Question 1

Infectious processes that develop and slowly progress are known as _________ infections.

Accepted Answer

A) chronic 
B) latent 
C) acute 
D) nosocomial 
A) chronic 
B) latent 
C) acute 
D) nosocomial A

Question 2

Cells with a short life span that circulate in blood and tissues and are usually the first cells on the scene of a bacterial invasion are called:

Accepted Answer

A) monocytes. 
B) polymorphonuclear neutrophils. 
C) lymphocytes. 
D) macrophages. 
A) monocytes. 
B) polymorphonuclear neutrophils. 
C) lymphocytes. 
D) macrophages. B

Question 3

Proper hand-washing and hygiene procedures by hospital staff are essential in preventing which types of infections?

Accepted Answer

A) Chronic 
B) Latent 
C) Acute 
D) Nosocomial 
A) Chronic 
B) Latent 
C) Acute 
D) Nosocomial D

Question 4

The digestive system is considered a natural nonspecific defense system against microorganisms as a result of:

Accepted Answer

A) the esophagus produces acid that kills microorganisms prior to establishing a gastrointestinal infection. 
B) the peristalsis of the intestines prevents attachment of organisms that are capable of surviving the acidic pH of the stomach. 
C) most organisms are resistant to the digestion by normal gastrointestinal secretions. 
D) the organisms are killed by exposure to saliva and pancreatic secretions before and after leaving the stomach. 
A) the esophagus produces acid that kills microorganisms prior to establishing a gastrointestinal infection. 
B) the peristalsis of the intestines prevents attachment of organisms that are capable of surviving the acidic pH of the stomach. 
C) most organisms are resistant to the digestion by normal gastrointestinal secretions. 
D) the organisms are killed by exposure to saliva and pancreatic secretions before and after leaving the stomach.

Question 5

The major cells that function in the nonspecific immune response for the defense against microorganisms are:

Accepted Answer

A) dendritic cells. 
B) macrophages. 
C) lymphcytes. 
D) polymorphonuclear cells. 
A) dendritic cells. 
B) macrophages. 
C) lymphcytes. 
D) polymorphonuclear cells.

Question 6

Any microorganism capable of causing infection is considered:

Accepted Answer

A) microbiota. 
B) opportunistic. 
C) pathogenic. 
D) commensal. 
A) microbiota. 
B) opportunistic. 
C) pathogenic. 
D) commensal.

Question 7

Which one of the following statements is true regarding endotoxins?

Accepted Answer

A) They are produced and released by living bacteria. 
B) They are associated with gram-positive bacteria. 
C) They interrupt protein synthesis. 
D) They are released upon cell death. 
A) They are produced and released by living bacteria. 
B) They are associated with gram-positive bacteria. 
C) They interrupt protein synthesis. 
D) They are released upon cell death.

Question 8

The coagulation system serves to:

Accepted Answer

A) increase blood flow to the area of infection and can also effectively wall off the infection through the production of barrier substances. 
B) attract and enhance the activities of phagocytes. 
C) provide substances secreted by one type of cell,which have substantial effects on the antiinfective activities of other cells. 
D) ingest and destroy microorganisms. 
A) increase blood flow to the area of infection and can also effectively wall off the infection through the production of barrier substances. 
B) attract and enhance the activities of phagocytes. 
C) provide substances secreted by one type of cell,which have substantial effects on the antiinfective activities of other cells. 
D) ingest and destroy microorganisms.

Question 9

Which immune system cells destroy infected or malignant host cells?

Accepted Answer

A) B lymphocytes 
B) T lymphocytes 
C) Natural killer cells 
D) Neutrophils 
A) B lymphocytes 
B) T lymphocytes 
C) Natural killer cells 
D) Neutrophils

Question 10

The human body is colonized by a variety of bacteria that reside in very specific sites or anatomical locations throughout.These organisms are classified as:

Accepted Answer

A) opportunistic pathogens. 
B) infectious organisms. 
C) normal resident organisms. 
D) normal human microbiota. 
A) opportunistic pathogens. 
B) infectious organisms. 
C) normal resident organisms. 
D) normal human microbiota.

