Deck 10: Emotion

Question 1

Julian spots a snake in the forest. He immediately runs away from it and then notes that he is scared as he is running. Which of the following theories would suggest that his feeling of fear is due entirely to the fact that Julian notices his physiological response?

A)James-Lange theory
B)Cannon-Bard theory
C)Le-Doux's high road and low road theory
D)cognitive interpretation theory

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following, in itself, would be expected to have the LEAST effect on individual differences in emotional processing of a particular stimulus?

A)Differences in the physiological changes induced by the stimulus.
B)Differences in the cognitive appraisal of the stimulus.
C)Differences in the neural structures that process emotional stimuli.
D)Differences in the gender of individuals processing the stimulus.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

One of the two pathways of the amygdala is known as the "low road." This pathway can be characterized as ________ and involves a ________.

A)"slow and analytical"; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala
B)"slow and analytical"; projection to the cortex
C)"quick and dirty"; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala
D)"quick and dirty"; projection to the cortex

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A patient reports feeling intense sadness. Which of the following signs would indicate that this is true?

A)facial expression
B)physiological reaction
C)brief duration
D)All of the answer options are correct.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a well-established basic emotion?

A)anger
B)sadness
C)contempt
D)surprise

Question 6

Which of the following best describes our current understanding of the brain areas that process emotions?

A)The frontal cortex processes the most emotion, with emotional regulation coming from the limbic system and subcortical structures.
B)The limbic system seems to be heavily involved in processing emotion, with contribution from other brain areas, particularly in frontal-medial cortical areas.
C)The limbic system and Papez Circuit process emotion, with little known contribution from other brain areas
D)In essence, the entire brain processes emotion in some way.

Question 7

The amygdala consists of several subnuclei. During fear conditioning, information converges on the ________ of the amygdala and from there projects to the ________.

A)lateral nucleus; central nucleus
B)central nucleus; lateral nucleus
C)lateral geniculate nucleus; medial geniculate nucleus
D)medial geniculate nucleus; lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 8

Emotions are ________ responses to external or internal stimuli.

A)observable
B)experienced
C)perceivable
D)valenced

Question 9

One theory of emotion and the brain from the mid 20th century implicated the hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus. These structures were later named the ________ circuit.

A)Lazarus
B)Zajonc
C)MacLean
D)Papez

Question 10

Fear conditioning is a more specific instance of

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)explicit memory.
D)semantic memory.

Question 11

Which of the following outcomes is MOST likely to be produced by the information gleaned from studies using multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) and 7-tesla scanning (7T) technology to better elucidate the neural structures associated with different emotional states?

A)All emotions are essentially processed by the same brain regions, but with different degrees of activation corresponding to different emotions.
B)Each emotion is processed by a particular area of the brain.
C)Each emotion is processed by a network of brain regions, and these networks are each distinct from each other.
D)Each emotion is processed by a network of brain regions, some of which overlap with many other emotions, and some of which overlap with few or no other emotions.

Question 12

The ________ is a small, almond-shaped structure in the medial temporal lobe, immediately adjacent to the anterior portion of the ________.

A)caudate; hippocampus
B)caudate; basal ganglia
C)amygdala; basal ganglia
D)amygdala; hippocampus

Question 13

Which of the following statements best describes the distinction between affect, mood, and emotion?

A)Affect is the most general term of the three, and it includes emotions, which tend to be short-term and reactionary; moods tend to last longer than emotions.
B)Affect is the most general term of the three, followed by emotions, which are unpredictable and volatile, followed by moods, which are more specific types of emotions.
C)Emotions are the most general term of the three, and they incorporate both affect, which refers to the more specific emotions, and mood, which refers to the less specific emotions.
D)Emotions, mood, and affect are all similar in scope, but emotions are more powerful than mood or affect.

Question 14

In one conceptualization of emotions (Davidson et al. 1990), some emotional states such as happiness and surprise create a tendency to ________, whereas other emotional states such as fear and disgust create a tendency to ________.

