Deck 4: Prenatal Development and Birth

Question 1

The lining of the _____ originates as tissue called the chorion.

A)amnion
B)placenta
C)blastula
D)zygote

Answer 1

B

Question 2

After completing an exam and discussing her diet,Dr.Jamison noted that Wanda's unborn baby could be at risk for neural tube disorders.What type of supplement did Dr.Jamison recommend to Wanda? 

A)vitamin A
B)calcium
C)folic acid
D)iron

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The outer layer of the embryo forms the

A)amnion and chorion.
B)placenta and umbilical cord.
C)brain and spinal cord of the fetus.
D)heart and internal organs.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

While observing developing cells,Dr.Hernandez shouts,"I am seeing actual organogenesis taking place!" In simple terms,Dr.Hernandez is viewing

A)meiosis.
B)the formation of a blastula.
C)the initial formation of major body organs.
D)a breech presentation.

Question 5

Due to her accurate knowledge of prenatal physiology,Amber knows that because her unborn child suffers from anencephaly,the child will be born with

A)a conjoined twin.
B)abnormal limb development.
C)ambiguous genitals.
D)no developed brain above the brain stem.

Question 6

About _____ of all fertilized ova are successfully implanted in the uterus.

A)one-fifth
B)one-fourth
C)one-third
D)one-half

Question 7

The fetal period is best defined as

A)the middle three months of pregnancy.
B)all of the pregnancy that follows the implantation of the blastula in the uterine wall.
C)the part of the pregnancy that extends from the age of viability to birth.
D)the period from the ninth week of pregnancy to birth.

Question 8

The initial formation of a primitive heart would take place during the _____ period of development.

A)zygotic
B)germinal
C)fetal
D)embryonic

Question 9

Natalie is six weeks pregnant.At this point,the organism growing inside of her is most properly referred to as a(n)

A)blastula.
B)embryo.
C)fetus.
D)zygote.

Question 10

Which statement about development in the embryonic stage of development is true?

A)The embryo is viable by the end of the stage.
B)The eyes develop between days 21 and 28.
C)The primitive portions of the brain form last.
D)At this end of this period,the organism is about 10 inches long.

Question 11

The function of the amnion is to

A)connect the placenta to the developing fetus.
B)provide a cushion of protection for the developing embryo.
C)provide nutrients and oxygen to the developing embryo.
D)remove waste products from the developing fetus.

Question 12

Ovulation tends to occur _____ of the menstrual cycle.

A)on the first day
B)within the first week
C)near the midpoint
D)at the end

Question 13

The umbilical cord connects the

A)amnion and chorion
B)blastula and zygote.
C)heart and lungs.
D)embryo and placenta.

Question 14

In order for an embryo to construct testes,that embryo must have at least _____ at conception.

A)one X chromosome
B)two X chromosomes
C)one Y chromosome
D)two Y chromosomes

Question 15

What is the most important factor in determining what crosses the "placental barrier"?

A)The size of a molecule
B)The age of the fetus
C)The duration of the pregnancy
D)The age of the mother

Question 16

All major organs begin to develop in some fashion during the _____ period.

A)germinal
B)zygotic
C)fetal
D)embryonic

Question 17

By secreting the hormone _____,the male embryo stimulates the development of the internal male reproductive system.

A)estrogen
B)teratogen
C)surfactant
D)testosterone  

Question 18

The most common first medical step in assisted reproductive technology is to have a women take a drug that

A)increases the size of her cervix.
B)straightens the lining of her fallopian tubes.
C)decreases her testosterone levels.
D)stimulates the ovaries to ripen and release eggs.

Question 19

In her human development class,Dr.Ayers shows students several photographs of prenatal development.She points out the placenta and explains that its main purpose is to

A)provide the fetus with carbon dioxide and oxygen.
B)enable the maternal and fetal blood to mix so they will become compatible.
C)provide the fetus with oxygen and nutrients and remove carbon dioxide and wastes from the fetus.
D)protect and cushion the fetus from shock.

