Deck 1: Microorganisms and Microbiology

Question 1

Which statement is TRUE?

A)Populations are assemblages of microbial communities.
B)Microbial communities are assemblages of populations.
C)Habitats are assemblages of microbial communities.
D)Populations are assemblages of habitats.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Transparent double-sided dishes used for growing microbes are most commonly called

A)Petri dishes.
B)baker dishes.
C)sterilization plates.
D)culture medium plates.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Fannie Hesse is credited with giving ________ the idea to use agar as a solidifying agent.

A)Louis Pasteur
B)Ferdinand Cohn
C)Robert Koch
D)Sergei Winogradsky

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Microbial sterilization is used to

A)decrease the possibility of contaminants growing in a culture.
B)kill bacteria but not necessarily viruses or other microbes.
C)kill all microbes in or on objects.
D)clean a work area.

Question 5

The discovery of antibiotics and other important chemicals led to the field of

A)industrial microbiology.
B)agricultural microbiology.
C)marine microbiology.
D)aquatic microbiology.

Question 6

The largest mass of living material on Earth comes from

A)microorganisms.
B)plants.
C)animals.
D)plants and animals together.

Question 7

Microbes playing a role in nitrogen fixation in plants live in ________,while those playing a role in the digestive tract of certain herbivores live in ________.

A)rumens / nodules
B)nodules / rumens
C)nodules / fortrans
D)fortrans / rumens

Question 8

Deduce why viruses are excluded from the ribosomal RNA-based tree of life.

A)Some viruses contain multiple strands of RNA.
B)Their genetic elements cannot be sequenced.
C)They can infect other organisms,which complicates the genetic comparisons.
D)They lack ribosomal RNA.

Question 9

Most prokaryotic cells reside

A)on Earth's surface.
B)in lakes,rivers,and oceans.
C)in and on nonprokaryotic organisms (including humans and other animals).
D)in the oceanic and terrestrial subsurfaces.

Question 10

Regarding early life on Earth,

A)microbial life existed for billions of years before plant and animal life.
B)microbial life existed long before animals but has been around for about the same amount of time as plants.
C)microbial life,plant life,and animal life all appeared at about the same time.
D)it is impossible to determine which type of life first appeared.

Question 11

In what/which domain(s)of life is/are microorganisms represented?

A)Archaea
B)Bacteria
C)Eukarya
D)Archaea,Bacteria,and Eukarya

Question 12

Protein catalysts involved in the acceleration of the rate of chemical reactions are called

A)catalytic converters.
B)growth agents.
C)evolutionary molecules.
D)enzymes.

Question 13

The person who described the "wee animalcules" was

A)Robert Hooke.
B)Antoni van Leeuwenhoek.
C)Louis Pasteur.
D)Ferdinand Cohn.

Question 14

Which of the following is/are characteristic of ALL cellular organisms?

A)communication
B)evolution
C)motility
D)communication,evolution,and motility

Question 15

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Microbial cells exist as single cells.
B)Microbial cells carry out their life processes of growth independently.
C)Microbial cells include both bacteria and viruses.
D)Microbial cells exclude the cells of plants and animals.

Question 16

Differential selection and reproduction of phenotypes occurs during a process called

A)cellular differentiation.
B)evolution.
C)growth.
D)transformation.

Question 17

Louis Pasteur developed the vaccine(s)for

A)anthrax.
B)fowl cholera.
C)rabies.
D)anthrax,fowl cholera,and rabies.

Question 18

Basic microbiology can be used to

A)probe the fundamental processes of life.
B)study characteristics of cells of multicellular organisms.
C)model our understanding of cellular processes in multicellular organisms,including humans.
D)probe the fundamental processes of life,study characteristics of cells of multicellular organisms,and model our understanding of cellular processes in multicellular organisms,including humans.

Question 19

Determine which outcome is LEAST likely for a microorganism being motile.