Question 11

An outbreak of severe diarrhea occurs in an intensive care wing of a major hospital.As a result,the patients are all screened for colonization and infection by the pathogenic organism.However,not all of the patients identified carrying the organism by phenotypic identification and characterization are displaying symptoms of infection.The reason for this discrepancy is:

Accepted Answer

A) some patients have a stronger immunity to the pathogenic organism. 
B) the patients who are not displaying symptoms have been on antibiotics and the organism has mutated and is no longer pathogenic. 
C) the patients are not all infected with the same strain of the organism that is carrying the enteric toxin causing the diarrhea. 
D) the laboratory has likely misidentified the organisms. 
A) some patients have a stronger immunity to the pathogenic organism. 
B) the patients who are not displaying symptoms have been on antibiotics and the organism has mutated and is no longer pathogenic. 
C) the patients are not all infected with the same strain of the organism that is carrying the enteric toxin causing the diarrhea. 
D) the laboratory has likely misidentified the organisms.

Question 12

Infectious processes that quickly develop are referred to as _________ infections.

Accepted Answer

A) chronic 
B) latent 
C) acute 
D) nosocomial 
A) chronic 
B) latent 
C) acute 
D) nosocomial

Question 13

Following the attachment and invasion of a microorganism,in order to be classified as a disease the microorganism must be capable of:

Accepted Answer

A) causing inflammation and tissue destruction. 
B) creating pain and requiring antibiotic treatment. 
C) multiplication and dissemination to deeper tissues. 
D) killing the resident microbiota. 
A) causing inflammation and tissue destruction. 
B) creating pain and requiring antibiotic treatment. 
C) multiplication and dissemination to deeper tissues. 
D) killing the resident microbiota.

Question 14

The persistent survival of microorganisms on a surface of the human body is called a(n):

Accepted Answer

A) infection. 
B) colonization. 
C) nosocomial infection. 
D) reservoir. 
A) infection. 
B) colonization. 
C) nosocomial infection. 
D) reservoir.

Question 15

A bacterium that normally colonizes the skin gains access through a laceration and causes infection.This type of infection is classified as:

Accepted Answer

A) nosocomial. 
B) opportunistic. 
C) nonpathogenic. 
D) immunogenic. 
A) nosocomial. 
B) opportunistic. 
C) nonpathogenic. 
D) immunogenic.

Question 16

An individual whose resident normal microbiota overgrows the other indigenous organisms resulting in disease may be a result of:

Accepted Answer

A) the patient has received antibiotic treatment killing off some of the protective resident microbiota. 
B) become immunocompromised or unable to fight off infection in normal conditions. 
C) maybe suffering from a debilitating disease resulting in a decreased balance between normal microbiota and pathogenic organisms. 
D) all of the scenarios are potentially associated with the development of disease. 
A) the patient has received antibiotic treatment killing off some of the protective resident microbiota. 
B) become immunocompromised or unable to fight off infection in normal conditions. 
C) maybe suffering from a debilitating disease resulting in a decreased balance between normal microbiota and pathogenic organisms. 
D) all of the scenarios are potentially associated with the development of disease.

Question 17

IgE is the:

Accepted Answer

A) first antibody produced when an invading microorganism is initially encountered. 
B) antibody that is associated with various parasitic infections. 
C) antibody that is secreted in various body fluids and primarily protects those body surfaces lined with mucous membranes. 
D) second antibody produced when an invading microorganism is initially encountered and the most abundant. 
A) first antibody produced when an invading microorganism is initially encountered. 
B) antibody that is associated with various parasitic infections. 
C) antibody that is secreted in various body fluids and primarily protects those body surfaces lined with mucous membranes. 
D) second antibody produced when an invading microorganism is initially encountered and the most abundant.

Question 18

An example of antibody-mediated immunity is:

Accepted Answer

A) phagocytosis. 
B) macrophage release. 
C) T-cell activation. 
D) B-cell activation. 
A) phagocytosis. 
B) macrophage release. 
C) T-cell activation. 
D) B-cell activation.

Question 19

Which stage of infection is characterized by host deterioration and possibly death?