A)approach; withdraw
B)withdraw; approach
C)assess directly; assess indirectly
D)assess indirectly; assess directly

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of emotions?

A)a physiological reaction to a stimulus
B)similarity to moods
C)a feeling
D)a behavioral response

Question 16

One of the two pathways of the amygdala is known as the "high road." This pathway can be characterized as _________ and involves a ________.

A)"slow and analytical"; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala
B)"slow and analytical"; project to the cortex
C)"quick and dirty"; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala
D)"quick and dirty"; projection to the cortex

Question 17

Klüver-Bucy syndrome is associated with damage to which brain structure or region?

A)the hippocampus
B)the perirhinal cortex
C)the amygdala
D)the parahippocampal cortex

Question 18

Which of the following would be MOST useful in establishing discrete categories of emotions?

A)A better understanding of how genders experience certain emotional states differently from each other.
B)A better understanding of which overlapping networks of brain regions process which emotions.
C)A better understanding of how emotions are affected by cognitive processing.
D)A better understanding of why some emotions are felt more frequently than others.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the six basic facial expressions representing emotional states?

A)disgust
B)jealousy
C)surprise
D)fear

Question 20

Some theories of emotion employ a factor approach. In one conceptualization, the first factor is ________, or how pleasant or unpleasant the stimulus is, and the second factor is ________, or how intense the emotional response is.

A)arousal; valence
B)valence; arousal
C)excitation; benignity
D)benignity; excitation

Question 21

Cunningham and colleagues (2004) suggested that although the amygdala plays a role in the automatic evaluation of social groups, controlled processing may implicate which of the following brain regions?

A)the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
B)the parahippocampal cortex
C)the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
D)the hippocampus

Question 22

The amygdala responds to fearful facial expressions

A)regardless of whether the face is consciously perceived.
B)only in cases where the face is consciously perceived.
C)only in cases where the face is not consciously perceived.
D)more strongly if the face is consciously perceived.

Question 23

Neuroimaging of the perception of facial expression suggests that

A)the amygdala is selectively active when we view angry faces.
B)the amygdala responds most strongly to angry faces, but it also shows some response to other expressions.
C)the amygdala is selectively active when we view fearful faces.
D)the amygdala responds most strongly to fearful faces, but it also shows some response to other expressions.

Question 24

Which statement best characterizes the insula's role in emotional processing?

A)The insula processes interoception and bodily states, and plays a role in connecting the physiology of emotion with emotional state.
B)The insula receives information about emotional state and feeds it back to the body, which produces interoception.
C)The insula is primarily involved with decision making and the perception of emotions in other people, and thus is most associated with social cognition.
D)The insula is primarily involved with the same domains of emotional processing as the amygdala.

Question 25

A double dissociation has been demonstrated between people with damage to the ________, who show impairment in the explicit or declarative aspects of fear conditioning, and people with damage to the ________, who show impairment in the implicit or nondeclarative aspects of fear conditioning.

A)frontal lobe; hippocampus
B)hippocampus; amygdala
C)amygdala; basal ganglia
D)basal ganglia; frontal lobe

Question 26

In a fear-conditioning experiment, you find a person who shows a normal skin conductance response to a conditioned stimulus (such as a blue square) but who does not consciously remember the pairing of the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus (such as a shock). This person may have damage to the

A)amygdala.
B)hippocampus.
C)anterior cingulate.
D)basal ganglia.

Question 27

Research on racial stereotypes conducted by Phelps and colleagues (2000) suggested that when European-American participants viewed pictures of unfamiliar African-American men, activity in the ________ of these participants was correlated with the results of ________ behavioral measures of racial beliefs and attitudes.

A)orbitofrontal cortex; direct or explicit
B)orbitofrontal cortex; indirect or implicit
C)amygdala; direct or explicit
D)amygdala; indirect or implicit

Question 28

Which of the following is true about the role of the amygdala in explicit emotional learning?

A)The amygdala performs a modulatory role in declarative memory.
B)The amygdala is thought to enhance explicit memory retrieval in the hippocampus.
C)The amygdala is thought to enhance the initial encoding of explicit memories.
D)The amygdala is primarily involved in implicit, not explicit, emotional learning.