A)avoidance of predation by bacteriovores
B)maintaining osmotic balance within a salt gradient
C)movement towards growth substrates
D)transfer of plasmids to progeny

Question 20

Applied microbiology deals with important practical problems in

A)medicine.
B)agriculture.
C)industry.
D)medicine,agriculture,and industry.

Question 21

The structure that confers structural strength on the cell is known as the

A)cytoplasmic membrane.
B)cell wall.
C)ribosome.
D)cytoplasm.

Question 22

Chemolithotrophy involves

A)oxidation of organic compounds.
B)oxidation of inorganic compounds.
C)reduction of organic compounds.
D)metabolic autotrophy.

Question 23

Microbial ecology is the study of

A)microbial processes in the rhizosphere that benefit plant growth.
B)the diversity and activities of microorganisms.
C)the grouping and classifying of microorganisms.
D)microorganisms in their natural environments.

Question 24

The science of grouping and classifying microorganisms is known as

A)microbial physiology.
B)proteomics.
C)metabolomics.
D)microbial systematics.

Question 25

Louis Pasteur's most famous success was his work on

A)Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
B)the rabies vaccine.
C)optical isomers.
D)cultivation of E.coli.

Question 26

A microbial cell's membrane is considered ________,because its internal constituents are maintained within the cell.However,it also imports and exports other molecules in response to its environment.

A)differential
B)microselective
C)rigid
D)semipermeable

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT an accomplishment of Louis Pasteur?

A)determined that the alcohol-making process was mediated by microbial fermentation and thus refuted the theory of spontaneous generation
B)developed enrichment culture techniques
C)developed heat sterilization techniques that involved the creation of a specialized swan-necked flask
D)developed the first rabies vaccine and treated thousands of individuals

Question 28

Microbial control in wastewaters would most logically be a part of

A)microbial genetics.
B)aquatic microbiology.
C)medical microbiology.
D)bacterial energetics.

Question 29

Microorganisms play key roles in the cycling of important nutrients in plant nutrition,particularly those of

A)carbon.
B)nitrogen.
C)sulfur.
D)carbon,nitrogen,and sulfur.

Question 30

Cyanobacteria and purple bacteria both obtain energy from light.However,only the ________ are capable of releasing ________.

A)cyanobacteria / organic compounds
B)cyanobacteria / oxygen
C)purple bacteria / organic compounds
D)purple bacteria / oxygen

Question 31

Predict how Pasteur's conclusions on spontaneous generation with swan flasks would have changed if he worked with and maintained the flasks in a sterile laminar flow hood.

A)Sterilization of the swan flask solutions would not have been necessary to reject spontaneous generation.If he did sterilize the flasks,the spontaneous generation hypothesis would have been supported.
B)His incubation times would not have been sufficient to refute spontaneous generation.
C)Pasteur's flasks never would have putrefied,and the experiment would not have refuted spontaneous generation.
D)Viruses would have still been present,and his conclusion would have been unchanged.

Question 32

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is very difficult to stain because of the

A)presence of ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
B)location of the DNA within the cell.
C)large amounts of a waxy lipid present in its cell wall.
D)lack of a cell wall.

Question 33

Martinus Beijerinck was the first to isolate

A)green algae.
B)certain nitrogen-fixing root nodule bacteria.
C)certain sulfate-reducing bacteria.
D) green algae,certain nitrogen-fixing root nodule bacteria,and certain sulfate-reducing bacteria.

Question 34

Developments in the fields of immunology and medical microbiology were practical extensions of the work of

A)Sergei Winogradsky.
B)Antoni van Leeuwenhoek.
C)Joseph Lister.
D)Robert Koch.

Question 35

Robert Koch contributed to the field of microbiology by being the first person to

A)develop the tuberculin test.
B)formulate four postulates for definitively linking a specific microorganism to a specific disease.
C)use agar as a solidifying agent in growth media.
D)develop the tuberculin test,formulate four postulates for definitively linking a specific microorganism to a specific disease,and use agar as a solidifying agent in growth media.

