF
B)TRUTH :: DECEPTION
C)EASTERN HEMISPHERE :: WESTERN HEMISPHERE
D)WEALTH :: POVERTY

Question 30

INDIVIDUALISM is to COLLECTIVISM as ____ is to ____.

A)FORECLOSURE :: MORATORIUM
B)PUBLIC SELF :: PRIVATE SELF
C)CHINA :: CANADA
D)PERSON :: GROUP

Question 31

During adolescence, false self-behaviors are most common among

A)those who are most confident about who they are.
B)those who are least confident about their self-concept.
C)ethnic minorities.
D)delinquents.

Question 32

Rebecca Eder evaluated the extent to which preschool aged children characterized themselves using psychological dimensions. Her work revealed that

A)children's self-descriptions are limited to physical attributes, possessions, and actions.
B)children do not develop self-descriptions until the grade-school years.
C)preschoolers are able to characterize themselves along multiple psychological dimensions when they are required to choose a self-descriptive statement from a set of choices.
D)all self-descriptive statements of preschoolers are psychological in nature.

Question 33

Which quality is especially valued in individualistic cultures?

A)Competition with others
B)Being identified with an organization
C)Blending in with your group
D)Modesty/self-effacement

Question 34

In collectivistic cultures (Japan, China, tropical African countries, etc.), one's identity is based on

A)canalized phenotypes.
B)group membership.
C)personal attributes.
D)one's past achievements in school or employment.

Question 35

Self-esteem begins

A)when adolescents begin to make intimate friendships.
B)when newborns get a response to their cries for attention.
C)as infants form working models of self from their interactions with caregivers.
D)when toddlers learn to walk on their own.

Question 36

False self-behaviors would be most anticipated in a teenager with which identity status?

A)Foreclosure
B)Moratorium
C)Identity diffused
D)Identity achieved

Question 37

Which of these is a trait of collectivistic societies?

A)Encouragement given to initiative
B)Emphasis placed on differences among people
C)Competition seen as important
D)Self-effacement

Question 38

The evaluative dimension of self-concept is called

A)self-esteem.
B)the entity view of ability.
C)self-reflective role-taking.
D)the belief-desire theory of mind.

Question 39

Situational inconsistencies in qualities of one's self become noticeable during the ____ age level.

A)adolescent
B)grade school/middle childhood
C)preschool/early childhood
D)toddlerhood

Question 40

In their research on self-conceptions during middle childhood, Susan Harter and Ann Monsour found that young adolescents

A)become increasingly aware of the inconsistencies in their self-perceptions in relation to parents, friends, romantic partners, and teachers.
B)value their relational self-concept.
C)argue too much with their parents.
D)are unaware of the inconsistencies in their behavior across contexts.

Question 41

Parents who apply the ____ parenting style have children with high self-esteem.

A)nurturant/democratic
B)permissive/democratic
C)neglectful/uninvolved
D)strict/authoritarian

Question 42

At which age are you likely to have the highest self-esteem?

A)10
B)20
C)30
D)65

Question 43

Harter's Self-Perception Scale asks the child to

A)judge whether various actions are socially desirable.
B)do self-ratings with statements about several areas of his or her own competence.
C)secretly judge friends' skills and competencies.
D)identify aspects of deficiency in the family home.

Question 44

Regarding changes in self-esteem during adolescence,

A)both girls and boys show sharp declines in self-esteem.
B)more girls than boys experience a decline in self-esteem.
C)more girls than boys improve their self-esteem.
D)both boys and girls sharply improve their self-esteem.

Question 45

During the elementary school years, children become increasingly aware of negative ethnic stereotypes. This typically results in

A)a temporary decline in self-esteem.
B)a temporary increase in self-esteem.
C)a stable reduction in self-esteem.
D)a stable increase in self-esteem.

Question 46

Having strong "relational self-worth" is an especially important component of self-esteem for

A)grade-schoolers.
B)philandering politicians.
C)teenagers.
D)preschoolers.

Question 47

Among teenagers, girls with high self-esteem have ____, while boys with high self-esteem have _____.

