Deck 5: A: Eyewitness Testimony

Question 1

Which of the following statements is true with respect to the cognitive interview and enhanced cognitive interview?

A)The enhanced cognitive interview incorporates all the elements of the cognitive interview.
B)Only some officers in Canada have been trained to use the cognitive interview.
C)No significant differences have been found between the effectiveness of the cognitive interview and that of the enhanced cognitive interview.
D)Compared to the standard police interview,the cognitive interview and enhanced cognitive interview produce more accurate information without an increase in inaccurate information.
E)all of the above

Answer 1

all of the above

Question 2

Which of the following statements is not correct concerning the outcome of hypnosis?

A)More information is recalled.
B)Participants report relatively more accurate information and less inaccurate information.
C)Participants express a high degree of confidence in their memory reports.
D)It is not possible to determine which statements are erroneous and which are correct.
E)reinstating context,recalling,recognizing,and forgetting
F)Age regression can be a technique used in hypnosis.

Answer 2

Participants report relatively more accurate information and less inaccurate information.

Question 3

What is the major implication of the studies conducted on the misinformation effect in eyewitness research?

A)Memory is like a videotape.
B)Witnesses yield to authority.
C)Memory is reconstructive.
D)Witnesses recall information accurately when under stress.
E)Memory typically gets better as witnesses get older.

Answer 3

Memory is reconstructive.

Question 4

Which component is not part of the enhanced cognitive interview?

A)rapport building
B)transfer of control
C)focused retrieval
D)direct questioning
E)witness-compatible questioning

Question 5

Which of the following would be considered an estimator variable in eyewitness research?

A)how light it was outside when the crime was witnessed
B)the room where the witness was interviewed
C)the number of police officers present during the interview
D)the time of day when the witness was interviewed
E)the type of lineup presented to the witness

Question 6

Describing the actions of a culprit during a police interview relies on ______________,while identifying the culprit's voice from a set of voices relies on __________________.

A)narrative memory/refreshed memory
B)recall memory/recognition memory
C)natural memory/prompted memory
D)open-ended memory/direct question memory
E)none of the above

Question 7

What has not been identified as a limitation of the standard police interview?

A)asking brief,direct questions
B)mixing visual and auditory questions
C)asking questions in a random order
D)asking very broad questions
E)frequent interruptions

Question 8

Dr.Sander wants to conduct an experiment to examine whether memory is better for events that are witnessed versus events one is directly involved in.He sets up a staged event where participants arrive in groups of three to his study (one is a confederate),are asked to take out their wallets to show their photo ID,followed by the confederate who steals one participant's wallet and runs off down the hall.Both participants (the witness and the victim)are questioned by campus security separately about what happened,and asked to identify the suspect out of a photo lineup. In this example,the dependent variable is:

A)What the confederate stole from the participant
B)Whether the memory is reported by a victim or a witness
C)How the participants were interviewed about the "crime"
D)Whether there were differences in correct or false identifications
E)How much information the participants reported

Question 9

A witness who is testifying about what she remembers during a convenience store robbery is using what type of memory?

A)Repressed memory
B)Recognition memory
C)Recall memory
D)Refreshed memory
E)Reinstated memory

Question 10

Officer Newton has interviewed multiple witnesses in the same day in an ongoing murder investigation with multiple perpetrators.Witness 2 told him that one perpetrator had a scar on the left side of his face,yet in reality there was no scar on any of the suspects.When interviewing Witness 5 later,Officer Newton asks "was the perpetrator with the scar carrying a weapon?" The manner in which Officer Newton is questioning the witnesses demonstrates:

A)the cognitive interview technique
B)recognition memory
C)context reinstatement
D)the post-event information effect
E)memory conformity

Question 11

Which of the following would be considered a system variable in eyewitness research?

