Deck 3: Host-Microorganism Interactions

Question 1

Cells with a short life span that circulate in blood and tissues and are usually the first cells on the scene of a bacterial invasion are called:

A)monocytes.
B)polymorphonuclear neutrophils.
C)lymphocytes.
D)macrophages.

Answer 1

B
All the cells listed are involved in the body's cellular responses to foreign particles,but neutrophils are short-lived cells that circulate in blood and tissues.

Question 2

A human infection that results from a microorganism that primarily infects animal populations is referred to as a(n)_________ infection.

A)accidental
B)zoonotic
C)secondary
D)vector

Answer 2

B
Some microorganisms primarily infect animal populations but can occasionally infect humans in what is called a zoonotic infection.

Question 3

A bacterium that normally colonizes the skin gains access through a laceration and causes infection.This type of infection is classified as:

A)nosocomial.
B)opportunistic.
C)nonpathogenic.
D)immunogenic.

Answer 3

B
Although bacteria colonize the skin and are nonpathogenic to the host,they have the ability to cause infection if given the opportunity to penetrate the skin barrier and enter the host's system.

Question 4

An example of antibody-mediated immunity is:

A)phagocytosis.
B)macrophage release.
C)T-cell activation.
D)B-cell activation.

Question 5

The persistent survival of microorganisms on a surface of the human body is called a(n):

A)infection.
B)colonization.
C)nosocomial infection.
D)reservoir.

Question 6

Cells that ingest and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles are called:

A)phagocytes.
B)lymphocytes.
C)goblet cells.
D)ciliated cells.

Question 7

The coagulation system serves to:

A)increase blood flow to the area of infection and can also effectively wall off the infection through the production of barrier substances.
B)attract and enhance the activities of phagocytes.
C)provide substances secreted by one type of cell,which have substantial effects on the antiinfective activities of other cells.
D)ingest and destroy microorganisms.

Question 8

Which immune system cells primarily function as antibody producers and originate from stem cells?

A)B lymphocytes
B)T lymphocytes
C)Natural killer cells
D)Neutrophils

Question 9

Biochemicals known as cytokines serve to:

A)increase blood flow to the area of infection and can also effectively wall off the infection through the production of barrier substances.
B)attract and enhance the activities of phagocytes.
C)have substantial effects on the activities of other cells.
D)directly kill gram-negative bacteria.

Question 10

Infectious processes that develop and slowly progress are known as _________ infections.

A)chronic
B)latent
C)acute
D)nosocomial

Question 11

Which immune system cells destroy infected or malignant host cells?

A)B lymphocytes
B)T lymphocytes
C)Natural killer cells
D)Neutrophils

Question 12

Which one of the following statements is true regarding endotoxins?

A)They are produced and released by living bacteria.
B)They are associated with gram-positive bacteria.
C)They interrupt protein synthesis.
D)They are released upon cell death.

Question 13

The antibody that is secreted in various body fluids and primarily protects those body surfaces lined with mucous membranes is:

A)immunoglobulin (Ig)G.
B)IgA.
C)IgM.
D)IgE.

Question 14

Proper hand-washing and hygiene procedures by hospital staff are essential in preventing which types of infections?

A)Chronic
B)Latent
C)Acute
D)Nosocomial

Question 15

Latent infections are those that:

A)develop and progress slowly.
B)develop quickly and end soon.
C)exist as a silent phase in which the agent is causing no notable effect.
D)develop quickly but last long.

Question 16

Which stage of infection is characterized by host deterioration and possibly death?

A)Prodromal
B)Clinical
C)Decline
D)Convalescent

Question 17

The complement system serves to:

A)increase blood flow to the area of infection and can also effectively wall off the infection through the production of barrier substances.
B)attract and enhance the activities of phagocytes.
C)provide substances secreted by one type of cell,which have substantial effects on the antiinfective activities of other cells.
D)ingest and destroy microorganisms.

Question 18

Specific proteins produced by cells of the immune system in response to the presence of foreign molecules that circulate in the serum and are present in secretions such as saliva are called:

A)antigens.
B)immunoglobulins.
C)cytokines.
D)phagogens.

Question 19

Swelling,redness,heat,and pain are all manifestations of:

A)nosocomial infection.
B)inflammation.
C)bacterial colonization.
D)coagulation.