A)supportive friends; supportive friends
B)supportive friends; influenced others
C)influenced others; supportive friends
D)influenced others; influenced others

Question 48

Children tend to rate their competencies as high in all areas when they are at this age level:

A)four to seven years.
B)eight to 10 years.
C)11 to 13 years.
D)14 to 17 years.

Question 49

Studies of self-esteem have found that adolescent girls who have the highest self-esteem are those who

A)can successfully exert social influence over friends.
B)have successful romantic relationships.
C)have supportive relationships with friends.
D)feel they have high academic and physical competence.

Question 50

Which statement is most correct about the impact of self-esteem on developmental outcomes?

A)High self-esteem causes favorable developmental outcomes.
B)High self-esteem is a resource that supports favorable developmental outcomes.
C)High self-esteem derived from prosocial experiences tends to foster favorable developmental outcomes.
D)High self-esteem is related to negative developmental outcomes.

Question 51

From the period of adolescence on, Hispanic and African Americans display ____ levels of self-esteem relative to Caucasians.

A)slightly lower
B)significantly lower
C)about the same
D)higher

Question 52

Erik Erikson asserted that the stresses of adolescence tend to ____ teenagers' sense of self-esteem.

A)improve
B)leave unaffected
C)reduce
D)vary in an unsystematic pattern

Question 53

Low self-esteem is most strongly associated with ____ in girls and ____ in boys.

A)lack of romantic competence; lack of athletic competence
B)lack of athletic competence; lack of romantic competence
C)failure to gain the approval of friends; lack of athletic competence
D)failure to gain the approval of friends; lack of romantic competence

Question 54

Interpersonal relationships (e.g., popularity with friends) contribute most heavily to self-esteem during

A)adolescence.
B)middle childhood.
C)early childhood.
D)toddlerhood.

Question 55

There is a close match between one's self-ratings and the way others rate you, beginning at the age of about ____ years.

A)four
B)six
C)eight
D)11

Question 56

Sadie is terrible at sports, but sports aren't very important to her. Mariah is excellent at music, and music is quite important to her. Zach is very good at building with Lego, but he does not think this is a very important skill. Who will have the highest self-esteem?

A)Mariah
B)Sadie
C)Zach
D)Mariah, Sadie, and Zach will all have similar levels of self-esteem.

Question 57

Susan Harter's concept of "relational self-worth" refers to

A)the idea that our relationships have the greatest impact on self-image.
B)the finding that self-worth fluctuates across social-relational contexts during adolescence.
C)our evaluation of our ability to relate to others.
D)our self-assessment of our own attractiveness to others.

Question 58

Self-evaluations based on social comparisons tend to ____ and ____ as the child matures.

A)increase; become more subtle
B)increase; become more obvious
C)decrease; become more subtle
D)decrease; become more obvious

Question 59

Scholastic competence, social acceptance, and behavioral conduct are all components in Harter's

A)competency-based education.
B)entity view of ability.
C)hierarchical model of childhood self-esteem.
D)model of mastery motivation.

Question 60

Assessments of self-esteem in collectivistic cultures reveal that

A)culture does not influence self-esteem.
B)individuals who develop in collectivistic cultures have higher self-esteem.
C)individuals growing up in collectivistic cultures report lower self-esteem.
D)males have lower self-esteem than females across all cultures assessed.

Question 61

Which of these is NOT one of the three main factors affecting the child's mastery of motivation/achievement?

A)Having parents who apply authoritative parenting
B)Living in a home with a stimulating environment
C)Having an entity view of ability
D)Being securely attached to parents

Question 62

Children from stimulating homes develop

A)a looking-glass self.
B)mindblindness, which inoculates the child to succeed.
C)an intrinsic orientation to achievement.
D)a sense of relational self-worth.

Question 63

Robert White asserted that people of all ages are motivated intrinsically to

A)dominate socially over others.
B)apply deception or trickery to control those who hold authority.
C)modify their own interests to get others' approval.
D)master the environment and its challenges.