A)whether the witness is intoxicated at the time of the offence
B)the age of the witness
C)the type of weapon used by the culprit
D)the interview procedure used by the police officer
E)the time at which the crime was committed

Question 12

The belief that the misinformation effect results from a confusion between the accurate original memory and the inaccurate memory (as they can remember both but can't remember where each memory came from)is referred to as:

A)the encoding rejection hypothesis
B)the source misattribution hypothesis
C)the memory impairment hypothesis
D)the misinformation acceptance hypothesis
E)the reconstructive memory hypothesis

Question 13

Dr.Sander wants to conduct an experiment to examine whether memory is better for events that are witnessed versus events one is directly involved in (i.e.,the victim).He sets up a staged event where participants arrive in groups of three to his study (one is a confederate),are asked to take out their wallets to show their photo ID,followed by the confederate who steals one participant's wallet and runs off down the hall.Both participants (the witness and the victim)are questioned by campus security separately about what happened,and asked to identify the suspect out of a photo lineup. In this example,the independent variable is:

A)What the confederate stole from the participant
B)Whether the memory is reported by a victim or a witness
C)How the participants were interviewed about the "crime"
D)Whether there were differences in correct or false identifications
E)How much information the participants reported

Question 14

___________ is a phenomenon produced when what one witness says about a crime can affect what another witness will say,if those witnesses communicate with one another or come to learn what the other has reported.

A)The misinformation effect
B)The instructional bias
C)Memory conformity
D)Refreshed memory
E)The distractor bias

Question 15

What is the most common research method for studying eyewitness issues?

A)field study
B)archival research
C)laboratory simulation study
D)recall study
E)recognition study

Question 16

Which of the following is not one of the legislative changes proposed in the Safer Witnesses Act in 2012?

A)Making it easier for witnesses in provincial programs to obtain new identities.
B)Increasing the amount of time emergency protection may be provided to witnesses.
C)Making the program available to members referred from National Defence and CSIS.
D)Imposing new restrictions on the disclosure of information to make the program more secure.
E)Implementation of more rigorous screening and personality testing procedures to assure selection of sui candidates.

Question 17

What is another term for the misinformation effect?

A)post-event information effect
B)free narrative effect
C)direct question recall
D)open-ended recall
E)closed ended recall effect

Question 18

The belief that the misinformation effect results from instances where the original memory is replaced with a new,incorrect memory is referred to as:

A)the encoding rejection hypothesis
B)the source misattribution hypothesis
C)the memory impairment hypothesis
D)the misinformation acceptance hypothesis
E)the reconstructive memory hypothesis

Question 19

On what four memory-retrieval techniques is the cognitive interview based?

A)reinstating context,reporting everything,reversing order,and changing perspective
B)reinstating context,recalling,recognizing,and answering questions
C)encoding,short-term memory,long-term memory,and retrieving
D)encoding,storing,retrieving,and forgetting
E)reinstating context,recalling,recognizing,and forgetting

Question 20

A witness is on the stand and says "that's the man who did it" as she points to the defendant.What type of memory is she using in this judgment?

A)Repressed memory
B)Recognition memory
C)Recall memory
D)Refreshed memory
E)Reinstated memory

Question 21

Which two items did Lindsay,Martin,and Webber (1994)find that were commonly reported by witnesses?

A)gender and age
B)height and weight
C)hair and clothing
D)race and age
E)gender and clothing

Question 22

What type of decision is not possible with a target-present lineup?

A)correct identification
B)foil identification
C)false rejection
D)false identification
E)All of the above are possible identification decisions with the target-present lineup.

Question 23

A perpetrator has been described as a tall male,wearing glasses and a red toque.The police officer makes sure that all members of the lineup also are wearing glasses and toques.The officer is trying to avoid what type of bias?

A)A suspect bias
B)A foil bias
C)A clothing bias
D)An instruction bias
E)A facial bias

Question 24

An eyewitness is exposed to a target-present lineup and identifies someone from the lineup that the police know did not commit the crime.What sort of decision has this eyewitness just made?

A)a correct identification
B)a false rejection
C)a foil identification
D)a correct rejection
E)none of the above

Question 25

What increases the likelihood that innocent suspects may be wrongfully identified in a lineup?

A)having the suspect wear similar clothing to that worn by the culprit
B)implying the criminal is in the lineup
C)asking the witness specifically about the suspect and not about the other lineup members
D)using a simultaneous lineup procedure
E)all of the above

Question 26

Youssef has just viewed a target-absent lineup,but he identified an innocent suspect as the perpetrator.What sort of decision has this eyewitness just made?

A)a correct identification
B)a false rejection
C)a foil identification
D)a correct rejection
E)a false identification

Question 27

In target-absent lineups,both false identifications and foil identifications can be referred to as:

A)true positives
B)false positives
C)true negatives
D)false negatives
E)none of the above

Question 28

What typically happens when the eyewitness is told that the perpetrator may or may not be present in the lineup?