Question 36

A pure culture

A)is sterile.
B)is a population of identical cells.
C)is made of a clearly defined chemical medium.
D)contains one microbial cell.

Question 37

A Pasteur flask has a(n)

A)swan neck to prevent particulate matter from getting into the main body of the flask.
B)double neck so two substances may be added at the same time.
C)secondary opening at the base to allow for drainage.
D)inverted upper edge to prevent spillage while swirling.

Question 38

Some microorganisms can undergo ________ in which various cell types can become specialized and arise from one parent cell type.

A)differentiation
B)genetic exchange
C)maturation
D)mutagensis

Question 39

The theory of spontaneous generation was refuted by the work of

A)Louis Pasteur.
B)Robert Koch.
C)Robert Hooke.
D)Antoni van Leeuwenhoek.

Question 40

Which scientific objective is LEAST related to microbial genetics?

A)determining the ancestral origin of a recently discovered bacterium
B)identifying mutations in a bacterial population
C)identifying quorum sensing interactions among bacteria
D)manipulating a microorganism for bioremediation

Question 41

Robert Koch received the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for

A)developing a smallpox vaccination.
B)identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis.
C)making an effective rabies vaccine.
D)developing a smallpox vaccination,identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis,and making an effective rabies vaccine.

Question 42

Microbial biochemistry involves the discovery of microbial ________ and the ________ they perform.

A)biomolecules / functions
B)enzymes / catalyses
C)metabolic pathways / reactions
D)biomolecules,enzymes,and metabolic pathways / functions

Question 43

Bacillus anthracis deficient in its ability to differentiate would not be able to

A)chemotax towards growth substrates.
B)create vessicles.
C)form endospores.
D)grow without additional supplemented nutrients.

Question 44

Microbial cells first evolved on Earth approximately ________ billion years ago.

A)1)6 to 1.8
B)3)8 to 3.9
C)5)4 to 5.6
D)7)0 to 7.2

Question 45

Groups of cells derived from a single parent cell by successive cell divisions are known as microbial ________ and which live in environments known as microbial ________.

A)communities / habitats
B)communities / ecosystems
C)populations / habitats
D)populations / ecosystems

Question 46

Most microorganisms are pathogenic.

Question 47

________ was the first to identify a new form of autotrophy in which energy is obtained from oxidizing inorganic compounds called ________.

A)Martinus Beijerinck / heteroautotrophy
B)Martinus Beijerinck / chemolithotrophy
C)Sergei Winogradsky / heteroautotrophy
D)Sergei Winogradsky / chemolithotrophy

Question 48

The disease anthrax is caused by the pathogenic bacterium ________,which produces heat-resistant structures known as ________.

A)Azotobacter chroococcum / endospores
B)Azotobacter chroococcum / plasmids
C)Bacillus anthracis / endospores
D)Bacillus anthracis / plasmids

Question 49

________ was the first to describe microorganisms,while ________ was the first person to see bacteria.

A)Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Robert Hook
B)Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Robert Koch
C)Robert Hooke / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
D)Robert Koch / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Question 50

The production of human proteins (e.g.,insulin)by genetically engineered microorganisms is an example of ________,a subdiscipline of microbiology.

A)applied microbiology
B)biotechnology
C)industrial microbiology
D)molecular microbiology

Question 51

Major classes of macromolecules present in all living microorganisms include

A)amino acids,carbohydrates,lipids,and nucleic acids.
B)cell wall,cytoplasmic membrane,nucleoid,and ribosomes.
C)genes,proteins,and vitamins.
D)inorganic and organic compounds.

Question 52

Bioremediation ________ by introducing pollutant-consuming microorganisms or specific nutrients that help microorganisms degrade pollutants.