Question 20

The germinal period ends when the

A)blastocyst burrows into the lining of the chorion.
B)blastocyst is implanted in the wall of the uterus.
C)zygote divides into two cells through mitosis.
D)zygote travels through the fallopian tube into the uterus.

Question 21

Neurons that will become part of the cerebral cortex migrate by

A)being passively pushed to their location.
B)traveling along the surface of glial cells.
C)following dendrites.
D)diffusion.

Question 22

Back in 1962,Celeste started taking the drug thalidomide in her sixth month of pregnancy.What were the likely impacts of Celeste's behavior on her baby?

A)cognitive impairment
B)heart problems
C)deformed or missing limbs
D)no harmful effects

Question 23

Salima is now 25 weeks pregnant.At this point,the organism growing inside of her would best be classified as a(n)

A)blastula.
B)embryo.
C)fetus.
D)zygote.

Question 24

Maria,who just found out she is pregnant,wonders at what point her baby will be able to hear.A competent doctor would tell her that her baby's sensory organs

A)begin to function during the embryonic phase.
B)will be functioning by the end of the second trimester.
C)do not function prior to the eighth or ninth month of pregnancy.
D)will not function prior to birth.

Question 25

Who has just reached the current "age of viability" for a human?

A)Ben,who has survived 18 weeks past conception
B)Montell,who has survived 21 weeks past conception
C)Hae,who has survived 23 weeks past conception
D)Dora,who has survived 27 weeks past conception

Question 26

The term "age of viability" refers to the point at which

A)a child will definitely survive if born.
B)survival outside the uterus might be possible.
C)the embryo no longer requires oxygen from its mother.
D)the heart starts beating.

Question 27

On an average day,Jenna smokes about 24 cigarettes and has done so throughout her pregnancy.Consequently,she has put her baby at increased risk for all of the following EXCEPT

A)hyperacute hearing.
B)slowed growth.
C)central nervous system impairment.
D)susceptibility to respiratory infection.

Question 28

Your psychology professor asks you to write a paper on the prenatal environment.Which search topic should you use for your Web search?

A)The mother's womb
B)The hospital birthing room
C)The process of birth
D)The newborn's crib

Question 29

Mayako did not know she was pregnant until she was about three months along.During that time,she drank alcoholic beverages quite frequently.While prenatal alcohol consumption can influence the developing embryo and fetus in a number of ways,Mayako should be LEAST concerned about having a newborn who

A)has hyperactivity.
B)has lowered intelligence.
C)has seizures.
D)has a deformed heart.

Question 30

Which of the following is true?

A)The quality of a postnatal environment has little impact on the effect of a teratogen.
B)The genetic makeup of a fetus can influence the impact of a teratogen.
C)The effects of a teratogen do not appear to be related to the "dose" received.
D)An organ system is least vulnerable to the effects of a teratogen when it is developing rapidly.

Question 31

Which organism is most vulnerable to organ systems damage?

A)The blastula
B)The embryo
C)The fetus
D)The zygote

Question 32

Maria frequently used cocaine while she was pregnant.The most likely effect on her baby would be

A)fetal strokes.
B)extreme cognitive impairments.
C)blindness.
D)a hearing impairment.

Question 33

Whose behavior would have the greatest NEGATIVE impact on a baby's brain development?

A)A mother who consumes one bottle of beer a day most days during the infant's embryonic period
B)A mother who consumes five bottles of beer a day,several days a week during the infant's embryonic period
C)A mother who consumes one bottle of beer a day most days during her seventh month of pregnancy
D)A mother who consumes five bottles of beer a day,several days a week during her seventh month of pregnancy

Question 34

The process of brain development characterized by intense cell growth originating in stem cells is called

A)migration.
B)proliferation.
C)differentiation.
D)mutation.

Question 35

One of the main roles of glial cells is to

A)provide support for neurons.
B)produce the spinal cord.
C)create a functioning respiratory system.
D)determine the sex of a fetus.

Question 36

Sunny is a 20-week-old fetus.Robert is a 32-week-old fetus.If they were both developing normally,one would expect that Robert would _____ than Sunny.

