Exam 8: The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective

Violent subcultures not only expect violence from their members but they also legitimize it when it occurs.

According to the social structure theories, intervention strategies should focus on modifying formal or informal group processes and increasing the availability of legitimate opportunity structures.

Albert Cohen adapted ______________ from psychiatric perspectives, using it to mean "the process in which a person openly rejects that which he wants, or aspires to, but cannot obtain or achieve."

Early ecological theories of crime were collectively referred to as the ________ School of Criminology.

The differential opportunity perspective was developed by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin.

Anomie, according to Robert Merton, is said to exist when there is a disjuncture between socially approved means to success and legitimate goals.

What are the three strategies that Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) revolve around?

A delinquent subculture is created when youths who experience similar kinds of alienation from middle-class ideals band together to form a group.

Social structure theories are consistent with the social problems approach.

Some of the earliest writings on subcultures can be found in a study on gangs by ________. His research on Chicago gangs led to a typology of different types of gangs.

The Chicago School of criminology is an ecological approach to explaining crime that examines how social disroganization contributes to social pathology.

In contrast to more individualized biological and psychological theories, which have what is called a micro focus, sociological approaches utilize a macro focus, stressing the types of behaviour likely to be exhibited by group members rather than attempting to predict the behaviour of specific individuals.

As advocates of the ecological approach, C. Shaw and H. McKay studied delinquency rates in Chicago.

Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck developed the ecological school of criminology.

The original concept of strain theory, as outlined by Merton, is more applicable today than it was in the 1930s.

Recognizing the importance of understanding the criminology of place, the ____________________ introduced to the Canadian market in the early 1980s a program of CPTED.

Central to the criminology of place is the ________.

According to ________, violence is a learned form of adaptation to certain problematic life circumstances, and learning to be violent takes place within the context of a subcultural milieu which emphasizes the advantages of violence over other forms of adaptation.

According to the Chicago School of Criminology, criminal activity tends to be associated with poverty zones.

Even though Walter Miller's work in the area of focal concerns is almost entirely derived from his study of black, inner-city delinquents in the Boston area, it is still very relevant to members of other lower-class subcultures.