Deck 19: Innate Host Defenses Against Microbial Invasion

Question 1

What are toll-like receptors (TLRs)?

A)PAMPs found in invertebrates.
B)PAMPs found in vertebrates.
C)PRRs found in vertebrates and invertebrates.
D)PRRs found only in vertebrates.
E)PAMPs found in vertebrates and invertebrates.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a natural defense barrier against infection of the small intestine?

A)large numbers of resident microbes
B)bile salts
C)peristalsis
D)mucus
E)antimicrobial peptides

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)are molecular signatures of microbes that are easily recognized by a host as being of foreign origin.Which of the following is NOT an example of a PAMP?

A)lipopolysaccharide
B)membrane-associated ETS protein
C)lipid A
D)teichoic acid
E)mannose of yeast cell walls

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The inflammatory response will sometimes produce a fever.Which of these is NOT a benefit provided by fever?

A)Fever increases the body's metabolism,producing more energy for healing tissues.
B)Fever increases the inflammatory response.
C)Fever prevents a person from becoming cold.
D)Fever inhibits or decreases pathogen growth.
E)Fever will increase the rate of cell division of immune cells.

Question 5

Which of these most directly can lead to septic shock?

A)A pathogen invades the bloodstream.
B)The inflammatory response spreads through the entire body.
C)The pathogen infects a vital organ.
D)The inflammatory response is repressed.
E)An infection is established in deep tissue.

Question 6

In vertebrates,TLRs are found on the surface of many types of cells.On which of these cells would you NOT expect to find TLRs?

A)red blood cells
B)monocytes
C)macrophages
D)neutrophils
E)dendritic cells

Question 7

All of the following are important properties of the skin that help protect us against pathogen colonization EXCEPT:

A)our resident microbial population.
B)keratinized epithelial cells on the surface.
C)a layer of oil above the epidermis.
D)high skin temperature.
E)moderately acidic (pH 5)environment.

Question 8

All of the following are clinical signs of inflammation at the site of injury EXCEPT:

A)swelling.
B)heat.
C)constriction of blood vessels.
D)redness.
E)formation of pus.

Question 9

An example of a secreted PRR is mannose-binding lectin.What is a lectin?

A)A lipid that binds proteins.
B)A carbohydrate that binds proteins.
C)A carbohydrate that binds carbohydrates.
D)A protein that binds carbohydrates.
E)A protein that binds other proteins.

Question 10

Which one of the following is NOT part of the mucosal surface defense barrier against microbial invasion?

A)lysozyme
B)keratinized cells
C)ciliated epithelial cells
D)lactoferrin
E)mucus

Question 11

Which is an example of innate immunity?

A)The development of a specific antibody response.
B)An immunization.
C)The development of a specific cell mediated response.
D)The removal of a bacterial cell in the lungs by a resident macrophage.
E)A quick immune response against an influenza virus because of a previous exposure.

Question 12

TLR-3 recognizes double-stranded RNA.The presence of double stranded RNA in a cell usually indicates the cell is infected by which of these?

A)a Gram negative bacterium
B)an RNA virus
C)a Gram positive bacterium
D)a protozoan
E)yeast

Question 13

Which of these molecules is NOT responsible for iron binding?

A)hemoglobin
B)myoglobin
C)immunoglobulin
D)lactoferrin
E)transferrin

Question 14

What is the term for small proinflammatory protein molecules that are secreted by various cells to signal other cells of the immune system?

A)lactoferrins
B)cytokines
C)immunogens
D)antigens
E)defensins.

Question 15

Vasodilation is the increase in the diameter of blood vessels.Which of the following does NOT cause vasodilation?

A)exposure to cold with no injury
B)the inflammatory response
C)freezer burn
D)Staphylococcus-induced tissue damage
E)serotonin

Question 16

Which one of the following is NOT a nonspecific natural defense barrier against microbial invasion?

A)ciliated epithelial cells
B)lysozyme
C)mucus
D)antimicrobial peptides
E)antibodies produced from B lymphocytes

Question 17

Which of these is an example of "non-sterile immunity"?

