Question 1

Which of the following is true regarding age and eyewitness identification?

Accepted Answer

A) Older adults are just as likely as younger adults to make a false positive decision from a target-absent lineup. 
B) Generally,there are significant differences between younger and older adults' ability to make correct identifications. 
C) Younger and older eyewitnesses do not differ in their correct identification rate or false positive rate. 
D) Overall,older adult eyewitnesses have more difficulty than younger adult eyewitnesses in making correct rejection decisions. 
E) none of the above 
A) Older adults are just as likely as younger adults to make a false positive decision from a target-absent lineup. 
B) Generally,there are significant differences between younger and older adults' ability to make correct identifications. 
C) Younger and older eyewitnesses do not differ in their correct identification rate or false positive rate. 
D) Overall,older adult eyewitnesses have more difficulty than younger adult eyewitnesses in making correct rejection decisions. 
E) none of the above D

Question 2

The belief that the misinformation effect results from instances where the original memory is replaced with a new,incorrect memory is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A) the encoding rejection hypothesis 
B) the source misattribution hypothesis 
C) the memory impairment hypothesis 
D) the misinformation acceptance hypothesis 
E) the reconstructive memory hypothesis 
A) the encoding rejection hypothesis 
B) the source misattribution hypothesis 
C) the memory impairment hypothesis 
D) the misinformation acceptance hypothesis 
E) the reconstructive memory hypothesis C

Question 3

Julianne was attacked by a man that she described as short,blonde,and wearing a black hoodie.She is asked to come to the police station for an identification lineup,and the officer tells her the perpetrator may or may not be in the lineup.When she looks at the lineup members,she identifies #3 as the perpetrator as he has blond hair and all the other members of the lineup have dark brown or black hair.What type of bias is present in this lineup?

Accepted Answer

A) A suspect bias 
B) A foil bias 
C) A clothing bias 
D) An instruction bias 
E) A facial bias 
A) A suspect bias 
B) A foil bias 
C) A clothing bias 
D) An instruction bias 
E) A facial bias B

Question 4

What typically happens when the eyewitness is told that the perpetrator may or may not be present in the lineup?

Accepted Answer

A) False positive identifications increase. 
B) False positive identifications decrease. 
C) Correct identifications increase. 
D) Correct identifications decrease. 
E) These instructions have no impact on identifications. 
A) False positive identifications increase. 
B) False positive identifications decrease. 
C) Correct identifications increase. 
D) Correct identifications decrease. 
E) These instructions have no impact on identifications.

Question 5

What is the critical difference between a simultaneous lineup and a sequential lineup?

Accepted Answer

A) Sequential lineups typically involve biased instructions. 
B) Sequential lineups require absolute judgments. 
C) Simultaneous lineups require absolute judgments. 
D) Simultaneous lineups typically include more foils. 
E) Sequential lineups require relative judgments. 
A) Sequential lineups typically involve biased instructions. 
B) Sequential lineups require absolute judgments. 
C) Simultaneous lineups require absolute judgments. 
D) Simultaneous lineups typically include more foils. 
E) Sequential lineups require relative judgments.

Question 6

Which of the following would be considered a system variable in eyewitness research?

Accepted Answer

A) whether the witness is intoxicated at the time of the offence 
B) the age of the witness 
C) the type of weapon used by the culprit 
D) the interview procedure used by the police officer 
E) the time at which the crime was committed 
A) whether the witness is intoxicated at the time of the offence 
B) the age of the witness 
C) the type of weapon used by the culprit 
D) the interview procedure used by the police officer 
E) the time at which the crime was committed

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true with respect to the cognitive interview and enhanced cognitive interview?

Accepted Answer

A) The enhanced cognitive interview incorporates all the elements of the cognitive interview. 
B) Only some officers in Canada have been trained to use the cognitive interview. 
C) No significant differences have been found between the effectiveness of the cognitive interview and that of the enhanced cognitive interview. 
D) Compared to the standard police interview,the cognitive interview and enhanced cognitive interview produce more accurate information without an increase in inaccurate information. 
E) all of the above 
A) The enhanced cognitive interview incorporates all the elements of the cognitive interview. 
B) Only some officers in Canada have been trained to use the cognitive interview. 
C) No significant differences have been found between the effectiveness of the cognitive interview and that of the enhanced cognitive interview. 
D) Compared to the standard police interview,the cognitive interview and enhanced cognitive interview produce more accurate information without an increase in inaccurate information. 
E) all of the above

Question 8

A witness is on the stand and says "that's the man who did it" as she points to the defendant.What type of memory is she using in this judgment?