Question 64

While over 60 percent of children from stimulating homes perform well in school, the percentage of children from unstimulating environments who do POORLY is approximately ____ percent.

A)25
B)35
C)50
D)70

Question 65

In his pioneering study of achievement motivation, how did McClelland assess this factor in the child?

A)With objective multiple-choice tests
B)With a story-completion exercise using ambiguous pictures
C)With ratings by teachers who were familiar with the child
D)With ratings by the child's parents

Question 66

McClelland reported that children's school grades and achievement motivation are

A)positively correlated.
B)uncorrelated.
C)negatively correlated.
D)difficult to compare because the concepts differ.

Question 67

Two-year-old Tweety brings her scribbles to her father to get his comments about them. Tweety is in the ____ phase of mastery motivation.

A)relational self-worth
B)joy in mastery
C)approval-seeking
D)use of standards

Question 68

Parents of children who have a high need to achieve

A)set high standards and praise successes.
B)are critical of failures.
C)are highly controlling, and they monitor their child's school success.
D)offer tangible rewards for successes.

Question 69

White's notion of the "mastery motive" relates closely to the ordinary notions of

A)competitiveness and tough-mindedness.
B)generosity and paternalism.
C)gender and discrimination.
D)curiosity and control.

Question 70

Ayn Rand's 1950 novel, The Fountainhead, was about a brilliant architect who struggled to design and build an office tower in an unpopular style he favored. His perseverance showed that his level of ____ was high.

A)moratorium identity status
B)achievement motivation
C)proprioceptive feedback
D)mindblindness

Question 71

The child's willingness to work hard to gain important objectives in school or elsewhere is called

A)proprioceptive feedback from the extended present self.
B)achievement motivation.
C)relational self-worth.
D)mindblindness.

Question 72

Which of these is the correct developmental sequence for children's self-evaluations of their own achievements, from earliest to latest?

A)Use of standards :: approval seeking :: joy in mastery
B)Approval seeking :: use of standards :: joy in mastery
C)Approval seeking :: joy in mastery :: use of standards
D)Joy in mastery :: approval seeking :: use of standards

Question 73

A child who has an intrinsic motivation to achieve would be likely to say,

A)"I do my school work so I can get good grades."
B)"I like challenging tasks/problems."
C)"I try hard because it is important to my parents."
D)"My dad gives me $10 for every A I get on my report card."

Question 74

Children beyond the age of three judge their efforts against standards, and they feel either ____ depending on how well they have met the standards.

A)a present or an extended self
B)belief or desire
C)indifference or boredom
D)shame or pride

Question 75

Sally gets an A on her math test. When she gets home, her parents forget to ask about her test and criticize her for walking on the rug with her shoes on. Sally is likely to develop

A)depression.
B)anger.
C)low achievement motivation.
D)a personal drive to succeed in school .

Question 76

Parents of mastery-oriented children encourage achievement motivation. Which of these is NOT a feature of parenting for success?

A)Parents praise the child's accomplishments.
B)Parents set and enforce strict disciplinary rules.
C)Parents provide guidance and control.
D)Parents do scaffolding and allow the child autonomy.

Question 77

In the TV cartoon series, The Simpsons, Bart's sister Lisa works hard to excel in her school work. Lisa exemplifies a child with

A)an orientation toward self-reflective role-taking.
B)a strong sense of social referencing.
C)high achievement motivation.
D)a moratorium identity status.

Question 78

Securely attached children excel at achievement-oriented tasks because, when compared with others, they are

A)from wealthier families.
B)more forgetful of their failures.
C)more intelligent.
D)more eager to apply their abilities.

Question 79

Children who are high achievers and are most successful have parents who apply the ____ parenting style.

A)neglectful/noninvolved
B)permissive
C)authoritarian
D)authoritative

Question 80

Leo, age four, builds projects with Lego blocks. He now compares his Lego projects with elaborate models that are pictured in Lego handbooks. Leo is now in the ____ phase of mastery motivation.

A)approval-seeking
B)use of standards
C)self-reflective role-taking
D)joy in mastery