Question 20

Infectious processes that quickly develop are referred to as _________ infections.

A)chronic
B)latent
C)acute
D)nosocomial

Question 21

Following the attachment and invasion of a microorganism,in order to be classified as a disease the microorganism must be capable of:

A)causing inflammation and tissue destruction.
B)creating pain and requiring antibiotic treatment.
C)multiplication and dissemination to deeper tissues.
D)killing the resident microbiota.

Question 22

IgG is the:

A)first antibody produced when an invading microorganism is initially encountered.
B)antibody that is associated with various parasitic infections.
C)antibody that is secreted in various body fluids and primarily protects those body surfaces lined with mucous membranes.
D)second antibody produced when an invading microorganism is initially encountered and the most abundant.

Question 23

This material provides a mechanism for the maintenance of normal human skin that prevents drying and also is involved in the production of an acid pH to prevent the colonization of potentially pathogenic organisms.

A)sweat
B)bacterocins
C)antibodies
D)sebum

Question 24

An individual whose resident normal microbiota overgrows the other indigenous organisms resulting in disease may be a result of:

A)the patient has received antibiotic treatment killing off some of the protective resident microbiota.
B)become immunocompromised or unable to fight off infection in normal conditions.
C)maybe suffering from a debilitating disease resulting in a decreased balance between normal microbiota and pathogenic organisms.
D)all of the scenarios are potentially associated with the development of disease.

Question 25

IgE is the:

A)first antibody produced when an invading microorganism is initially encountered.
B)antibody that is associated with various parasitic infections.
C)antibody that is secreted in various body fluids and primarily protects those body surfaces lined with mucous membranes.
D)second antibody produced when an invading microorganism is initially encountered and the most abundant.

Question 26

The digestive system is considered a natural nonspecific defense system against microorganisms as a result of:

A)the esophagus produces acid that kills microorganisms prior to establishing a gastrointestinal infection.
B)the peristalsis of the intestines prevents attachment of organisms that are capable of surviving the acidic pH of the stomach.
C)most organisms are resistant to the digestion by normal gastrointestinal secretions.
D)the organisms are killed by exposure to saliva and pancreatic secretions before and after leaving the stomach.

Question 27

The major cells that function in the nonspecific immune response for the defense against microorganisms are:

A)dendritic cells.
B)macrophages.
C)lymphcytes.
D)polymorphonuclear cells.

Question 28

Pathogens are able to produce enzymes that directly destroy or inactivate antibodies.These enzymes are referred to as:

A)proteases.
B)nucleases.
C)collagenases.
D)polymerases.

Question 29

The human body is colonized by a variety of bacteria that reside in very specific sites or anatomical locations throughout.These organisms are classified as:

A)opportunistic pathogens.
B)infectious organisms.
C)normal resident organisms.
D)normal human microbiota.

Question 30

IgM is the:

A)first antibody produced when an invading microorganism is initially encountered.
B)antibody that is associated with various parasitic infections.
C)antibody that is secreted in various body fluids and primarily protects those body surfaces lined with mucous membranes.
D)second antibody produced when an invading microorganism is initially encountered and the most abundant.

Question 31

Any microorganism capable of causing infection is considered:

A)microbiota.
B)opportunistic.
C)pathogenic.
D)commensal.

Question 32

Botulism and tetanus have the ability to interfere with neuromuscular functions.The toxins they produce are classified as:

A)endotoxins.
B)enterotoxins.
C)exotoxins.
D)emetic toxins.

Question 33

An outbreak of severe diarrhea occurs in an intensive care wing of a major hospital.As a result,the patients are all screened for colonization and infection by the pathogenic organism.However,not all of the patients identified carrying the organism by phenotypic identification and characterization are displaying symptoms of infection.The reason for this discrepancy is:

A)some patients have a stronger immunity to the pathogenic organism.
B)the patients who are not displaying symptoms have been on antibiotics and the organism has mutated and is no longer pathogenic.
C)the patients are not all infected with the same strain of the organism that is carrying the enteric toxin causing the diarrhea.
D)the laboratory has likely misidentified the organisms.

Question 34

Pathogenic organisms are transmitted through a variety of routes including all of the following except:

A)eating.
B)sexual contact.
C)contaminated food.
D)respiratory droplets.