Deck 8: The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective

Question 1

If a gang member kills another gang member, society may take this killing less seriously than if a gang member killed an individual who was not part of a gang.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The Chicago School of Criminology was named after its founder Brian Chicago.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Reaction formation is the process by which a person openly rejects that which he or she wants, or aspires to, but cannot obtain or achieve.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Social structure theories look at the formal and informal social and economic arrangements (or structure) of society as the root causes of crime and deviance.

Question 5

The criminology of place is an emerging perspective that emphsizes the importance of geographic location and architectural features as they are associated with the prevalence of criminal victimization.

Question 6

The differential opportunity perspective was developed by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin.

Question 7

Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck developed the ecological school of criminology.

Question 8

According to the Chicago School of Criminology, criminal activity tends to be associated with poverty zones.

Question 9

The Chicago School of criminology is an ecological approach to explaining crime that examines how social disroganization contributes to social pathology.

Question 10

Anomie, according to Robert Merton, is said to exist when there is a disjuncture between socially approved means to success and legitimate goals.

Question 11

Social structure theories are consistent with the social problems approach.

Question 12

The work of Park and Burgess viewed cities in terms of concentric zones, which were envisioned much like the circles on a target.

Question 13

By social process, sociologists studying crime mean the interaction between and among social institutions, groups and individuals.

Question 14

Violent subcultures not only expect violence from their members but they also legitimize it when it occurs.

Question 15

As advocates of the ecological approach, C. Shaw and H. McKay studied delinquency rates in Chicago.

Question 16

According to Walter Miller, fate is related to the quest for excitement and to the concept of luck or of being lucky.

Question 17

According to differential opportunity theory, a lower-class youth who becomes addicted to drugs is probably involved in a conflict subculture.

Question 18

The original concept of strain theory, as outlined by Merton, is more applicable today than it was in the 1930s.

Question 19

In contrast to more individualized biological and psychological theories, which have what is called a micro focus, sociological approaches utilize a macro focus, stressing the types of behaviour likely to be exhibited by group members rather than attempting to predict the behaviour of specific individuals.

Question 20

Even though Walter Miller's work in the area of focal concerns is almost entirely derived from his study of black, inner-city delinquents in the Boston area, it is still very relevant to members of other lower-class subcultures.

Question 21

According to Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin, a Type ________ youth desires wealth but not entry into the middle class.

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V

Question 22

According to ________, there are two types of culture conflict: primary conflict and secondary conflict.

A) Robert Merton
B) Walter Reckless
C) Frederick M. Thrasher
D) Thorsten Sellin
E) Henry MacKay

Question 23

________ developed the differential opportunity perspective.

A) Robert Merton
B) Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin
C) Walter Reckless
D) Albert Cohen and Thorsten Sellin
E) Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti

Question 24

________ attempted to detail the values which drove members of lower-class subcultures into delinquent pursuits.

A) Albert Cohen
B) Walter Reckless
C) Marvin Wolfgang
D) Walter Miller
E) Clifford Shaw

Question 25

In what year was General Strain Theor, or GST, formulated by Robert Agnew?

A) 1972
B) 1952
C) 2012
D) 1992
E) 1932

Question 26

The broken window thesis is a perspective on crime that holds that physical deterioration in an area leads to increased concerns for personal safety among area residents and to higher crime rates in that area.

Question 27

According to Cloward and Ohlin, Type IV youths, who were described as dropouts who retreated from the cultural mainstream through drug and alcohol use, were seen as the most likely to commit crime.

Question 28

According to ________, violence is a learned form of adaptation to certain problematic life circumstances, and learning to be violent takes place within the context of a subcultural milieu which emphasizes the advantages of violence over other forms of adaptation.

A) Ernest Burgess and Robert Park
B) Albert Cohen and Walter Miller
C) Franco Ferracuti and Marvin Wolfgang
D) Marvin Wolfgang and Albert Cohen
E) Thorsten Sellin and Frederick Thrasher

Question 29

An ________ is a subcultural pathway to success that is disapproved of by the wider society.

A) Illegitimate opportunity structure
B) Social pathology
C) Anomie
D) Strain theory
E) Reaction formation

Question 30

Conduct norms, focal concerns, subculture, socialization, and subculture of violence are all concepts attributed to the Ecological Theory or "Chicago School."

Question 31

According to the social structure theories, intervention strategies should focus on modifying formal or informal group processes and increasing the availability of legitimate opportunity structures.

Question 32

According to ________, "nonutilitarian" delinquency is the result of middle-class values turned upside down.

A) Travis Hirschi
B) Franco Ferracuti and Marvin Wolfgang
C) Albert Cohen
D) Edwin Sutherland
E) Robert Merton

Question 33

________ is a sociological approach which posits a disjuncture between socially and subculturally sanctioned means and goals as the cause of criminal behaviour.

A) Strain theory
B) Social disorganization
C) Social pathology
D) Subculture
E) Social ecology

Question 34

Early ecological theories of crime were collectively referred to as the ________ School of Criminology.

A) Classical
B) Positivist
C) New York
D) Utilitarian
E) Chicago

Question 35

According to general strain theory, strain occurs when which one of the following events occurs?

