Deck 8: Memory and Information Processing

Question 1

A game show host asks a contestant,"In miles,how far is the Earth from the sun?" The clock begins to tick down as the audience awaits an answer.This task is best classified as an assessment of _____ memory.

A)recognition
B)metamemory
C)recall
D)cued-recall

Answer 1

C

Question 2

As you read this exam question,what would best represent information in your long-term memory?

A)The light waves as they excite the cells in your visual system
B)The words from the question as you read them
C)The words from the possible answers as you repeat them in your head
D)The information you access from last night's study session

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Professor Valdez gives the students in her class a multiple-choice test on constitutional law.This method of assessment requires students to use _____ memory.

A)recall
B)cued-recall
C)repressed
D)recognition

Answer 3

D

Question 4

On a recognition task,a person

A)is presented with a list of alternatives that includes the correct answer.
B)is not presented with the correct answer but is given a hint.
C)is neither presented with the correct answer nor given a hint.
D)must generate the answer completely on his or her own.

Question 5

Ethel looks up the phone number of a gas station and remembers it just long enough to walk over to the telephone and dial.When she is dialing,the information is contained in her

A)sensory register.
B)short-term memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)metamemory.

Question 6

Shirley is introduced to her friend's mother.While Shirley heard the woman's name,she had no idea what the woman's name was immediately after it was spoken.It is most accurate to say that the woman's name

A)never made it past Shirley's sensory register.
B)is trapped in Shirley's short-term memory.
C)is lost in Shirley's long-term memory.
D)could be cued for recall later on if Shirley would relax a bit.

Question 7

The main distinction between short-term memory and working memory is that working memory is

A)larger.
B)unconscious.
C)actively processed.
D)sensory based.

Question 8

A memory that occurs without any conscious effort is best referred to as

A)explicit
B)implicit.
C)scripted.
D)autobiographical.

Question 9

In the information-processing model,the purpose of the sensory register is to

A)briefly hold a piece of information for possible processing.
B)control the activities of long-term memory.
C)retrieve data from short-term memory.
D)develop strategies for storing encoded data.

Question 10

Which statement would best represent a failure of retrieval?

A)I never actually learned that information.
B)I don't know the answer because I never read the textbook.
C)I know the answer,but I just cannot find it in my mind.
D)I would know the answer,but the teacher spoke and I couldn't keep up.

Question 11

An explicit memory

A)always has an emotional component.
B)is deliberately recalled.
C)occurs only after a hint has been given.
D)involves recalling behaviors but not ideas.

Question 12

An information-processing theorist would most likely refer to _____ as being part of the mind's "software."

A)the brain
B)sensory receptors
C)neural connections
D)mental problem-solving strategies

Question 13

The information-processing approach stresses all of the following basic mental processes EXCEPT

A)decision-making.
B)habituation.
C)perception.
D)attention.

Question 14

Which is the best example of a semantic memory?

A)Knowing that Ringo Starr's real name is Richard Starkey
B)Remembering the time you saw the Beatles perform on the Ed Sullivan show
C)Recalling how to play the song "A Hard Day's Night" on the guitar
D)Knowing that the Beatles were a band

Question 15

Most people find that test questions requiring _____ memory are easier to answer than those requiring _____ memory.

A)recall;recognition
B)cued-recall;recognition
C)recognition;recall
D)recall;cued-recall

Question 16

At one time in his life,Edward could name every province in Canada.Somehow this information has disappeared from where it was being held.Information-processing theorists would most likely argue that this is a failure of the _____ system.

A)elaboration
B)storage
C)metamemory
D)encoding

Question 17

Colette is participating in a research study.In the first phase of the study,she is shown a list of 20 French words.She is then asked to count backwards from 50 to 1 by threes.Colette is then asked to write down all of the French words she can remember.She has taken part in a study of _____ memory.

A)explicit
B)implicit
C)cued-recall
D)recognition

Question 18

_____ memories always involve personal experiences.

A)Procedural
B)Episodic
C)Implicit
D)Cued-recall

Question 19

Who would perform better on a recall task than a recognition task?