A)The complete destruction of the measles virus by the immune system response.
B)The removal of a toxin from the body by a specific antibody response.
C)Preventing the spread of Mycobacterium leprae by encasing it in nodules in the skin.
D)Immunization against the polio virus for the development of a quick immune response to destroy the virus.
E)Immune recognition and destruction of a Rhinovirus strain to which a person was previously exposed.

Question 18

A component often added to vaccines to enhance the immune response to microbial components in the vaccine.

A)stimulant
B)complement
C)adjuvant
D)pyrogen
E)antagonist

Question 19

Which of these results in immunological memory?

A)The innate immune response.
B)The adaptive immune response.
C)The non-specific immune response.
D)Passive immunity from mother to offspring.
E)Immune mechanisms present at birth.

Question 20

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)recognize PAMPs and play an important role in non-specific surveillance of foreign microbe recognition.What organisms contain PRRs besides humans? (Pick most complete answer. )

A)other vertebrates
B)vertebrates and invertebrates
C)vertebrates and plants
D)plants and invertebrates
E)other vertebrates,invertebrates,and plants

Question 21

The classical pathway of complement activation starts with the binding of C1 to the surface of the microbe by recognition of ANY of the following on the pathogen surface EXCEPT:

A)C-reactive protein.
B)bound antibody.
C)mannose-binding lectin.
D)LPS of Gram negative bacteria.
E)teichoic acids of Gram positive bacteria.

Question 22

Type one interferons play a major role in combating which of these infections?

A)protozoans
B)Gram negative bacteria
C)Gram positive bacteria
D)viruses
E)yeasts.

Question 23

Which of these complement proteins does not bind C7?

A)C5a
B)C5b
C)C6
D)C8
E)All form associations with C7

Question 24

Which of these molecules plays a chemoattractant role?

A)Type I IFN
B)C3a
C)C4a
D)TLR2
E)TLR5

Question 25

Select the correct order in which sequential complement protein activation occurs in the classical pathway:

A)C1,C3,C5,C9
B)C2,C4,C3,C1
C)C4,C2,C3,C5
D)C1,C2,C3,C4
E)C9,C8,C7,C6

Question 26

Term for the coating of a microbial surface by PRRs,complement,and/or antibodies for the enhancement of phagocytosis.

A)marking
B)recognition
C)opsonization
D)adjuvant
E)endocytosis

Question 27

Which of these complement subunits possesses a transmembrane domain?

A)C1b
B)C4a
C)C3a
D)C2a
E)C5b

Question 28

Neutrophils are commonly referred to as _________________ because of their odd shaped nucleus.

A)monocytes
B)lymphocytes
C)dendritic cells
D)polymophonuclear leukocytes
E)multinuclear leukocytes

Question 29

Which of these complement proteins possesses an enzymatic capability when activated?

A)C9
B)C7
C)C5
D)C4
E)C8

Question 30

Which of these complement subunits possesses a catalytic capability?

A)C9b
B)C4a
C)C3a
D)C2a
E)C8a

Question 31

The C3b fragment is produced as a result of complement activation.C3b acts as a PRR by recognizing and binding to cell wall components of microbes.What will be the result of this binding?

A)Stimulation of antibody production.
B)The start of a membrane attack complex.
C)Enhancement of phagocytosis.
D)Chemical attraction of lymphocytes.
E)Stimulation of the inflammatory response.

Question 32

An individual suffers a gentic disease whereby a protein of the complement cascade is not produced.Which protein deficiency would have the most significant adverse effect on immune health?

A)Lack of MBL surface complex
B)Lack of Factor B
C)Lack of Factor D
D)Lack of C3
E)All would have equivalent effects

Question 33

During the process of phagocytosis,microbes are contained within the phagosome.The phagosome fuses with vesicles in the cell that contain components for the destruction and degradation of the microbe.Which one of the following strategies is NOT used to destroy the phagocytized microbe?

