Deck 1: An Overview of Nutrition

Question 1

The motive for a person who alters his diet due to religious convictions is most likely related to his ____.

A)values
B)body image
C)ethnic heritage
D)functional association
E)comfort

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What type of nutrient is needed by the body and must be supplied by foods?

A)nutraceutical.
B)metabolic nutrient
C)organic nutrient
D)essential nutrient
E)phytonutrient.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which characteristic is most typical of a chronic disease?

A)It has a rapid onset.
B)It rarely has noticeable symptoms.
C)It produces sharp pains
D)It progresses gradually.
E)It disrupts daily life, but is unlikely to be life-threatening.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which nutrient is an example of a macronutrient?

A)proteins
B)minerals
C)water-soluble vitamins
D)fat-soluble vitamins
E)water

Question 5

Which nutrient is an organic compound?

A)salt
B)water
C)calcium
D)vitamin C
E)iron

Question 6

Which individual is making a food choice based on negative association?

A)A tourist from China who rejects a hamburger due to unfamiliarity
B)A child who spits out his mashed potatoes because they taste too salty
C)A teenager who grudgingly accepts an offer for an ice cream cone to avoid offending a close friend
D)An elderly gentleman who refuses a peanut butter and jelly sandwich because he considers it a child's food
E)An adult who refuses to eat foods that are not locally-sourced and organic

Question 7

Food energy is commonly expressed in kcalories and in ____.

A)kilojoules
B)kilograms
C)kilometers
D)kilonewtons
E)kiloliters

Question 8

A person who eats a bowl of oatmeal for breakfast every day is most likely making a food choice based on ____.

A)habit
B)availability
C)body image
D)environmental concerns
E)cultural values

Question 9

What term describes foods that contain nonnutrient substances whose known action in the body is to promote well-being to a greater extent than that contributed by the food's nutrients?

A)fortified foods
B)enriched foods
C)functional foods
D)health-enhancing foods
E)bioavailable foods

Question 10

How much energy is required to raise the temperature of one kilogram (liter) of water 1°C?

A)10 calories
B)100 calories
C)1 kilocalorie
D)10 kilocalories
E)100 kilocalories

Question 11

Units of energy used by most scientists and nutritionists, aside from those in the United States, are expressed in ____.

A)newtons
B)liters
C)kilojoules
D)kilocalories
E)grams

Question 12

Farah is viewing an exciting sports match of her favorite team and eating because of nervousness. Her food choice will most likely be based on ____.

A)regional cuisines
B)preferences
C)emotional comfort
D)positive association
E)functional value

Question 13

Nonnutrient substances found in plant foods that may demonstrate biological activity in the body are commonly known as

A)bioenhancements
B)inorganic fibers
C)phytochemicals
D)phytoactive chemicals
E)nonnutritive additives

Question 14

What is the chief reason most people choose the foods they eat?

A)cost
B)taste
C)convenience
D)nutritional value
E)habit

Question 15

Which nutrient is classified as a micronutrient?

A)minerals
B)proteins
C)alcohols
D)carbohydrates
E)fats

Question 16

Gram for gram, which class of nutrient provides the most energy?

A)fats
B)alcohols
C)proteins
D)carbohydrates
E)vitamins and minerals

Question 17

A child develops a strong dislike of noodle soup after she consumes a bowl while sick with the flu. Her reaction is an example of a food-related ____.

A)habit
B)social interaction
C)emotional turmoil
D)negative association
E)comfort eating

Question 18

By chemical analysis, what nutrient is present in the highest amounts in most foods?

A)fats
B)water
C)proteins
D)carbohydrates
E)vitamins and minerals

Question 19

The term organic, as related to compounds, would be best defined as ____.

A)products sold at health food stores
B)products grown without use of pesticides
C)foods having superior nutrient qualities
D)substances with carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds
E)substances that contain water

Question 20

An essential nutrient is one that ____.

A)must be made in large quantities by the body
B)can only by synthesized by the body
C)cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body
D)is used to synthesize other compounds in the body
E)must be both consumed and synthesized to be complete

Question 21

What is one major weakness of a laboratory-based study?

A)The costs are typically prohibitive.
B)Findings are difficult to replicate.
C)Results from animal testing cannot be applied to human beings.
D)Experimental variables cannot be easily controlled.
E)Causality cannot be inferred.

Question 22

Which nutrient source will yields more than 4 kcalories per gram?

A)plant fats
B)plant proteins
C)animal proteins
D)plant carbohydrates
E)animal carbohydrates

Question 23

A weight reduction regimen calls for a daily intake of 1400 kcalories, which includes 30 g of fat. Approximately what percentage of the total energy is contributed by fat?

A)8.5%
B)15.0%
C)19.0%
D)25.5%
E)32.0%

Question 24

A normal half-cup vegetable portion weighs approximately how many grams?