A)Heather,who is 17
B)Aaron,who is 36
C)Beatriz,who is 68
D)None of the above

Question 20

Which is the best example of an episodic memory?

A)Remembering how to light a candle
B)Recalling the words to the song "Happy Birthday"
C)Recalling your 21st birthday party
D)Naming four kinds of ice cream

Question 21

Cognitive psychologists believe that humans are capable of engaging in "parallel processing." This means that humans can

A)carry out several mental activities at the same time.
B)think about complex issues,like religion.
C)pay selective attention to an event.
D)encode information into long-term memory.

Question 22

Six-month-old Trent saw his dad blink three times when he held a baby bottle.An hour after this occurred,Trent sees a baby bottle and blinks three times.This action would best be described as _____ imitation.

A)deferred
B)implicit
C)serial
D)decentered

Question 23

Which statement concerning memory is true?

A)Explicit memory increases in capacity from infancy through adulthood then declines,while implicit memory capacity peaks in childhood then declines.
B)Explicit memory increases in capacity from infancy through adulthood then declines,while implicit memory capacity is constant across the lifespan.
C)Implicit memory increases in capacity from infancy through adulthood then declines,while explicit memory capacity peaks in childhood then declines.
D)Implicit memory increases in capacity from infancy through adulthood then declines,while explicit memory capacity is constant across the lifespan.

Question 24

While attempting to find his lost toy bear,10-month-old Teddy pulls away a couch cushion and finds the bear he watched his mother hide there 10 minutes earlier.This best demonstrates the use of _____ memory.

A)recognition
B)recall
C)implicit
D)sensory register

Question 25

Your text discusses four major reasons to explain the improved memory and learning abilities in the developing child.Which item below is NOT one of these reasons?

A)Increased knowledge about how memory works
B)An increase in general knowledge about the world
C)A doubling in the size of the brain's working memory
D)Better "software" for effective information retrieval

Question 26

The tendency to keep making the same mistake over and over is referred to as making a(n)_____ error.

A)perseveration
B)mediation
C)utilization
D)organization

Question 27

Carlos has experienced significant damage to his hippocampus.How would this most likely impact his memory?

A)He would not be able to recall events from his childhood.
B)He would have trouble creating new episodic memories.
C)He would not be able to recall who he is.
D)He could recall past events but not past factual information.

Question 28

Which pair best describes the memory abilities of a human infant?

A)Cue-dependent and context-independent
B)Cue-dependent and context-specific
C)Cue-independent and context-independent
D)Cue-independent and context-specific

Question 29

Infants appear to remember best when they experience an event

A)once and are provided with no recall cues.
B)once and are provided with recall cues.
C)repeatedly and are provided with no recall cues.
D)repeatedly and are provided with recall cues.

Question 30

The main purpose of the executive control processor is to

A)store information in long-term memory.
B)collect sensory input from the environment.
C)suppress memories that are too painful.
D)plan and monitor problem-solving.

Question 31

Which statement best exemplifies a "perseveration error"?

A)I have never tried this before,so what the heck.
B)Trial and error is the way to go.
C)It worked in the past so I will keep doing it.
D)I saw someone do this before and I want to try it.

Question 32

The fact that some forms of amnesia destroy explicit memory but not implicit memory indicates that

A)these forms of memory operate independently.
B)implicit memory is learned and explicit is innate.
C)explicit memory develops earlier than implicit memory.
D)long-term memory lacks organization.

Question 33

Older children can learn faster and remember more than younger children because older children typically show a significant increase in

A)the size of their sensory register.
B)selective compensatory strategies.
C)capacity of long-term memory.
D)short term memory capacity.

Question 34

Six-month-old Lacey has been happily listening to her mother Wanda singing for the past 20 minutes.How would Lacey demonstrate habituation?

A)She would eventually become disinterested in her mom's singing.
B)She would attempt to imitate the noise her mother is making.
C)She would become more excited by her mom's singing.
D)She would store the scene in her autobiographic memory.