A)degradation by enzymes
B)inactivation by acidification
C)lysis via membrane pores
D)destruction by antibodies
E)destruction by toxic oxygen radicals

Question 34

What are the most numerous white blood cells in the body?

A)eosinophils
B)lymphocytes
C)neutrophils
D)basophils
E)monocytes

Question 35

Which of the following is true of the complement molecules?

A)They are a large group of serum proteins.
B)They are a type of antibody.
C)They are mainly produced by macrophages.
D)They are mainly produced by lymphocytes.
E)They are considered to be a PAMP.

Question 36

Which of these would induce the liver to produce C-reactive protein?.

A)phosphatidyl choline.
B)phosphatidyl inositol
C)endotoxin
D)peptidoglycan
E)fungal cell wall components

Question 37

Macrophages are phagocytic cells found in certain body tissues.Macrophages are differentiated from which of these cells?

A)monocytes
B)basophils
C)lymphocytes
D)eosinophils
E)neutrophils

Question 38

Which of these complement proteins possesses polymerization initiation function?

A)C1
B)C5
C)C6
D)C8
E)C9

Question 39

Which of these would induce the liver to produce C-reactive protein?.

A)A Gram positive bacterial infection.
B)Inflammation.
C)Complement activation.
D)Phagocytosis.
E)The presence of mannose.

Question 40

Type I interferons protect against microbial pathogens in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

A)Reduction in binding of viral mRNA
B)Membrane receptor alterations
C)Stimulation of natural killer cell production
D)Ribonuclease activity
E)Increased antibody production

Question 41

Which paired molecules have the same antimicrobial effects

A)Complement C1,peroxide
B)Defensins,perforin
C)Granzyme,perforin
D)Lysozyme,nitrous oxide
E)Protease,lysozyme

Question 42

A patient produces cilia which are non-motile.Which infections might she be more susceptible to? (Select all that apply)

A)respiratory
B)skin
C)digestive
D)reproductive
E)eye

Question 43

Which of these cell types can distinguish self from non-self? (Select all that apply)

A)Resident macrophages
B)B cells
C)T cells
D)Innate defense cells
E)Adaptive defense cells

Question 44

What might occur if the Cytomegalovirus (CMV)MHC I receptor analog protein was mutated? (Select all that apply)

A)Increased NK cell attack of CMV-infected cells
B)Decreased NK cell attack of CMV-infected cells
C)Transmission of an increased activation signal through the activating ligand to activating receptor pathway
D)Transmission of a decreased activation signal through the activating ligand to activating receptor pathway
E)No change would be expected

Question 45

What is a hemocyte?

A)A type of phagocytic red blood cell.
B)An antibody producing cell found in invertebrates.
C)A major phagocyte found in insects.
D)A complement producing cell in the bloodstream.
E)Macrophages found in the liver.

Question 46

The respiratory burst ensures digestion of susceptible microbes through: (Select all that apply)

A)Release of proteases
B)Hypochlorite ion release inside mitochondria
C)Release of hydrogen peroxide within the phagolysosome
D)Superoxide radical generation within the bacterial cell
E)Production of nitrous oxide within the phagolysosome

Question 47

Lysosomal fusion with a phagosome ensures digestion of susceptible microbes through: (Select all that apply)

A)Release of proteases
B)Acidification of the environment
C)Release of hydrogen peroxide
D)Release of deoxyribonucleases
E)Production of nitrous oxide

Question 48

What is the action of the granzymes released by Natural Killer cells?

A)To lyse pathogen infected cells.
B)To induce apoptosis in pathogen infected cells.
C)To enhance phagocytosis.
D)To produce pores in the pathogen membrane.
E)To destroy parasitic worms.

Question 49

Which paired molecules produce apoptosis of microbial cells

A)Complement C1,peroxide
B)Defensins,granzyme
C)Granzyme,perforin
D)Lysozyme,nitrous oxide
E)Protease,lysozyme

Question 50

When the antibody class IgE binds to mast cells or basophils,what does it stimulate them to do?