A)False positive identifications increase.
B)False positive identifications decrease.
C)Correct identifications increase.
D)Correct identifications decrease.
E)These instructions have no impact on identifications.

Question 29

Van Koppen and Lochun (1997)found which descriptor was reported with 100% accuracy?

A)age
B)sex
C)race
D)height
E)weight

Question 30

What is not an advantage of using a photo array rather than a live lineup for eyewitness identification?

A)Photo arrays are easier to construct than live lineups.
B)Suspect does not have the right to counsel being present with a photo array,whereas he/she does have that right with a live lineup.
C)Photo arrays produce higher identification accuracy than live lineups.
D)A suspect need not be informed that he/she is being placed in a photo array,whereas with a live lineup he/she must be so informed.
E)The police do not have to worry about the suspect's behaviour potentially invalidating the lineup.

Question 31

According to the text,when an eyewitness simultaneously compares lineup members to one another and then makes a decision based on who they believe looks most like the perpetrator,they are making:

A)an absolute judgment
B)a false judgment
C)a relative judgment
D)a correct acceptance
E)none of the above

Question 32

What is the difference between a suspect and a perpetrator?

A)The terms suspect and perpetrator can be used interchangeably; they mean the same thing.
B)A suspect is innocent and a perpetrator is guilty.
C)A suspect is guilty and a perpetrator is innocent.
D)A suspect can be guilty or innocent whereas a perpetrator is guilty.
E)A suspect is innocent and a perpetrator can be innocent or guilty.

Question 33

What type of lineup was used by Charles Lindberg to identify Bruno Hauptmann,the man who kidnapped and murdered his infant son?

A)clothing
B)voice
C)face
D)body
E)none of the above

Question 34

Julianne was attacked by a man that she described as short,blonde,and wearing a black hoodie.She is asked to come to the police station for an identification lineup,and the officer tells her the perpetrator may or may not be in the lineup.When she looks at the lineup members,she identifies #3 as the perpetrator as he has blond hair and all the other members of the lineup have dark brown or black hair.What type of bias is present in this lineup?

A)A suspect bias
B)A foil bias
C)A clothing bias
D)An instruction bias
E)A facial bias

Question 35

According to the text,which lineup procedure is considered most suggestive and is reserved only for certain extenuating circumstances?

A)a showup
B)a simultaneous lineup
C)a sequential lineup
D)a walk-by
E)an elimination lineup

Question 36

What is the critical difference between a simultaneous lineup and a sequential lineup?

A)Sequential lineups typically involve biased instructions.
B)Sequential lineups require absolute judgments.
C)Simultaneous lineups require absolute judgments.
D)Simultaneous lineups typically include more foils.
E)Sequential lineups require relative judgments.

Question 37

Alice was stabbed multiple times and is in critical condition in the hospital.The police detained a suspect leaving from the scene of the crime,and take the suspect to the hospital to see if Alice can identify him as the man who stabbed her.The police also are concerned that Alice might not make it through the night and want to get an ID as soon as possible.What type of lineup procedure is being used here?

A)a simultaneous lineup
B)a sequential lineup
C)a show up
D)a walk-by
E)an elimination lineup

Question 38

An eyewitness is shown a picture of an individual who the police think is responsible for a recent bank robbery.No other lineup photos are shown.The eyewitness is asked to state whether the person in the photograph is the same individual seen in the bank.What sort of lineup procedure is being used here?

A)a showup
B)a simultaneous lineup
C)a sequential lineup
D)a walk-by
E)an elimination lineup

Question 39

Which of the following identification procedures takes place in a naturalistic environment?

A)a showup
B)a simultaneous lineup
C)a sequential lineup
D)a walk-by
E)an elimination lineup

Question 40

Recent research by Megreya,Bindemann,Harvard,and Burton (2012)has found that the placement of a suspect's photo in an array has an impact on identification.In particular,they found that:

A)suspects are more accurately identified when they are presented on the left side of an array.
B)foils on the left side were more likely to be inaccurately identified as the perpetrator.
C)placing the suspect's photo within the first two photos increases the chances that the witness will select the suspect.
D)both suspects and foils are more likely to be identified when they are on the right side of an array.
E)suspects are least likely to be identified if their photos are placed near the end of an array.

Question 41

Which of the following factors has been reported to increase correct identification in a voice lineup?