A) Someone tries to prevent you from achieving positively valued goals.
B) Someone removes negatively valued stimuli.
C) Someone presents you with positively valued stimuli.
D) Someone helps you to achieve positively valued goals.
E) Someone helps you achieve negatively valued goals.

Question 36

According to Sellin, ______________, which provide the valuative basis for human behaviour, are acquired early in life through childhood socialization, and it is the clash of norms between variously socialized groups that results in crime.

A) focal concerns
B) toughness
C) autonomy
D) conduct norms
E) fate

Question 37

Defensible space can be defined in terms of barriers to crime commission and preventive surveillance opportunities.

Question 38

In Canada, street gangs are typically comprised of youths aged 16-18.

Question 39

CPTED is the acronym for Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design.

Question 40

A delinquent subculture is created when youths who experience similar kinds of alienation from middle-class ideals band together to form a group.

Question 41

One critique of the _____________________ can be found in its seeming inability to differentiate between the condition of social disorganization and the things such a condition is said to cause.

A) Symbolic Interaction school of criminology
B) Ecological school of criminology
C) Criminal Entropy school of criminology
D) Strain Resistance school of criminology
E) Simple Resonance school of criminology

Question 42

Bill C-24, known as the ____________________, was enacted in February 2002, and includes the current legal definition of an organized crime group such as a gang.

A) Organized Young Offenders Bill
B) Gangs and Guns Act
C) Youth Criminal Groups Act
D) Organized Crime Bill
E) group dynamics bill

Question 43

The definition of a criminal gang is found in Section ________ of the Criminal Code of Canada.

A) 43
B) 414(1)
C) 467.1(1)
D) 219
E) 34

Question 44

Social change, uneven development of culture, disharmony, conflict, and lack of consensus are said to produce ________.

A) social pathology
B) focal concerns
C) culture conflict
D) social disorganization
E) conduct norms

Question 45

Carol LaPrairie's studies of crime on First Nations' reserves in Canada are representative of what theoretical approach?

A) Strain theory
B) Criminology of place
C) Subcultural theory
D) Ecological theory
E) Differential opportunity

Question 46

According to the most recent statistics available, over __________ street gangs have been identified in Canada, with an estimated ____________ members and associates operating across the country.

A) 30; 1,000
B) 100; 1,000
C) 300; 11,000
D) 500; 1,500
E) 1,000; 100,000

Question 47

In the 1930s, Clifford Shaw attempted to put his theories into practice by establishing the ______________, which sought to reduce social disorganization in transitional neighbourhoods through the creation of community committees. Shaw staffed these committees with local residents rather than professional social workers.

A) Ethnographic Mapping Project
B) Chicago Area Project
C) Atlanta Demographic Transition Project
D) St. Louis Area Community Project
E) Chicago Land Relocation Project

Question 48

Recognizing the importance of understanding the criminology of place, the ____________________ introduced to the Canadian market in the early 1980s a program of CPTED.

A) Peel Regional Police Service
B) London Police Service
C) Ottawa-Carelton Police Service
D) Waterloo Police Service
E) Calgary Police Service

Question 49

Some of the earliest writings on subcultures can be found in a study on gangs by ________. His research on Chicago gangs led to a typology of different types of gangs.

A) Lloyd Ohlin
B) Frederic Thrasher
C) Gresham Sykes
D) Edwin Sutherland
E) Clifford Shaw

Question 50

Albert Cohen adapted ______________ from psychiatric perspectives, using it to mean "the process in which a person openly rejects that which he wants, or aspires to, but cannot obtain or achieve."

A) interpersonal skills
B) intelligence
C) reaction formation
D) temperament
E) association formation

Question 51

What are the three strategies that Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) revolve around?

Question 52

________ emphasizes the importance of geographic location and architectural features as they are associated with the prevalence of victimization.

A) Social disorganization
B) Criminology of place
C) Opportunity structure
D) Subcultural theory
E) Ecological theory

Question 53

Cloward and Ohlin used the term _____________ to describe pre-existing subcultural paths to success that are not approved of by the wider culture.

A) conformity
B) illegitimate opportunity structure
C) ritualism
D) retreat structures
E) rebel opportunity paradigms

Question 54

Subcultural pathways to success are referred to as ________.

A) legitimate opportunity structures
B) ritualism
C) strain theories
D) subcultural theories
E) illegitimate opportunity structures

Question 55

________ is a sociological perspective that emphasizes the contribution made by variously socialized cultural groups to the phenomenon of crime.

A) Culture conflict
B) The ecological school
C) Conduct norms
D) Subcultural theory
E) Strain theory

Question 56

Central to the criminology of place is the ________.

A) graffiti thesis
B) crowded home thesis
C) geographical location thesis
D) vandalism thesis
E) broken window thesis

Question 57

________ provide(s) both legitimate and illegitimate paths to success.

A) Focal concerns
B) Differential association
C) Opportunities
D) Opportunity structures
E) Innovation

Question 58

According to Robert Agnew's General Strain Theory (GST), what must others do in order for strain to occur?.