Question 29

Which of the following is a way in which the amygdala interacts with hippocampus-dependent memories?

A)inhibiting the parahippocampal cortex during encoding of emotional memories
B)encoding the temporal relationship between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
C)filtering emotional stimuli and preventing the hippocampus from processing them
D)enhancing the strength of explicit or declarative memories for emotional events

Question 30

A rat's performance on the Morris water maze, a test of spatial ability and memory, will be affected in what way by a lesion to the amygdala?

A)The rat will be impaired in learning all aspects of the water maze.
B)The rat will not be impaired in a basic water maze task, but it will fail to show the stronger retention that would otherwise be expected if the task includes a physical stressor.
C)The rat will be impaired in the basic aspects of the water maze task, but it will still show an improvement in retention if the task includes a physical stressor.
D)The rat will be unimpaired in learning the water maze task because the amygdala is important only for the expression of previously learned conditioned responses.

Question 31

The insula is MOST involved in which of the following?

A)happiness
B)disgust
C)love
D)sadness

Question 32

Patient S.P., who had bilateral damage to the amygdala, participated in a study involving the pairing of a blue square with an electric shock. S.P.'s skin conductance response (SCR) and verbal report indicated that

A)she had an explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square and demonstrated an implicit fear-conditioning SCR response.
B)she had an explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square but did not demonstrate any implicit fear-conditioning SCR response.
C)she did not have any explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square but did demonstrate an implicit fear-conditioning SCR response.
D)she did not have an explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square, nor did she demonstrate any implicit fear-conditioning SCR response.

Question 33

Which of the following results best supports the notion that the amygdala modulates the consolidation of hippocampus-based memories?

A)Hippocampus-based learning occurs only if the learner is not experiencing stress or arousal.
B)Modulation of hippocampus-based learning occurs only if the learner is stressed or aroused.
C)Modulation of hippocampus-based learning by arousal occurs only if the arousal is initiated prior to learning.
D)Modulation of hippocampus-based learning by arousal occurs after the initial encoding of the task, during retention.

Question 34

Which of the following is true regarding the amygdala and emotional learning?

A)The amygdala plays a role in the expression of fear responses, regardless of whether the initial learning was implicit or explicit.
B)The amygdala plays a role in the expression of fear responses only when the initial learning was implicit.
C)The amygdala plays a role in the expression of fear responses only when the initial learning was explicit.
D)The amygdala does not play a role in the expression of fear responses but does play a role in their acquisition.

Question 35

Lesions to the amygdala ________ unconditioned responses to aversive events, ________ the ability to acquire and express a conditioned response to neutral stimuli.

A)do not block; nor do they block
B)do not block; but they do block
C)block; but they do not block
D)block; and they also block

Question 36

Which of the following is typically true of people with bilateral damage to the amygdala?

A)They do not produce a full range of facial expressions.
B)They are like controls in their implicit and explicit reactions to race.
C)They are unable to recognize emotional prosody.
D)All of the answer options are correct.

Question 37

The mechanism through which the amygdala modulates hippocampus-based learning may be related to the observation that

A)arousing stimuli decay less quickly than nonarousing stimuli do.
B)arousing stimuli decay more quickly than nonarousing stimuli do.
C)arousing stimuli are more likely to create interference effects.
D)arousing stimuli are less likely to create interference effects.

Question 38

The implicit association test (IAT) measures the degree to which social groups are automatically associated with positive and negative evaluations. Which of the following is FALSE regarding this test?

A)One variant of the test examines attitudes toward different racial groups.
B)The primary measures of this test are response latencies.
C)The IAT is designed to reflect declarative memories.
D)Part of this test involves categorizing words as good or bad.

Question 39

Which of the following is true regarding the amygdala and indirect evaluations of racial bias?