Question 35

Sarah is presented with the following list of items to memorize: bagel,carrot,ham,corn,hot dog,donut,bread,chicken,peas.Her immediate reaction is to think of the items in the following way: (bagel,donut,bread);(carrot,corn,peas);(ham,hotdog,chicken).This reaction would indicate that Sarah is using the strategy of

A)rehearsal.
B)elaboration.
C)organization.
D)compensation.

Question 36

Allison is attempting to recall the code number that she uses to unlock her high school locker.As she tries different combinations,a part of her consciously keeps track of the combinations of numbers she has already tried.Information-processing theorists would refer to this aspect of Allison's cognitive system as her

A)fuzzy-trace.
B)sensory register.
C)executive control process.
D)implicit memory.

Question 37

What seems to underlie the significant increase in processing speed seen during childhood?

A)Enhanced use of preservation
B)Vastly improved sensory systems
C)A greater reliance on implicit memory
D)Brain maturation

Question 38

Which memory strategy is being used when a long number is memorized by breaking it into manageable subunits each containing three digits?

A)Chunking
B)Mediation
C)Implicit memory
D)Rehearsal

Question 39

Case suggested more advanced stages of cognitive development are made possible because children make better use of the available space in their _____ memory.

A)sensory
B)working
C)long-term
D)implicit

Question 40

Tomas and Val are shopping for groceries.Tomas looks at the list and tells Val,"I'll get the cat food,soap,toilet paper,and flour,and meet you by the lettuce." Tomas takes off,muttering to himself over and over: "Cat food,soap,toilet paper,flour." This best illustrates the use of which memory strategy?

A)Chunking
B)Elaboration
C)Organization
D)Rehearsal

Question 41

Wayne has trouble remembering the last four digits of his new phone number (4422)until he makes the connection that the last two digits are exactly half of the first two digits.Once he makes this connection,he has no trouble remembering the number! This best demonstrates the memory concept of

A)chunking
B)elaboration
C)organization
D)rehearsal

Question 42

Which is NOT an example of metamemory?

A)Knowing the difference between metaphysics and meta-analysis
B)Knowing which memory strategies are most effective for you
C)Knowing which memorization tasks are most difficult for you
D)Being able to plan and control your memory processes as you learn

Question 43

The best example of elaboration is

A)repeating "red,chair,dog" several times.
B)noting "red" and "green" as colors and "chair" and "table" as furniture .
C)noting that the red chair and the green piano remind you of Christmas.
D)seeing the color red but perceiving the color green.

Question 44

Jack knows that he can more easily memorize and recall a list of 10 familiar words than he can 10 unfamiliar words.This knowledge provides an excellent example of

A)short-term memory.
B)chunking.
C)recall memory.
D)metamemory.

Question 45

Eight-year-old Haley has a script for a visit to the doctor's office.Which is the most likely example of her doctor's office script?

A)Enter clinic,tell mom she feels better,sit in waiting room,see doctor,cry
B)Realizing that doctors earn money so that they can buy things
C)Envisioning herself performing brain surgery on a patient
D)Remembering that her favorite television show is also about doctors

Question 46

Lamont has just returned from a trip to Australia.His friend asks,"What was the best food you ate on your trip?" Lamont responds,"Nothing immediately comes to mind.Perhaps if I think back about where I stayed each night I'll be able to remember a great meal." Lamont appears to be attempting to use _____ to improve recall.

A)a retrieval strategy
B)sensory register
C)metamemory
D)implicit memory

Question 47

Samuel teaches his son to serve a tennis ball so the opponent cannot return it.However,his son Jacob appears to not benefit from the advice or understand what is going on.Jacob is best classified as exhibiting a(n)

A)mediation deficiency.
B)utilization deficiency.
C)production deficiency.
D)A-B error.

Question 48

While trying to solve a math problem,Victor is able to come up with a strategy that might work.Unfortunately,Victor's math performance does not improve by using the strategy.This situation best exemplifies

A)autobiographical memory.
B)cued recall.
C)the method of loci.
D)utilization deficiency.