A)have a significantly less surfactant
B)spend less time in distinct states of activity
C)have significantly less myelin
D)spend significantly more time in the awake state

Question 37

The time of rapid growth of an organ system is called its _____ period.

A)critical
B)germinal
C)resilience
D)prenatal

Question 38

Rice,Thapar,and colleagues (2007,2009)attempted to uncouple the effects of genetics and the effects of smoking while pregnant on birth weight and elevated antisocial behavior.They found that

A)birth weight was unrelated to smoking.
B)antisocial behaviors elevated the risk for smoking.
C)antisocial behavior could be linked to genes but not to smoking.
D)genetic factors appear to cause smoking.

Question 39

Early in development,every neuron has the potential to 

A)become any type of cell.
B)become a stem cell.
C)become any type of neuron.
D)become a glial cell.

Question 40

Rihanna has just given birth to a baby girl and notices that the child has a small head,widely spaced eyes,and a flattened nose.What are the doctors most likely to suspect?

A)Rihanna consumed considerable quantities of alcohol during the pregnancy.
B)Rihanna had rubella during the second month of her pregnancy.
C)Rihanna had syphilis and did not seek treatment for it.
D)Rihanna did not eat properly throughout the pregnancy.

Question 41

Severe maternal malnourishment during later pregnancy puts a newborn most at risk for

A)cerebral palsy.
B)sensory deficits (e.g. ,blindness).
C)stunted growth.
D)respiratory failure.

Question 42

Sarah and Nadiya are best friends who both contract rubella.At the time they have the disease,Sarah is seven weeks pregnant and Nadiya is seven months pregnant.What is the most likely outcome?

A)Sarah's child will be born unharmed,but Nadiya's child will have some sort of birth defect resulting from rubella.
B)Nadiya's child will be born unharmed,but Sarah's child will have some sort of birth defect resulting from rubella.
C)Sarah and Nadiya will both give birth to children with birth defects resulting from rubella.
D)There is no need for Sarah or Nadiya to worry about birth defects as a result of having rubella.

Question 43

Which event tends to occur the earliest in the labor process?

A)Dilation of the cervix
B)Mother told to "push"
C)Delivery of placenta
D)Fetus head at vaginal opening

Question 44

Fatima is pregnant and tests positive for HIV.When her daughter Kaya is born,she does not have the HIV virus.Fatima's doctor is most likely to tell her

A)she should breast feed her daughter so she can benefit from natural immunities to infection that breast milk often provides.
B)she should not breast feed her daughter,as she might transmit the HIV virus through her breast milk.
C)she and her daughter are very fortunate,and she need no longer worry about transmitting the virus to her.
D)since she did not transmit the HIV virus to this child,it is unlikely that she would transmit the virus to another child,should she become pregnant again.

Question 45

Who is within the optimal age for childbearing?

A)Chantal,who is 18
B)Holly,who is 26
C)Rosa,who is 35
D)Erica,who is 45

Question 46

The AIDS virus CANNOT be contracted

A)at conception through a chromosomal abnormality.
B)during the prenatal period,when the HIV virus crosses the placental barrier.
C)during the birth process,when maternal and fetal blood may mix.
D)following birth,through breast feeding.

Question 47

Carmen weighs 120 pounds and just learned that she is pregnant.What would be her optimal weight when she gives birth?

A)130 pounds
B)140 pounds
C)150 pounds
D)160 pounds

Question 48

The most dangerous time for a baby to be exposed to most chemical teratogens is

A)at conception.
B)during birth.
C)at the age of viability.
D)when organs are growing rapidly.

Question 49

Maternal postpartum depression

A)is common (i.e. ,found in about 50 percent of first-time moms).
B)has few long-term effects on a child.
C)tends to be found in individuals with a history of depression.
D)strengthens the infant-maternal attachment.

Question 50

Rubella and syphilis both

A)can be successfully treated with penicillin.
B)have the greatest impact late in the pregnancy.
C)cause heart problems and blindness.
D)are commonly classified as sexually transmitted diseases.