A)White participants who show greater amygdala activity during the presentation of black faces tend to have stronger racial bias as measured by an implicit behavioral task.
B)People with bilateral amygdala damage do not show evidence of a racial bias on implicit behavioral tasks.
C)"White participants who show greater amygdala activity during the presentation of black faces tend to have stronger racial bias as measured by an implicit behavioral task" and "people with bilateral amygdala damage do not show evidence of a racial bias on implicit behavioral tasks" are both correct answers.
D)Neither "white participants who show greater amygdala activity during the presentation of black faces tend to have stronger racial bias as measured by an implicit behavioral task" nor "people with bilateral amygdala damage do not show evidence of a racial bias on implicit behavioral tasks" is a correct answer.

Question 40

You conduct an experiment in which you expose a rat repeatedly to a 440 Hz tone and an electric shock. After a few trials, the rat begins to show signs of fear in response to the tone. In this paradigm, the electric shock is the ________, while the tone is the ________.

A)conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus
C)conditioned response; unconditioned response
D)unconditioned response; conditioned response

Question 41

Patient S.M., who had damage to the amygdala, had difficulty recognizing sadness in the expressions of other people.

Question 42

What is an implicit measure? Describe a study covered in your text or in class that investigated cognition using both implicit and explicit measures.

Question 43

Paul Ekman argued that the perception of facial expressions of emotion is highly relative across cultures.

Question 44

The role of the amygdala in emotion and memory has been studied using a form of classical conditioning known as fear conditioning.

Question 45

Evidence from cognitive neuroscience suggests that the recognition of the six basic facial expressions of emotion is processed in the amygdala.

Question 46

When someone is emotionally aroused, the hippocampus plays a modulatory role in strengthening the consolidation of amygdala-based memory.

Question 47

How do the hippocampus and amygdala interact in learning and memory? Under what conditions will the amygdala play a role in hippocampus-based learning? Under what conditions will it not?

Question 48

Emotional regulation refers to the processes that influence emotions in which of the following ways?

A)the type of emotions we have
B)when emotions occur
C)how emotions are experienced and expressed
D)All of the answer options are correct.

Question 49

In some of the fear-conditioning experiments described in your text, simple shapes like a blue square are used as the conditioned stimulus (CS).

Question 50

Describe a potential real-world scenario in which you might experience fear conditioning. What are the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli in your scenario?

Question 51

A friend comes into your house and eats all the chocolates in your pantry. You come in and at first are very angry. Then you think to yourself, "That's actually better for me. Now I don't have to eat all those calories." What have you done?

A)antecedent-focused regulation
B)reappraisal
C)reduction of your anger
D)All of the answer options are correct.

Question 52

Describe the different brain areas involved in emotion. What role does the amygdala play in these systems? How does it differ from the role of other brain areas?

Question 53

EEG studies have found that those with more ________ activity are better able to suppress negative emotion voluntarily.

A)anterior
B)posterior
C)right-sided
D)left-sided

Question 54

A common conditioned stimulus (CS) in fear-conditioning experiments is an electric shock.

Question 55

Which area of the frontal lobe does NOT show increased activity in the cognitive control of emotion?

A)left lateral prefrontal cortex
B)left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
C)left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
D)left rostromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 56

One pathway through which information about unconditioned or conditioned stimuli reaches the amygdala is known as the "high road" and has a cortical component.

Question 57

The Papez circuit includes the hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus.

Question 58

What are some functions of the amygdala in emotional processing? In your answer, describe two experiments that illustrate the conditions in which the amygdala does (or does not) play a role.

Question 59

How might you investigate the assertion that basic facial expressions of emotion are universal, rather than being culturally relative? Describe an experiment that might inform this issue.

Question 60

The role of the amygdala in learning to respond to stimuli that have come to represent aversive events through fear conditioning is primarily implicit.

Question 61

Describe the role of the insula in emotion.

Question 62

Describe the brain areas involved in love. Is this brain activity similar to or different from that observed in other emotions? Provide evidence to support your view.

Question 63

Are there hemispheric differences in emotional regulation? Describe evidence to support your answer.

Question 64

What is emotional regulation? Describe the different forms of regulation and the neural structures involved.