Deck 13: The Trace Minerals

Question 1

Which of the following is found in the first stage of iron deficiency?

A)Iron stores decline, as assessed by serum ferritin.
B)Hemoglobin levels fall, as assessed by complete blood count.
C)Red blood cell count falls, as assessed by hematocrit count.
D)Hemoglobin synthesis declines, as assessed by erythrocyte protoporphyrin.
E)Erythrocyte protoporphyrin, begins to accumulate.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What percent of the total iron content of a normal diet is heme iron?

A)1
B)5
C)10
D)15
E)20

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What is the average lifespan of red blood cells?

A)Two weeks
B)One month
C)Four months
D)Six months
E)Eight months

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Under normal circumstances, what is the average percentage of dietary iron that is absorbed from a mixed diet?

A)9
B)18
C)27
D)37
E)45

Question 5

About how much iron is absorbed from a vegetarian diet compared with an omnivorous diet?

A)One-tenth as much
B)One-half as much
C)The same
D)Twice as much
E)Three times as much

Question 6

Which of the following is a characteristic of the trace minerals?

A)A deficiency sign common to many trace minerals is dermatitis
B)The amounts in foods are dependent, in part, on soil composition
C)Deficiencies are more difficult to recognize in children than in adults
D)The amount of all trace minerals in the average person totals approximately 100 grams
E)Deficiencies of trace minerals are virtually unknown, although toxicities are well documented.

Question 7

What is a major function of hemosiderin?

A)Enhances absorption of zinc and copper
B)Protects the body against free iron release
C)Transports iron from the intestines to the liver
D)Recycles iron from old red blood cells to the bone marrow
E)Promotes iron excretion to protect against overload

Question 8

Which of the following foods provides iron in the most absorbable form?

A)Rice
B)Spinach
C)Chicken
D)Orange juice
E)Watermelon

Question 9

What is the oxygen-carrying protein of muscle cells?

A)Transferrin
B)Myoglobin
C)Hemoglobin
D)Cytochrome
E)Oxyglobin.

Question 10

What is the major cause of iron deficiency?

A)Blood loss
B)Poor nutrition
C)Hereditary defect
D)Parasitic infections of the GI tract
E)Exposure to environmental toxins

Question 11

A measure of the rate at which a nutrient is absorbed and used by the body is termed

A)net utilization.
B)bioavailability.
C)biological value.
D)utilization efficiency.
E)biofunctionality.

Question 12

Which of the following compounds provides a major storage reservoir for iron?

A)Ferritin
B)Myoglobin
C)Transferrin
D)Hemoglobin
E)Metallothionein

Question 13

Which of the following is known to enhance iron absorption?

A)Tea
B)Coffee
C)Foods containing vitamin C
D)Foods containing vitamin E
E)Milk

Question 14

What component of tea is responsible for its effect on iron absorption?

A)Tannic acid
B)Lactic acid
C)Citric acid
D)Ascorbic acid
E)Acetic acid

Question 15

Which of the following is a characteristic of iron transport?

A)Albumin is the major iron transport protein in the blood
B)Transferrin in the blood carries iron to the bone marrow
C)Hemochromatosis results from an inability to absorb and transport iron
D)Ferritin functions by transporting iron from the spleen to the bone marrow
E)Chelation is used to increase the bioavailability of iron.

Question 16

What is the chief function of hemosiderin?

A)Stores excess body iron
B)Inhibits hemoglobin synthesis
C)Enhances heme iron absorption
D)Enhances nonheme iron absorption
E)Promotes iron excretion

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic of iron utilization?

A)Most of the body's iron is recycled
B)The chief storage site for iron is the intestinal epithelium
C)Iron is absorbed better from supplements than from foods
D)Iron from nonheme food sources is absorbed better than that from heme food sources
E)Vegetarians need 4 times the iron as non-vegetarians.

Question 18

How much iron does a person donating a pint of blood lose?

A)0.5 mg
B)1.5 mg
C)2.5 mg
D)3.5 mg
E)4.5 mg

Question 19

Which of the following nutrients enhances iron absorption from the intestinal tract?

A)Biotin
B)Calcium
C)Vitamin D
D)Vitamin C
E)Vitamin A

Question 20

What is hepcidin?