Question 51

Severe perinatal anoxia places a newborn at great risk for

A)Tay Sachs.
B)organogenesis.
C)cerebral palsy.
D)muscular dystrophy.

Question 52

Holly's newborn appears malnourished,has a low birth weight,and is showing withdrawal-like symptoms.Given this description,Holly most likely _____ while she was pregnant.

A)contracted syphilis
B)abused alcohol
C)contracted HIV
D)abused cocaine

Question 53

Who is most at risk for being deaf due to the effects of rubella?

A)Erik,whose mother contracted rubella 8 weeks after he was conceived
B)Thuc,whose mother contracted rubella 18 weeks after he was conceived
C)Hector,whose mother contracted rubella 28 weeks after he was conceived
D)Wade,whose mother contracted rubella 38 weeks after he was conceived

Question 54

Trisha,age 25,is wondering what the best age would be for her to begin a family.If the only consideration is physical (in other words,factors such as emotional readiness are not an issue),her doctor is most likely to respond by saying,

A)"Now would be a perfect time."
B)"You better get working on it,because you only have a few good years left."
C)"It would have been best to start your family sooner."
D)"You would do well to wait until you are in your 30s."

Question 55

Who has experienced anoxia?

A)Alan,whose umbilical cord wrapped around his neck during birth and cut off the oxygen supply to his body
B)Maritza,who was exposed to high levels of radiation while she was an embryo
C)Cedric,whose mother drank five glasses of vodka a day while he was a zygote
D)Yuri,who ate lead paint chips as an infant

Question 56

Which of the following statements regarding C-section deliveries is true?

A)Most mothers prefer this method because it leads to a quicker recovery than a vaginal delivery.
B)Doctors conduct C-sections only when the mother or child's life is at risk.
C)The number of C-sections has steadily and significantly decreased over the past 30 years.
D)C-sections are popular because many parents prefer having a scheduled birth.

Question 57

When Paula's son Alex is born is born in the United States,he tests positive for HIV.Paula wonders what this means for her son's life expectancy.The doctor is most likely to tell her that,Alex will

A)die within a few weeks.
B)live one to two years.
C)have a 50 to 75 percent chance of living to age five.
D)be unlikely to ever die of the complications of AIDS.

Question 58

Moesha has been extremely stressed throughout her pregnancy.Her husband left her,she was laid off from work,and her mother died.Her doctor informs her that the extreme stress she has been under may have caused hormonal secretions of adrenaline that could affect her child.What would be the most likely impact on Moesha's baby?

A)Deafness
B)Impaired vision
C)Mild intellectual disability
D)Increased irritability and crying

Question 59

Which statement about infant mortality rates is FALSE?

A)The current rate is less than 1% in Western,industrialized nations.
B)Medicalization of birth has not impacted the infant mortality rate.
C)The rate is twice as high for black infants than for white infants.
D)In some areas of sub-Saharan Africa,the infant mortality rate is about 15%.

Question 60

Hoshi is an X-ray technician.She takes special care to avoid exposure to radiation in her work environment,because she is trying to get pregnant and she knows that there can be negative effects from exposure to radiation on her baby.Which impact should she be LEAST concerned about?

A)Spontaneous abortion
B)Mutations
C)Cognitive impairment
D)Anoxia

Question 61

Which of the following describes the three processes of brain development in correct order?

A)multiply,change,and move
B)move,change,and multiply
C)change,move,and multiply
D)multiply,move,and change

Question 62

In the final months of pregnancy,the neurons

A)follow programmed routes to a functional location
B)split from clusters to perform distinct functions
C)grow larger and develop a protective jacket
D)eject from a thin coating and begin sending signals

Question 63

Which of the following human activities will NOT be operational during the embryonic period?

A)reflexes
B)digestion
C)reasoning
D)waste removal

Question 64

Which of the following describes the impact of postpartum depression?

A)Mothers with postpartum depression are less responsive to their infants.
B)The children of mothers with postpartum depression will grow up to be sensitive.
C)The children of mothers with postpartum depression are at lower risk of depression.
D)Even if the depression is untreated,there is little long-term impact of postpartum depression.