Accepted Answer

A) Repressed memory 
B) Recognition memory 
C) Recall memory 
D) Refreshed memory 
E) Reinstated memory 
A) Repressed memory 
B) Recognition memory 
C) Recall memory 
D) Refreshed memory 
E) Reinstated memory

Question 9

Officer Newton has interviewed multiple witnesses in the same day in an ongoing murder investigation with multiple perpetrators.Witness 2 told him that one perpetrator had a scar on the left side of his face,yet in reality there was no scar on any of the suspects.When interviewing Witness 5 later,Officer Newton asks "was the perpetrator with the scar carrying a weapon?" The manner in which Officer Newton is questioning the witnesses demonstrates:

Accepted Answer

A) the cognitive interview technique 
B) recognition memory 
C) context reinstatement 
D) the post-event information effect 
E) memory conformity 
A) the cognitive interview technique 
B) recognition memory 
C) context reinstatement 
D) the post-event information effect 
E) memory conformity

Question 10

What is not an advantage of using a photo array rather than a live lineup for eyewitness identification?

Accepted Answer

A) Photo arrays are easier to construct than live lineups. 
B) Suspect does not have the right to counsel being present with a photo array,whereas he/she does have that right with a live lineup. 
C) Photo arrays produce higher identification accuracy than live lineups. 
D) A suspect need not be informed that he/she is being placed in a photo array,whereas with a live lineup he/she must be so informed. 
E) The police do not have to worry about the suspect's behaviour potentially invalidating the lineup. 
A) Photo arrays are easier to construct than live lineups. 
B) Suspect does not have the right to counsel being present with a photo array,whereas he/she does have that right with a live lineup. 
C) Photo arrays produce higher identification accuracy than live lineups. 
D) A suspect need not be informed that he/she is being placed in a photo array,whereas with a live lineup he/she must be so informed. 
E) The police do not have to worry about the suspect's behaviour potentially invalidating the lineup.

Question 11

According to the text,when an eyewitness simultaneously compares lineup members to one another and then makes a decision based on who they believe looks most like the perpetrator,they are making:

Accepted Answer

A) an absolute judgment 
B) a false judgment 
C) a relative judgment 
D) a correct acceptance 
E) none of the above 
A) an absolute judgment 
B) a false judgment 
C) a relative judgment 
D) a correct acceptance 
E) none of the above

Question 12

___________ is a phenomenon produced when what one witness says about a crime can affect what another witness will say,if those witnesses communicate with one another or come to learn what the other has reported.

Accepted Answer

A) The misinformation effect 
B) The instructional bias 
C) Memory conformity 
D) Refreshed memory 
E) The distractor bias 
A) The misinformation effect 
B) The instructional bias 
C) Memory conformity 
D) Refreshed memory 
E) The distractor bias

Question 13

Describing the actions of a culprit during a police interview relies on ______________,while identifying the culprit's voice from a set of voices relies on __________________.

Accepted Answer

A) narrative memory/refreshed memory 
B) recall memory/recognition memory 
C) natural memory/prompted memory 
D) open-ended memory/direct question memory 
E) none of the above 
A) narrative memory/refreshed memory 
B) recall memory/recognition memory 
C) natural memory/prompted memory 
D) open-ended memory/direct question memory 
E) none of the above

Question 14

Which two items did Lindsay,Martin,and Webber (1994)find that were commonly reported by witnesses?

Accepted Answer

A) gender and age 
B) height and weight 
C) hair and clothing 
D) race and age 
E) gender and clothing 
A) gender and age 
B) height and weight 
C) hair and clothing 
D) race and age 
E) gender and clothing

Question 15

Which component is not part of the enhanced cognitive interview?

Accepted Answer

A) rapport building 
B) transfer of control 
C) focused retrieval 
D) direct questioning 
E) witness-compatible questioning 
A) rapport building 
B) transfer of control 
C) focused retrieval 
D) direct questioning 
E) witness-compatible questioning

Question 16

What is the most common research method for studying eyewitness issues?

Accepted Answer

A) field study 
B) archival research 
C) laboratory simulation study 
D) recall study 
E) recognition study 
A) field study 
B) archival research 
C) laboratory simulation study 
D) recall study 
E) recognition study

Question 17

Approximately what percentage of wrongful conviction cases (exonerated through DNA evidence)have been attributed to eyewitness identification?

Accepted Answer

A) under 50% 
B) 50-60% 
C) 60-70% 
D) about 75% 
E) over 95% 
A) under 50% 
B) 50-60% 
C) 60-70% 
D) about 75% 
E) over 95%

Question 18

Overall,there is ______________ between the accuracy and the confidence of an eyewitness in the identification of a perpetrator.