A)accelerates the natural cleanup process
B)exploits genetic exchange mechanisms
C)invokes microbial evolution
D)uses chemotaxis of biodegrading microorganisms

Question 53

________ produced by microbial fermentation of glucose from cellulose or cornstarch is becoming a more important component of biofuels in the United States,and specialized ________ are needed to make this a commercially available product.

A)Biodiesel / biotechnologists
B)Biodiesel / industrial microbiologists
C)Ethanol / biotechnologists
D)Ethanol / industrial microbiologists

Question 54

The process whereby microorganisms are used to help clean up pollution created by human activities is known as

A)bioaugmentation.
B)biodegradation.
C)bioengineering.
D)bioremediation.

Question 55

The bubonic plague was caused by Yersinia pestis,a highly pathogenic virus.

Question 56

Archaea and Bacteria are unified as prokaryotes in lacking ________ which Eukarya contain,such as golgi.

A)membranes
B)nuclei
C)membrane-enclosed organelles
D)nuclei and membrane-enclosed organelles

Question 57

The first documented description of a microorganism was of a ________ by ________.

A)bacterium / Ferdinand Cohn
B)fungus / Robert Koch
C)mold / Robert Hooke
D)yeast / Martinus Beijerinck

Question 58

Approximately two billion years ago,________ were primarily responsible for initially oxygenating Earth.

A)algae
B)Archaea
C)cyanobacteria
D)purple sulfur bacteria

Question 59

All microorganisms require molecular oxygen to carry on life functions.

Question 60

An ecosystem includes ________ along with ________.

A)macroorganisms / microorganisms
B)living organisms / their chemical and physical environments
C)pathogenic organisms / non-pathogenic organisms
D)single celled organisms / multi-cellular organisms

Question 61

Explain the nature and function of an enrichment culture.

Question 62

Treponema pallidum,a bacterium associated with syphilis,is not considered a pathogen because to date it remains unculturable in the lab,and,therefore,Koch's postulates are unable to be fulfilled.

Question 63

Describe beneficial and harmful ways in which microorganisms interact with agricultural crops.

Question 64

According to our present understanding,each of the three major domains has what is known as its own universal ancestor.

Question 65

Not only do some microorganisms tolerate extremely hot temperatures,some actually require high temperatures for optimal growth.

Question 66

Explain why microbial cells are excellent models for understanding cell function in higher organisms.

Question 67

Sergei Winogradsky worked with bacteria involved in cycling nitrogen and sulfur.

Question 68

The text states that antibiotics are derived from microorganisms.What is the benefit to an antibiotic-producing microorganism of producing an antibiotic in its natural habitat?

Question 69

Today,the enrichment culture technique developed over a century ago by Martinus Beijerinck remains a feasible approach to discovering bacteria capable of degrading pollutants.

Question 70

Microbes were first formally observed during the mid-1600s,but the cell theory was not enunciated until 1839.Write a brief essay explaining why microbiology did not become a formally recognized science until Louis Pasteur's and Robert Koch's time.

Question 71

Compare and contrast the works of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in terms of both applied and basic science.

Question 72

Metabolism is a unifying characteristic of all cellular organisms.

Question 73

Differentiation occurs only in multicellular organisms.

Question 74

Both environmental conditions and nutrient resources strongly influence the composition of a microbial community.

Question 75

List three contributions of Ferdinand Cohn to the development of microbiology.

Question 76

Explain how you would use Robert Koch's postulates to determine that Streptococcus pyogenes is the causative agent of streptococcal pharyngitis ("strep throat").

Question 77

The environment in which a microbial population lives is its habitat.

Question 78

Why is it incorrect to say that an object is partially sterile?

Question 79

Compare and contrast the leading causes of death in 1900 with the leading causes of death today.What roles have microbiologists played in the dramatic changes that are evident?

Question 80

The discipline of microbiology is intimately associated with biochemistry and genetics,because cells are both biochemical catalysts and genetic coding devices.