Question 65

Extremely low-birth-weight infants are

A)defined as having a birth weight of less than three pounds.
B)unlikely to have medical issues that last beyond childhood.
C)at risk for blindness,deafness,and autism.
D)becoming significantly less common.

Question 66

Werner and Smith's longitudinal study of Hawaiian children indicated that the two most important protective factors that help at-risk children overcome their disadvantage are

A)a supportive postnatal environment and continued stress.
B)continued stress and a two-parent household.
C)a two-parent household and high levels of personal resources.
D)high levels of personal resources and a supportive postnatal environment.

Question 67

Which of the following best reflects the dynamic of fetal programming? 

A)linear progression
B)one-time sequence
C)stage-driven process
D)recurring cycle

Question 68

Respiratory problems in premature infants may be the result of their inability to produce enough

A)amnion.
B)stem cells.
C)chorion.
D)surfactant.

Question 69

One of the most striking differences between the treatment of babies by Central African cultures and treatment of infants in Western cultures is the

A)significant amount of time babies are touched in this culture.
B)fact that this culture does not believe in breast feeding.
C)notion that until babies are able to speak,they are considered spirits.
D)this culture heavily stresses the importance of "training schedules."

Question 70

Traffic has been very heavy the past several weeks for the massive migration of neurons.When will traffic finally lighten up?

A)7 weeks after conception
B)10 weeks after conception
C)16 weeks after conception
D)22 weeks after conception

Question 71

Like the Friday night before a long holiday weekend,the massive migration of neurons in the embryo has just begun.At what exit ramp does the first group of neurons turn off to finish their journey? 

A)basal ganglia
B)caudate nucleus
C)cerebral cortex
D)corpus callosum

Question 72

Maureen is frustrated because she seems to be losing her keys and forgetting things more often."What is with my brain?" she often says."There must have been a problem with my ________ way back before I was born."

A)mesoderm
B)ectoderm
C)periderm
D)endoderm

Question 73

Helio,whose girlfriend is currently pregnant,is currently experiencing symptoms of couvade.As such,you would expect him to complain about

A)feeling bloated.
B)hair loss.
C)feeling very energetic.
D)weight loss.

Question 74

Which assisted reproduction technique is associated with having low-birth-weight infants?

A)Ovulation-stimulating drugs
B)In vitro fertilization
C)Artificial insemination
D)Sperm donorship

Question 75

Despite being abused by her mother when she was an infant,Dana has become a mentally healthy adolescent.This successful outcome was to a large extent due to the positive social support provided by Dana's foster family.This story provides an excellent example of the impact of _____ factors.

A)prenatal
B)protective
C)teratogenic
D)genetic

Question 76

Which of the following would NOT be considered an aspect of the physical environment that can play a role in fetal programming?

A)pot smoke in the mother's apartment building
B)frequent gun violence on the mother's street
C)cold and flu medicine ingested by the mother
D)raw sushi the mother eats regularly for lunch

Question 77

Baker was born 34 weeks after conception and weighed eight pounds at birth.If born in the United States,Baker would best be classified as

A)both low birth weight and premature.
B)low birth weight,but not premature.
C)premature,but not low birth weight.
D)neither low birth weight nor premature.

Question 78

Dawn has been feeling very stressed about being pregnant,so she started having a glass of wine and a cigarette to help her calm down.But the baby seems to get agitated and move around when she drinks.This makes Dawn more stressed,so she ends up having another glass of wine and a couple cigarettes to ease her nerves.What is occurring through this process? 

A)teratogen cycling
B)epigenetic differentiation
C)fetal programming
D)reciprocal anoxia

Question 79

Whose fetus is currently experiencing the strongest expansion in number of neurons?

A)Maura,who is 3 weeks pregnant
B)Yelena,who is 11 weeks pregnant
C)Trenelle,who is 18 weeks pregnant
D)Vuoung,who is 24 weeks pregnant

Question 80

Frieda receives an Apgar rating of 8.This means that she

A)is having difficulty breathing.
B)is doing just fine.
C)will likely die without extraordinary intervention.
D)has visual and auditory deficits.