Accepted Answer

A) a large positive correlation 
B) a small positive correlation 
C) no correlation 
D) a small negative correlation 
E) a large negative correlation 
A) a large positive correlation 
B) a small positive correlation 
C) no correlation 
D) a small negative correlation 
E) a large negative correlation

Question 19

Dr.Sander wants to conduct an experiment to examine whether memory is better for events that are witnessed versus events one is directly involved in (i.e.,the victim).He sets up a staged event where participants arrive in groups of three to his study (one is a confederate),are asked to take out their wallets to show their photo ID,followed by the confederate who steals one participant's wallet and runs off down the hall.Both participants (the witness and the victim)are questioned by campus security separately about what happened,and asked to identify the suspect out of a photo lineup. In this example,the independent variable is:

Accepted Answer

A) What the confederate stole from the participant 
B) Whether the memory is reported by a victim or a witness 
C) How the participants were interviewed about the "crime" 
D) Whether there were differences in correct or false identifications 
E) How much information the participants reported 
A) What the confederate stole from the participant 
B) Whether the memory is reported by a victim or a witness 
C) How the participants were interviewed about the "crime" 
D) Whether there were differences in correct or false identifications 
E) How much information the participants reported

Question 20

According to the textbook,what is the primary issue surrounding the Neil v.Biggers (1972)case in relation to eyewitness accuracy?

Accepted Answer

A) the fact that the court stated that confidence of the witness should be seen as an indicator of accuracy 
B) the fact that the witness was hypnotized and thus the information provided should not be admissible as accurate evidence in the trial 
C) the fact that the witness was given a simultaneous rather than a sequential lineup 
D) the fact that the witness was a child and thus the accuracy of her judgment was questionable 
E) none of the above 
A) the fact that the court stated that confidence of the witness should be seen as an indicator of accuracy 
B) the fact that the witness was hypnotized and thus the information provided should not be admissible as accurate evidence in the trial 
C) the fact that the witness was given a simultaneous rather than a sequential lineup 
D) the fact that the witness was a child and thus the accuracy of her judgment was questionable 
E) none of the above

Exam 5: A: Eyewitness Testimony

Which of the following is true regarding age and eyewitness identification?

The belief that the misinformation effect results from instances where the original memory is replaced with a new,incorrect memory is referred to as:

What typically happens when the eyewitness is told that the perpetrator may or may not be present in the lineup?

What is the critical difference between a simultaneous lineup and a sequential lineup?

Which of the following would be considered a system variable in eyewitness research?

Which of the following statements is true with respect to the cognitive interview and enhanced cognitive interview?

A witness is on the stand and says "that's the man who did it" as she points to the defendant.What type of memory is she using in this judgment?

What is not an advantage of using a photo array rather than a live lineup for eyewitness identification?

According to the text,when an eyewitness simultaneously compares lineup members to one another and then makes a decision based on who they believe looks most like the perpetrator,they are making:

___________ is a phenomenon produced when what one witness says about a crime can affect what another witness will say,if those witnesses communicate with one another or come to learn what the other has reported.

Describing the actions of a culprit during a police interview relies on ______________,while identifying the culprit's voice from a set of voices relies on __________________.

Which two items did Lindsay,Martin,and Webber (1994)find that were commonly reported by witnesses?

Which component is not part of the enhanced cognitive interview?

What is the most common research method for studying eyewitness issues?

Approximately what percentage of wrongful conviction cases (exonerated through DNA evidence)have been attributed to eyewitness identification?

Overall,there is ______________ between the accuracy and the confidence of an eyewitness in the identification of a perpetrator.

According to the textbook,what is the primary issue surrounding the Neil v.Biggers (1972)case in relation to eyewitness accuracy?

A: An Introduction to Forensic Psychology

B: An Introduction to Forensic Psychology

A: Police Psychology

B: Police Psychology

A: The Psychology of Police Investigations

B: The Psychology of Police Investigations

A: Deception

B: Deception

B: Eyewitness Testimony

A: Child Victims and Witnesses

B: Child Victims and Witnesses

A: Juries: Fact Finders

B: Juries: Fact Finders

A: The Role of Mental Illness in Court

B: The Role of Mental Illness in Court

A: Sentencing and Parole in Canada

B: Sentencing and Parole in Canada

A: Risk Assessment

B: Risk Assessment

A: Psychopaths

B: Psychopaths

A: Assessment and Treatment of Young Offenders

B: Assessment and Treatment of Young Offenders

A: Intimate Partner Violence

B: Intimate Partner Violence

A: Sexual Offenders

B: Sexual Offenders

A: Homicidal Offenders

B: Homicidal Offenders

Filters

Describing the actions of a culprit during a police interview relies on ,while identifying the culprit's voice from a set of voices relies on ____.