A)A factor in meats that enhances iron absorption
B)An intestinal mucosa protein that assists in iron turnover
C)A substance in legumes that interferes with iron absorption
D)A liver-derived hormone that helps regulate iron absorption and transport
E)A substance produced in the spleen that stores iron

Question 21

On average, women receive only ____ milligrams of iron per day

A)8 to 9
B)10 to 11
C)12 to 13
D)14 to 15
E)16 to 17

Question 22

Which of the following is a characteristic of iron deficiency and behavior?

A)Erythrocyte iron levels fall before mental alertness is affected
B)Moderate iron deficiency promotes constipation
C)Mild iron deficiency impairs energy metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis
D)Iron deficiency increases risk for infections that promote dysfunctional behavior
E)Severe iron deficiency is associated with paradoxical hyperactivity.

Question 23

What is the chief transport substance for zinc in the circulation?

A)Albumin
B)Metallothionein
C)Carbonic anhydrase
D)High-density lipoproteins
E)Goitrogen

Question 24

Which of the following foods provides the greatest amount of iron per serving?

A)Yogurt
B)Skim milk
C)Pinto beans
D)Cheddar cheese
E)Carrots

Question 25

Zinc content is highest in foods that also contain a large amount of

A)fat.
B)fiber.
C)protein.
D)complex carbohydrate.
E)simple carbohydrate.

Question 26

What formulation of zinc has been found somewhat effective in treating the symptoms of the common cold?

A)Zinc chelator
B)Zinc gluconate
C)Zinc plus ferrous iron
D)Zinc plus copper salt
E)Zinc plus vitamin C

Question 27

Which of the following conditions is known to lead to copper deficiency?

A)Excess zinc
B)Excess protein
C)Insufficient iodine
D)Insufficient calcium
E)Cretinism

Question 28

Which of the following has been shown to improve absorption of iron from iron supplements?

A)Taking then with milk
B)Taking them with orange juice
C)Taking them on an empty stomach rather than with meals
D)Taking them in the form of the ferric salt rather than the ferrous salt
E)Take them with coffee or tea

Question 29

The most common cause of iron overload is

A)an injury to the GI tract.
B)a genetic predisposition.
C)excessive use of iron cookware.
D)excessive use of iron supplements.
E)environmental pollution.

Question 30

Which of the following is a characteristic of iron deficiency?

A)Blood erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels decline as anemia worsens
B)Iron supplements are not as effective at treating anemia as is proper nutrition
C)People with anemia generally become fatigued only when they exert themselves
D)The concave nails of iron-deficiency anemia result from abnormal ferritin levels
E)Red blood cells become hypochromic and enlarged (macrocytic).

Question 31

Which of the following is a major binding protein for zinc?

A)Ligand
B)Ferritin
C)Hemosiderin
D)Metallothionein
E)Albumin

Question 32

Iron overload is also known as

A)ferrocyanosis.
B)hemoglobinemia.
C)hemochromatosis.
D)metalloferrothionosis.
E)hyperferrotosis.

Question 33

What population group is at the highest risk for iron overload?

A)Adult men
B)Adult women
C)Pregnant women
D)Adolescents
E)Infants

Question 34

Which of the following is a characteristic of iron nutrition?

A)Absorption is improved on diets high in phytates
B)Iron deficiency and iron overload share some of the same signs and symptoms
C)The risk for acute iron toxicity is highest among women of childbearing age
D)Iron overload results from a genetic predisposition for excessive synthesis of ferritin
E)Consumption of calcium-rich foods increases absorption.

Question 35

What is the name given to the ingestion of nonnutritive substances?

A)Pica
B)Goiter
C)Tetany
D)Hemosiderosis
E)Metallothionein

Question 36

The erythrocyte protoporphyrin level is used as an indicator of

A)late iron toxicity.
B)early iron toxicity.
C)late iron deficiency.
D)early iron deficiency.
E)adequacy or iron stores.

Question 37

Which of the following represents the most reliable dietary source of zinc?

A)Nuts and oils
B)Milk and yogurt
C)Fruits
D)Meats and whole-grain cereals
E)Vegetables

Question 38

What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for zinc for adults?