A)5
B)50
C)100
D)150
E)200

Question 25

What results from the metabolism of energy nutrients?

A)Energy is released.
B)Body fat increases.
C)Energy is destroyed.
D)Body water decreases.
E)Body mass increases.

Question 26

How does a double-blind experiment work?

A)Both subject groups take turns getting each treatment.
B)Neither subjects nor researchers know which subjects are in the control or experimental group
C)Neither group of subjects knows whether they are in the control or experimental group, but the researchers do know.
D)Both subject groups know whether they are in the control or experimental group, but the researchers do not know.
E)Neither the subjects nor the persons having contact with the subjects know the true purpose of the experiment.

Question 27

What is one benefit of using controls in an experiment?

A)The size of the groups can be very large.
B)The subjects do not know anything about the experiment.
C)The subjects who are treated are balanced against the placebos.
D)The subjects are similar in all respects except for the treatment being tested.
E)The costs associated with the study are usually much lower.

Question 28

How many vitamins are known to be required in the diet of human beings?

A)5
B)8
C)10
D)13
E)17

Question 29

What is the study of how a person's genes interact with nutrients?

A)genetic counseling
B)nutritional genomics
C)genetic metabolomics
D)nutritional genetics
E)biogenetic nutrition

Question 30

In the scientific method, a tentative solution to a problem is called a ____.

A)theory
B)prediction
C)hypothesis
D)correlation
E)deduction

Question 31

Approximately how many milliliters are contained in a half-cup of milk?

A)50
B)85
C)120
D)170
E)200

Question 32

Before publication in a reputable journal, the findings of a research study must undergo scrutiny by experts in the field in a process known as ____.

A)peer review
B)cohort review
C)research intervention
D)double-blind examination
E)peer replication

Question 33

Your friend Carrie took a daily supplement of vitamin C and tells you that she feels a lot better. Her statement to you is best described as a(n) ____.

A)anecdote
B)theory.
C)interpretation
D)conclusion.
E)hypothesis

Question 34

Which statement is true of minerals in their role as nutrients?

A)They are organic.
B)They yield 4 kcalories per gram.
C)Some become dissolved in body fluids.
D)Some may be destroyed during cooking.
E)They are more fragile than vitamins.

Question 35

You have been asked to help a top nutrition researcher conduct human experiments on vitamin C. As the subjects walk into the laboratory, you distribute all the vitamin C pill bottles to the girls and all the placebo pill bottles to the boys. The researcher instantly informs you that there are two errors in your research practice. What steps should you have taken to conduct your experiment correctly?

A)Giving all the boys the vitamin C and the girls the placebo, and telling them what they were getting
B)Distributing the bottles randomly, randomizing the subjects, and telling them what they were getting
C)Telling the subjects which group they were in, but preventing yourself from knowing the contents of the pill bottles
D)Preventing yourself from knowing what is in the pill bottles, and distributing the bottles randomly to the subjects
E)Allowing the subjects to decide whether they take Vitamin C or the placebo, and then giving them the opposite of what they requested

Question 36

Which statement best describes the composition of most foods?

A)Most contain only one of the three energy nutrients, although a few contain all of them.
B)They contain equal amounts of the three energy nutrients.
C)They contain mixtures of the three energy nutrients, although only one or two may predominate.
D)They contain only two of the three energy nutrients, and those two are contained in equal amounts.
E)They contain only two of the three energy nutrients, and one is present in far greater amounts than the other.

Question 37

An increase in exercise accompanied by a decrease in body weight is an example of a ____.

A)variable effect
B)positive correlation
C)negative correlation
D)randomization effect
E)placebo effect

Question 38

What is one benefit of using a large sample size in an experiment?

A)Chance variation is less likely to affect the results.
B)The possibility of a placebo effect is eliminated.
C)The experiment will be double-blind.
D)The control group will be similar to the experimental group.
E)Experimenter bias is less likely to have an effect.

Question 39

What is the smallest amount of a nutrient that, when consumed over a prolonged period, maintains a specific function?

A)nutrient allowance
B)nutrient requirement
C)nutrient tolerable limit
D)nutrient adequate intake
E)nutrient recommendation

Question 40

How many minerals are known to be essential for human nutrition?

A)8
B)12
C)16
D)20
E)24

Question 41

A group of people consumes an amount of protein equal to the estimated average requirement for their population group. What percentage of people will receive insufficient amounts?

A)10
B)25
C)33
D)40
E)50

Question 42

Recommended Dietary Allowances are based on the ____.

A)Lower Tolerable Limit
B)Upper Tolerable Limit
C)Subclinical Deficiency Value
D)Estimated Average Requirement
E)Adequate Intake

Question 43

What is the AMDR for protein?