A)enhance phagocytosis
B)produce more antibody
C)undergo degranulation
D)activate complement
E)differentiate into lymphocytes

Question 51

Which of these molecules are essential surface molecules on a Natural Killer cell? (Select all that apply)

A)MHC I
B)MHC I receptor
C)Activating receptor
D)Activating ligand
E)FCR receptor

Question 52

Natural Killer (NK)cells specialize in destroying these.

A)fungi
B)protozoa
C)parasitic worms
D)pathogen infected cells
E)viruses

Question 53

The invertebrate immune response involves ALL of the following EXCEPT:

A)phagocytic amoebocytes.
B)antimicrobial peptides.
C)antibody producing B-cells.
D)opsonization of microbes by lectins.
E)melanin encapsulation of microbes.

Question 54

Which of these cell types undergo gene rearrangements after exposure to pathogens? (Select all that apply)

A)Resident macrophages
B)B cells
C)T cells
D)Innate defense cells
E)Adaptive defense cells

Question 55

A patient suffers from a genetic inability to produce lysozyme.Which infections might she be more susceptible to? (Select all that apply)

A)respiratory
B)skin
C)digestive
D)reproductive
E)eye

Question 56

Mast cell defenses rely upon:

A)IgE production by activated B cells
B)IgG production by activated T cells
C)Cytotoxic B cell granzyme production
D)Macrophage stimulation
E)Prior neutrophil respiratory burst activity

Question 57

The most-studied invertebrate models for immune function models are:

A)Starfish and horseshoe crabs
B)Starfish and fruitflies
C)Cockroaches and fruit flies
D)Horseshoe crabs and fruit flies
E)Worms and horseshoe crabs

Question 58

Natural Killer cells immune effects are mediated via:

A)MHC II level detection
B)Lysozyme release
C)Creation of phagolysosomes
D)Granzyme release
E)C3a detection

Question 59

What is the main function of eosinophils?

A)To cause hay fever.
B)To protect against helminths.
C)To protect against viruses.
D)To stimulate the inflammatory response.
E)To protect against bacteria.

Question 60

Which paired molecules have the same antimicrobial effects

A)Complement C1,peroxide
B)Defensins,C9
C)Granzyme,perforin
D)Lysozyme,nitrous oxide
E)Protease,lysozyme

Question 61

The classical pathway of complement activation is initiated through the recognition of bound antibody to antigen on the microbe surface.

Question 62

Insects are able to produce antimicrobial peptides to protect themselves from some pathogens.

Question 63

Iron deficiency may protect the body against certain pathogens.

Question 64

Gram positive antibacterial effects are produced when invertebrates synthesize: (Select all that apply)

A)Metchnikovin
B)Attacin
C)Dipterin
D)Drosomycin
E)Defensin

Question 65

A component often added to vaccines to stimulate the immune response to pathogen components in the vaccine is called a/an _____________

Question 66

The body's programmed nonspecific response to tissue injury is called ___________________.

Question 67

Gram negative antibacterial effects are produced when invertebrates synthesize: (Select all that apply)

A)Metchnikovin
B)Attacin
C)Dipterin
D)Drosomycin
E)Defensin

Question 68

.TLR binding to PAMPs is very important for the initiation of the adaptive immune response.

Question 69

Which of these surface molecules on a Natural Killer cell contribute to perforin granzyme release? (Select all that apply)

A)MHC I
B)MHC I receptor
C)Activating receptor
D)Activating ligand
E)FCR receptor

Question 70

If an individual is resistant to infection and disease development by a specific pathogen,the person is said to be _______________ to the infectious agent.

Question 71

A special type of endocytosis whereby large particles or microbial cells are taken into a cell and enclosed in an endosome for digestion is called __________________.

Question 72

Antifungal effects are produced when invertebrates synthesize: (Select all that apply)

A)Metchnikovin
B)Attacin
C)Dipterin
D)Drosomycin
E)Defensin