A)20 mg
B)40 mg
C)80 mg
D)120 mg
E)160 mg

Question 39

Goiter is caused primarily by a deficiency of

A)iron.
B)zinc.
C)iodine.
D)selenium.
E)manganese.

Question 40

Why are people with iron overload at increased risk for infections?

A)Excess tissue iron destroys vitamin C
B)Iron-rich blood favors growth of bacteria
C)Iron-rich blood impairs the immune system
D)Excess tissue iron interferes with antibiotic function
E)Iron binds with cells that produce T- and NK-cells, decreasing their production.

Question 41

Which of the following is the richest source of iodine?

A)Corn
B)Seafood
C)Orange juice
D)Cruciferous vegetables
E)Rice

Question 42

Which of the following is an important function of selenium?

A)Helps blood to clot
B)Inhibits the formation of free radicals
C)Stabilizes the alcohol content of beer
D)Acts as a cross-linking agent in collagen
E)Is an important natural food preservative

Question 43

What mineral is critical to the synthesis of thyroxine?

A)Iron
B)Copper
C)Iodine
D)Magnesium
E)Manganese

Question 44

Which of the following nutrients has functions similar to those of vitamin E?

A)Iron
B)Selenium
C)Chromium
D)Molybdenum
E)Manganese

Question 45

During pregnancy, exposure to excessive iodine from foods, prenatal supplements, or medications

A)is associated with subsequent development of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.
B)increases the risk of the development of gestational diabetes.
C)may cause agitation in the mother and fetus.
D)can result in the fetus developing a severe, life-threatening goiter.
E)rarely has a lasting impact on mother or child.

Question 46

Which of the following is a prominent feature of mild iodine deficiency in children?

A)Demineralization
B)Growth retardation
C)Discoloration of teeth
D)Poor performance in school
E)Hyperactivity

Question 47

What is the primary mechanism associated with the role of fluoride in prevention of dental caries?

A)Fluoride increases calcium absorption, which increases crystal formation of teeth
B)Decay is inhibited due to neutralization of organic acids produced by bacteria on the teeth
C)Decay is reduced due to the inhibitory effects of fluoride on growth of bacteria on the teeth
D)Fluoride becomes incorporated into the crystalline structure of teeth, making them less susceptible to decay
E)Fluoride increases salivation which aids in the removal of bacteria and the foods needed to sustain bacterial growth

Question 48

What is the primary function of the thyroid hormones?

A)Precursors for hemoglobin synthesis
B)Counteract a deficiency of goitrogens
C)Control the rate of oxygen use by cells
D)Regulate acetylcholine concentrations in the central nervous system
E)Stimulation of the production of antibodies in response to antigens

Question 49

Keshan disease risk increases with a deficiency of

A)copper.
B)selenium.
C)manganese.
D)molybdenum.
E)rubidium.

Question 50

Which of the following minerals is a cofactor in the formation of hemoglobin?

A)Iodine
B)Copper
C)Sodium
D)Calcium
E)Selenium

Question 51

What is the origin of goitrogens in the diet?

A)Naturally occurring
B)Food industry additives
C)Excessive use of fortified salt
D)Hydrogenation of certain minerals
E)Environmental contamination

Question 52

What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for copper?

A)1 mg/day
B)2.5 mg/day
C)7.5 mg/day
D)10 mg/day
E)20 mg/day

Question 53

Which of the following trace minerals functions primarily in reactions that consume oxygen?

A)Zinc
B)Copper
C)Chromium
D)Molybdenum
E)Cadmium

Question 54

The most common cause of iodine deficiency is

A)insufficient intake of iodine from foods.
B)overconsumption of other trace elements.
C)overconsumption of anti-thyroid substances.
D)pituitary deficiencies of thyroid-stimulating hormone.
E)excess alcohol intake.

Question 55

Which of the following would be the most appropriate food source of iodide for a person who lives inland?

A)Fresh-water fish
B)Iodized table salt
C)Locally grown produce
D)Plants of the cabbage family
E)Soybeans and peanuts

Question 56

Which of the following meats would be the best source of copper?

A)Chicken
B)Shellfish
C)Beefsteak
D)Hamburger
E)Lamb

Question 57

Which of the following is a feature of iodide utilization?