Question 49

Robert Siegler investigated the type of information that a child takes in during a problem-solving task and also what strategies he or she formulates when attempting to solve the problem.Siegler called his model the _____ approach.

A)rule assessment
B)fuzzy-trace
C)autobiographical
D)constraint-seeking

Question 50

Randy is a typical six-year-old and his brother Mark is a typical 16-year-old.How do their information processing skills most likely differ on a memory task?

A)Randy will be able to learn more than Mark if both are given extra time to study for the task.
B)Randy will be more likely to utilize deliberate strategies while Mark will rely on unconscious strategies.
C)Mark will recall both more relevant information and task-irrelevant information.
D)Mark will recall more relevant information and is less likely to recall task-irrelevant information.

Question 51

Rajan has practiced until he is able to remember the population of every country in the world.This ability will most likely

A)increase Rajan's ability to learn foreign words.
B)have little impact on cognitive abilities unrelated to populations.
C)disrupt his autobiographical memories.
D)enhance the size of his sensory register.

Question 52

Ben is trying to explain why his four-year-old son,Henry,cannot recall what happened at a concert they attended two years ago.Ben says,"Henry kind of recalls being at some event with a lot of people and singing,but he has no recollection for any details of the concert." Ben's description best matches the _____ theory of childhood amnesia.

A)fuzzy-trace
B)working memory capacity
C)surfactant
D)constraint-seeking

Question 53

Which is the best example of an autobiographical memory?

A)Recalling that the War of 1812 was fought between the United States and the United Kingdom
B)Recalling the heated argument between you and your mom that broke out at your wedding
C)Thinking about the hot ham sandwich that you are going to have for lunch
D)Understanding that numbers are easier to recall when they are chunked into groups

Question 54

Childhood amnesia is defined as the inability to access _____ memories.

A)all traumatic
B)insignificant
C)autobiographical
D)meta-

Question 55

According to Siegler's "overlapping waves theory," cognitive development is best conceptualized as

A)random in nature.
B)a set of stages.
C)controlled by unconscious factors.
D)a process of variability,choice,and changes.

Question 56

The key to the "fuzzy trace" theory of childhood amnesia is the belief that _____ is/are stored separately in memory.

A)visual and auditory information
B)emotional and behavioral memories
C)verbatim and general accounts of events
D)tactile and spatial events

Question 57

Four-year-old Javier goes to the circus and sees animals that he has never seen before.When asked about the event a year later,Javier is most likely to recall

A)a verbatim account of the event.
B)the overall experience of the event.
C)only the emotional parts of the event.
D)nothing about having gone to a circus.

Question 58

Because she believes in overlapping waves theory,Flavia would most likely argue that her six-year-old daughter,Estella,

A)is in the formal stage of thinking.
B)has multiple problem strategies available to her.
C)cannot recall any event prior to her third birthday.
D)has no recognition memory.

Question 59

As a typical college student,research indicates that Hanna would be most likely to shift her focus to _____ if she suddenly found herself pressed for time when studying for an exam.

A)difficult material
B)easy material
C)semantic material
D)visual material

Question 60

Which high school student is most likely to utilize metacognitive strategies?

A)Ronnie,a boy from a high-income household
B)Dawn,a girl from a low-income household
C)Sid,a boy from a low-income household
D)Cassie,a girl from a high-income household

Question 61

To solve problems,people must be able to both ________ information.

A)encode and buffer
B)consolidate and trace
C)retrieve and manipulate
D)select and recall

Question 62

While walking downtown,Cherie turns a corner and sees a man juggling on stilts.What determines whether this sensory input will be moved to Cherie's short-term memory?

A)its visual interest
B)its perceived value
C)its emotional content
D)its rehearsal stage

Question 63

Which combinations of memory tasks would prove most difficult to the average older individual?

A)Exercised and implicit
B)Unexercised and implicit
C)Exercised and explicit
D)Unexercised and explicit

Question 64

What characteristic distinguishes the three components of the information-processing model of memory?