Accepted Answer

A) Prodromal 
B) Clinical 
C) Decline 
D) Convalescent 
A) Prodromal 
B) Clinical 
C) Decline 
D) Convalescent

Question 20

IgM is the:

Accepted Answer

A) first antibody produced when an invading microorganism is initially encountered. 
B) antibody that is associated with various parasitic infections. 
C) antibody that is secreted in various body fluids and primarily protects those body surfaces lined with mucous membranes. 
D) second antibody produced when an invading microorganism is initially encountered and the most abundant. 
A) first antibody produced when an invading microorganism is initially encountered. 
B) antibody that is associated with various parasitic infections. 
C) antibody that is secreted in various body fluids and primarily protects those body surfaces lined with mucous membranes. 
D) second antibody produced when an invading microorganism is initially encountered and the most abundant.

Exam 3: Host-Microorganism Interactions

Infectious processes that develop and slowly progress are known as _________ infections.

Cells with a short life span that circulate in blood and tissues and are usually the first cells on the scene of a bacterial invasion are called:

Proper hand-washing and hygiene procedures by hospital staff are essential in preventing which types of infections?

The digestive system is considered a natural nonspecific defense system against microorganisms as a result of:

The major cells that function in the nonspecific immune response for the defense against microorganisms are:

Any microorganism capable of causing infection is considered:

Which one of the following statements is true regarding endotoxins?

The coagulation system serves to:

Which immune system cells destroy infected or malignant host cells?

The human body is colonized by a variety of bacteria that reside in very specific sites or anatomical locations throughout.These organisms are classified as:

Infectious processes that quickly develop are referred to as _________ infections.

Following the attachment and invasion of a microorganism,in order to be classified as a disease the microorganism must be capable of:

The persistent survival of microorganisms on a surface of the human body is called a(n):

A bacterium that normally colonizes the skin gains access through a laceration and causes infection.This type of infection is classified as:

An individual whose resident normal microbiota overgrows the other indigenous organisms resulting in disease may be a result of:

IgE is the:

An example of antibody-mediated immunity is:

Which stage of infection is characterized by host deterioration and possibly death?

IgM is the:

Microbial Taxonomy

Bacterial Genetics, metabolism, and Structure

Laboratory Safety

Specimen Management

Role of Microscopy

Traditional Cultivation and Identification

Nucleic Acid-Based Analytic Methods for Microbial Identification and Characterization

Overview of Immunochemical Methods Used for Organism Detection

Principles of Antimicrobial Action Resistance

Laboratory Methods and Strategies for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, and Similar Organisms

Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Similar Organisms

Bacillus and Similar Organisms

Listeria Corynebacterium and Similar Organisms

Erysipelothrix, Lactobacillus, and Similar Organisms

Nocardia, Streptomyces, Rhodococcus, Oerskovia, and Similar Organisms

Enterobacteriaceae

Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas, and Other Organisms

Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Similar Organisms

Achromobacter, Rhizobium, Ochrobactrum, and Similar Organisms

Chryseobacterium, Sphingobacterium, and Similar Organisms

Alcaligenes, Bordetella Nonpertussis, Comamonas, and Similar Organisms

Vibrio, aeromonas, Plesiomonas Shigelloides, and Chromobacterium Violaceum

Sphingomonas Paucimobilis and Similar Organisms

Moraxella

Eikenella Corrodens and Similar Organisms

Pasteurella and Similar Organisms

Actinobacillus, Kingella, Cardiobacterium, Capnocytophaga, and Similar Organisms

Haemophilus

Bartonella and Afipia

Campylobacter, Arcobacter, and Helicobacter

Legionella

Brucella

Bordetella Pertussis and Bordetella Parapertussis

Francisella

Streptobacillus Moniliformis and Spirillum Minus

Neisseria and Moraxella Catarrhalis

Overview and General Considerations

Laboratory Considerations

Mycobacteria

Obligate Intracellular and Non-culturable Bacterial Agents

Cell Walldeficient Bacteria: Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

The Spirochetes

Overview of the Methods and Strategies in Parasitology

Intestinal Protozoa

Blood and Tissue Protozoa

Protozoa From Other Body Sites

Intestinal Nematodes

Tissue Nematodes

Blood Nematodes

Intestinal Cestodes

Tissue Cestodes

Intestinal Trematodes

Liver and Lung Trematodes

Blood Trematodes

Overview of Fungal Identification Methods and Strategies

Hyaline Molds, Zygomycetes, Dermatophytes, and Opportunistic and Systemic Mycoses

Dematiaceious Molds

Opportunistic Atypical Fungus: Pjirovecii

The Yeasts