A)10-35%
B)40-45%
C)50-60%
D)65-75%
E)80-80%

Question 44

What does the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of a nutrient represent?

A)The maximum amount allowed for fortifying a food
B)A number calculated by taking twice the RDA or three times the AI
C)The maximum allowable amount available in supplement form
D)The maximum amount from all sources that appears safe for most healthy people
E)The amount that can be absorbed from a typical diet.

Question 45

Which measure is anthropometric?

A)body weight
B)blood pressure
C)blood iron level
D)food intake information
E)serum electrolytes

Question 46

Recommended Dietary Allowances may be used to ____.

A)measure nutrient balance of population groups
B)assess dietary nutrient adequacy for individuals
C)treat persons with diet-related illnesses
D)calculate exact food requirements for most individuals
E)recommend amounts of nutrients when there is insufficient evidence to determine the EAR

Question 47

What is the AMDR for carbohydrate?

A)5-10%
B)15-25%
C)30-40%
D)45-65%
E)70-80%

Question 48

What set of values is used to recommend the average kcalorie intake that maintains population groups in energy balance?

A)Estimated Energy Requirement
B)Adequate Average Requirement
C)Recommended Dietary Allowance
D)Acceptable Energy Distribution Range
E)Tolerable Upper Energy Limit

Question 49

The Dietary Reference Intakes may be used to ____.

A)treat people with diet-related disorders
B)assess adequacy of all required nutrients
C)plan and evaluate diets for healthy people
D)assess adequacy of only vitamins and minerals
E)diagnose diet-related disorders

Question 50

A health magazine contacts you for your expert opinion on what measure best describes the amounts of nutrients that should be consumed by the population. How should you reply?

A)The Dietary Reference Intakes, because they are a set of nutrient intake values for healthy people in the United States and Canada
B)The Tolerable Upper Intake levels, because they are the maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people
C)The Estimated Average Requirements, because they reflect the average daily amount of a nutrient that will maintain a specific function in half of the healthy people of a population
D)The Recommended Dietary Allowances, because they represent the average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy people.
E)The Estimated Energy Requirement, because it represents what will maintain energy balance and good health in a person of a given age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity

Question 51

What is the AMDR for fat?

A)10-30%
B)20-35%
C)40-50%
D)55-65%
E)70-80%

Question 52

Which statement is true of nutrient intakes?

A)Higher intakes are always safer than lower intakes.
B)Intakes below the EAR decrease risk of deficiency.
C)A typical intake falling between the RDA and the EAR is almost always adequate.
D)Intakes above the RDA are required to be safe.
E)Intakes above the UL put an individual at risk of toxicity.

Question 53

What is a purpose of both the Recommended Dietary Allowance and Adequate Intake?

A)Setting nutrient goals for individuals
B)Identifying toxic intakes of nutrients
C)Restoring health of malnourished individuals
D)Developing nutrition programs for schoolchildren
E)Improving population-level health

Question 54

The percentages of kcalorie intakes for protein, fat, and carbohydrate that are thought to reduce the risk of chronic diseases are known as the ____.

A)Estimated Energy Requirements
B)Tolerable Range of Kilocalorie Intakes
C)Estimated Energy Nutrient Recommendations
D)Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
E)Healthy People Recommendations

Question 55

What type of deficiency is caused by inadequate absorption of a nutrient?

A)primary
B)clinical
C)secondary
D)subclinical
E)chronic

Question 56

As a registered dietitian at Jones Hospital, you are instructed to write a policy statement on nutrition assessment procedures for all new patients. Which parameters would be most useful for the nutrition assessment of individuals?

A)Diet recall, food likes and dislikes, allergies, and favorite family recipes
B)Anthropometric data, physical examinations, food likes and dislikes, and family tree
C)Diet records that include what the patient usually eats will provide sufficient information
D)Historical information, anthropometric data, physical examinations, and laboratory tests
E)Diet records that take the "average" of what the patient reports and what an objective observer reports

Question 57

The RDAs (Recommended Dietary Allowances) for nutrients are generally ____.

A)more than twice as high as anyone needs
B)the minimum amounts that average people need
C)designed to meet the needs of almost all healthy people
D)designed to prevent deficiency diseases in half the population
E)reflective of current dietary preferences

Question 58

The amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of about 98% of a population is known as the

A)Adequate Intake.
B)Daily Recommended Value.
C)Tolerable Upper Intake Level.
D)Recommended Dietary Allowance.
E)Necessary and Sufficient Intake

Question 59

Which sequence of stages is most typical in the development of a nutrient deficiency resulting from inadequate intake?