A)content
B)duration
C)sensory input
D)neural region

Question 65

Since her car accident,Rachel forgets things immediately after they happen.She can watch a movie and right afterwards forget that she saw it.A psychologist would diagnose Rachel as having ________.

A)retrograde amnesia
B)anterograde amnesia
C)episodic amnesia
D)attenuated amnesia

Question 66

Fred is making his famous French pastries for a friend's upcoming party.Because the pastries must be perfect,Fred needs to do remember to do each step of the complicated recipe in order.What part of Fred's memory will work on this aspect of baking? 

A)phonological loop
B)rehearsal module
C)visual-spatial sketchpad
D)episodic buffer

Question 67

Which statement is true regarding recall memory and recognition memory in elderly adults?

A)They are likely to be more deficient in recall than in recognition memory.
B)They are likely to be more deficient in recognition than in recall memory.
C)They are likely to be equally deficient in both types of memory.
D)Neither type of memory diminishes with age (except in extreme cases).

Question 68

Seventy-year-old Qing decides that he cannot remain effective at all types of gambling so he decides to focus only on blackjack,with the hopes that this narrow focus will allow him to perform better in this one area.According to the SOC approach,Qing's decision to abandon other forms of gambling represents

A)selection.
B)optimization.
C)compensation.
D)plasticity.

Question 69

After every class,Nina takes a few minutes to go over her notes and highlight key points from the lecture.By doing this,Nina is helping to facilitate which memory process? 

A)medial buffering
B)systemic consolidation
C)executive buffering
D)synaptic consolidation

Question 70

Prior to entering short-term memory,the information gathered by our senses is ________.

A)categorized
B)enhanced
C)filtered
D)traced

Question 71

Farouk is playing a game of "20 Questions" in which he has to try and guess what his friend Matthew is thinking about.Which of Farouk's inquiries would best exemplify a constraint-seeking question?

A)"Is it an animal?"
B)"Is it green?"
C)"Is it a frog?"
D)"Is it a green frog?"

Question 72

Which statement is accurate about memory strategies and basic processing capacities as one ages?

A)Verbal knowledge begins to show a steep decline beginning around age 50.
B)Holding negative stereotypes concerning memory ability actually leads to improved memory abilities in older adulthood.
C)Memory problems in adulthood are more likely the result of original encoding and not retrieval.
D)Limitations in working memory in older adulthood may be due to the slowing of the nervous system.

Question 73

Which of the following processes would the episodic buffer perform?

A)create links between the sights and sounds of experiences
B)record the sound of experiences into manageable chunks
C)determine the emotional intensity of sensory experiences
D)assign experiences as implicit or explicit memory content

Question 74

Research on autobiographical memory in adulthood has shown that the more _____ an event,the better it will later be recalled.

A)distant
B)emotional
C)negative
D)unique

Question 75

On Wednesdays,when he has three long classes,Delroy always takes a long nap after he gets home.What happens during Delroy's nap to help him retain all the knowledge from the days' classes? 

A)metacognition
B)mediation
C)consolidation
D)compensation

Question 76

As a typical 80-year-old,Irving would have the greatest number of autobiographical memories from his

A)early childhood.
B)teens and 20s.
C)30s and 40s.
D)50s and 60s.

Question 77

Thuy hears a song on the car radio and immediately knows that it will be perfect for her wedding.Once she finds a boyfriend,she will remember the song and play it for him.What part of Thuy's working memory is processing the song before it goes into her long-term memory? 

A)phonological loop
B)rehearsal module
C)visual-spatial sketchpad
D)episodic buffer

Question 78

On an everyday problem such as what to do if you cannot pay your electric bill,_____ tend to out-perform other groups.

A)teenagers
B)young adults
C)middle-aged adults
D)elderly adults

Question 79

With which of the following tasks would older adults have the LEAST problems?

A)A memory task where the material is unfamiliar
B)A task where they are asked to recall rather than recognize names
C)A memory task where they can use well-practiced memory strategies
D)A timed memory task

Question 80

Which of the following terms best reflects the process by which humans store memories?

A)universal
B)subjective
C)standardized
D)random