A)It is an integral part of pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone.
B)Ingestion of plants of the cabbage family stimulates iodide uptake.
C)A deficiency or a toxicity leads to enlargement of the thyroid gland.
D)The amount in foods is unrelated to the amount of iodine present in the soil.
E)Use of iodized salt has resulted in significant increases in iodine toxicity.

Question 58

Which of the following would most likely result from an excessive intake of iodine?

A)Diarrhea
B)Skin rashes
C)Dehydration
D)Thyroid gland enlargement
E)Pineal stimulation

Question 59

Which of the following is a feature of copper nutrition?

A)Absorption efficiency is similar to that of iron.
B)It is involved in collagen synthesis and wound healing.
C)Soft water may provide significant amounts in the diet.
D)Deficiency is common in children of Middle East countries.
E)Wilson's disease is treated with IV copper administration.

Question 60

The rare genetic disorders Menkes disease and Wilson's disease result from abnormal utilization of

A)iron.
B)zinc.
C)copper.
D)manganese.
E)fluoride.

Question 61

Which of the following is a feature of fluoride in nutrition?

A)Most bottled waters are fluoridated.
B)A severe deficiency is known as fluorosis.
C)Fluorapatite refers to an increase in the desire to eat fluoride-rich foods.
D)A deficiency contributes to the most widespread health problem in the United States.
E)Fluoride supplementation is no longer necessary in much of the U.S.

Question 62

____________________ helps to maintain blood iron within the normal range by limiting absorption from the small intestine and controlling release from the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.

Question 63

What is the most reliable source of dietary fluoride?

A)Public water
B)Dark green vegetables
C)Milk and milk products
D)Meats and whole-grain cereals
E)Legumes

Question 64

Which of the following is a characteristic of the mineral molybdenum?

A)The activity of insulin is enhanced.
B)Deficiency symptoms in people are unknown.
C)Unusually poor food sources are legumes and cereal grains.
D)Toxicity symptoms in human beings include damage to red blood cells.
E)Excess intake can result in reproductive abnormalities.

Question 65

Chromium deficiency is characterized by

A)hypertension.
B)hyperglycemia.
C)enlargement of the liver.
D)enlargement of the thyroid gland.
E)hyperparathyroidism

Question 66

The active components in black tea and green tea associated with favorable effects on the cardiovascular system are

A)quercetins.
B)flavonoids.
C)resverotrols.
D)sulforaphones.
E)luteins.

Question 67

When iron concentrations become abnormally high, the liver produces a storage protein called ____________________ .

Question 68

Lycopene is classified as a(n)

A)lignan.
B)carotenoid.
C)phytoestrogen.
D)enzyme cofactor.
E)teratogen.

Question 69

The heart disease that is prevalent in regions of China where the soil and foods lack selenium is called ____________________.

Question 70

____________________ is found only in foods derived from the flesh of animals.

Question 71

One of the chief functions of chromium is participation in the metabolism of

A)iron.
B)proteins.
C)carbohydrates.
D)metallothionein.
E)lipids.

Question 72

Flaxseed is a rich source of

A)lutein.
B)lignans.
C)sulforaphane.
D)organosulfur compounds.
E)phytoestrogens.

Question 73

Enzymes that contain one or more minerals as part of their structures are known as ____________________.

Question 74

Miners who inhale large quantities of ____________________ dust on the job over prolonged periods show symptoms of a brain disease, along with abnormalities in appearance and behavior.

Question 75

What term designates foods that contain nonnutrient substances that may provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition?

A)Health foods
B)Organic foods
C)Functional foods
D)Disease preventative foods
E)Supplemental nutrition

Question 76

The iron overload disorder known as ____________________ is caused by a genetic failure to prevent unneeded iron in the diet from being absorbed.

Question 77

When the body needs iron, it is released to an iron transport protein called ____________________.

Question 78

The iron-storage protein ____________________ captures iron from food and stores it in the cells of the small intestine.

Question 79

Which of the following trace minerals is known to be involved in bone development?

A)Tin
B)Cobalt
C)Silicon
D)Barium
E)Boron

Question 80

In ____________________, copper accumulates in the liver and brain, creating a life-threatening toxicity.