A)increasing the number of foils in the lineup
B)presenting the target voice later in the lineup
C)increasing the length of the voice samples
D)ensuring that the voice does not have an accent unfamiliar to the witness
E)both c and d

Question 42

Susan is being questioned by police after she witnessed a man rob a convenience store.The police are asking her questions about the perpetrator's appearance,and she finds that all she can remember is that the man had a gun.What is the term used to describe this recall situation?

A)recall obstruction hypothesis
B)retrieval impairment hypothesis
C)weapon focus effect
D)central superiority hypothesis
E)peripheral inferiority effect

Question 43

Approximately what percentage of wrongful conviction cases (exonerated through DNA evidence)have been attributed to eyewitness identification?

A)under 50%
B)50-60%
C)60-70%
D)about 75%
E)over 95%

Question 44

Which Canadian case involving poor police techniques in collecting eyewitness evidence resulted in a set of recommendations for conducting lineup identifications?

A)Neil v.Biggers
B)R.v.Sophonow
C)R.v.Brooks
D)R.v.Reno
E)R.v.Henderson

Question 45

All of the following are recommendations made during the Sophonow inquiry concerning proper lineup procedures,except:

A)Officers should not discuss a witness's identification decision with him or her.
B)Officers should inform witnesses that it is just as important to clear innocent suspects as it is to identify guilty suspects.
C)The photo lineup procedure with the witness should be videotaped or audiotaped.
D)All photo and in-person lineups should be timed,as witnesses who are accurate should be able to identify the perpetrator immediately.
E)The photo lineup should be presented sequentially.

Question 46

When the perpetrator is the same race as the witness,this tends to lead to:

A)lower false positives and higher true negatives relative to other-race identifications.
B)higher false identifications and lower correct rejections than other-race identifications.
C)higher foil identifications and higher false negatives than other-race identifications.
D)lower false identifications as well as lower true positives relative to other-race identifications.
E)higher correct identifications and lower false positives than other-race identifications.

Question 47

Overall,there is ______________ between the accuracy and the confidence of an eyewitness in the identification of a perpetrator.

A)a large positive correlation
B)a small positive correlation
C)no correlation
D)a small negative correlation
E)a large negative correlation

Question 48

The hypothesis that explains the cross-race effect in eyewitness testimony by suggesting that the more contact you have with other races the better you will be able to identify them is:

A)the interracial contact hypothesis
B)the cue-utilization hypothesis
C)the unusualness hypothesis
D)the prejudice hypothesis
E)the physiognomic homogeneity hypothesis

Question 49

Which of the following explanations for the cross-race effect is most supported by empirical research?

A)the prejudice hypothesis
B)the cue-utilization hypothesis
C)the unusualness hypothesis
D)the interracial contact hypothesis
E)the physiognomic homogeneity hypothesis

Question 50

According to the textbook,what is the primary issue surrounding the Neil v.Biggers (1972)case in relation to eyewitness accuracy?

A)the fact that the court stated that confidence of the witness should be seen as an indicator of accuracy
B)the fact that the witness was hypnotized and thus the information provided should not be admissible as accurate evidence in the trial
C)the fact that the witness was given a simultaneous rather than a sequential lineup
D)the fact that the witness was a child and thus the accuracy of her judgment was questionable
E)none of the above

Question 51

Which of the following has been proposed as criticism of eyewitness research?

A)Eyewitness experts tend to be overconfident.
B)Most of the eyewitness studies recruit university students as participants.
C)A number of studies that have examined the same issues have reported discrepant results.
D)In eyewitness research,the time allotted for the participants (mock eyewitnesses)to view the culprit is too limited in comparison to real life.
E)all of the above

Question 52

When presented with a target-absent lineup,older adults (over 60 years of age)tend to make ______________ correct identifications and __________________ correct rejections compared to younger adults.

A)fewer/more
B)more/fewer
C)a similar number of/fewer
D)fewer/a similar number of
E)a similar number of/more

Question 53

Which of the following is true regarding age and eyewitness identification?

A)Older adults are just as likely as younger adults to make a false positive decision from a target-absent lineup.
B)Generally,there are significant differences between younger and older adults' ability to make correct identifications.
C)Younger and older eyewitnesses do not differ in their correct identification rate or false positive rate.
D)Overall,older adult eyewitnesses have more difficulty than younger adult eyewitnesses in making correct rejection decisions.
E)none of the above