A)Declining nutrient stores, abnormal functions within the body, and overt signs
B)Abnormal functions within the body, declining nutrient stores, and overt signs
C)Abnormal functions within the body, overt signs, and declining nutrient stores
D)Declining nutrient stores, overt signs, and abnormal functions within the body
E)Overt signs, abnormal functions, and declining nutrient stores

Question 60

Which method is used to detect nutrient deficiencies?

A)Nutrition assessment
B)Nutrient stages identification
C)Overt symptoms identification
D)Outward manifestations assessment
E)Nutritional diagnostic programs

Question 61

MATCHING
Match the correct answer with the appropriate term.
a.7
k.Placebo
b.16
l.Inorganic
c.20
m.Validity
d.40
n.Hypothesis
e.100
o.Healthy People
f.Fat
p.National nutrition surveys
g.Water
q.Anthropometrics
h.Energy
r.Overt deficiency
i.Protein
s.Physical examination
j.Organic
t.Subclinical deficiency
Nutrient with the highest body concentration

Question 62

Although ____________________ provides energy, it is not considered a nutrient because it does not sustain life.

Question 63

Of the ten leading causes of illness and death, how many are associated directly with nutrition?

A)one
B)four
C)six
D)eight
E)nine

Question 64

What single behavior contributes to the most deaths in the United States?

A)poor diet
B)tobacco use
C)alcohol intake
D)risky sexual activity
E)unsafe driving

Question 65

Foods associated with a particular culture are called ____________________ foods.

Question 66

Foods that provide health benefits beyond their nutrient contributions are called ____________________ foods.

Question 67

MATCHING
Match the correct answer with the appropriate term.
a.7
k.Placebo
b.16
l.Inorganic
c.20
m.Validity
d.40
n.Hypothesis
e.100
o.Healthy People
f.Fat
p.National nutrition surveys
g.Water
q.Anthropometrics
h.Energy
r.Overt deficiency
i.Protein
s.Physical examination
j.Organic
t.Subclinical deficiency
Number of indispensable nutrients for human beings

Question 68

Which individuals is likely to possess the least amount of nutrition training and to have gotten his or her agree from an "alternative" educational program?

A)dietetic technician
B)registered dietician
C)certified nutritionist
D)dietetic technician, registered
E)public health nutritionist

Question 69

A subclinical nutrient deficiency is defined as one that ____.

A)shows overt signs
B)is in the early stages
C)shows resistance to treatment
D)is similar to a secondary deficiency
E)is of acute onset

Question 70

The three energy-yielding nutrients are ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.

Question 71

Risk factors for chronic disease tend to ____________________ and tend to ____________________.

Question 72

Nonnutrient compounds found in plants, some of which have biological activity in the body, are called ____________________.

Question 73

Who would be the most appropriate person to consult for nutrition information?

A)chiropractor
B)medical doctor
C)registered dietitian
D)health food store manager
E)nutrition consultant

Question 74

A person who assists registered dietitians has the formal title of ____.

A)dietetic assistant
B)nutrition assistant
C)dietetic technician
D)nutrition technician
E)dietetic aide

Question 75

MATCHING
Match the correct answer with the appropriate term.
a.7
k.Placebo
b.16
l.Inorganic
c.20
m.Validity
d.40
n.Hypothesis
e.100
o.Healthy People
f.Fat
p.National nutrition surveys
g.Water
q.Anthropometrics
h.Energy
r.Overt deficiency
i.Protein
s.Physical examination
j.Organic
t.Subclinical deficiency
Substance containing no carbon or not pertaining to living things

Question 76

Which statement explains the association between a risk factor and the development of a disease?

A)All people with the risk factor will develop the disease.
B)The absence of a risk factor guarantees freedom from the disease.
C)The more risk factors for a disease, the greater the chance of developing that disease.
D)The presence of a factor such as heredity can be modified to lower the risk of degenerative diseases.
E)Risk factors tend to be short-lived, so their presence does not predict long-term risk of disease.

Question 77

For which of the following titles, by definition, require the individual to be college educated and pass a national examination administered by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics?

A)medical doctor
B)registered dietician
C)certified nutritionist
D)certified nutrition therapist
E)registered nutritional consultant

Question 78

Which statement best describes the legal limitations, if any, for a person who disseminates dietary advice to the public?

A)The title "dietitian" can be used by anyone in all states.
B)The title "nutritionist" can be used by anyone in all states.
C)A license to practice as a nutritionist or dietitian is required by some states.
D)A license to practice as a nutritionist is mandatory in all states but very few license dieticians.
E)Nutrition consultants are subject to more stringent licensure than are dietitians.

Question 79

The normal range for ____________________ is 18 to 21% for young men and 23 to 26% for young women.

Question 80

The overall objective of the Healthy People program is to ____.

A)establish the DRI
B)identify national trends in food consumption
C)identify leading causes of death in the United States
D)set goals for the nation's health over the next 10 years
E)decrease health care costs