Deck 7: Modern Human Diversity Race and Racism

Question 1

Blumenbach argued that degeneration of human types was caused by:​

A)​interracial marriage
B)​striving to be different from one's group of origin
C)​changes in skull types
D)​migrating from one's place of origin

Answer 1

​migrating from one's place of origin

Question 2

Which individual, as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, did the most to combat racism in the United States?​

A)​Franz Boas
B)​Carolus Linnaeus
C)​Ashley Montagu
D)​Samuel Morton

Answer 2

​Franz Boas

Question 3

What racial incident was provoked by reporters covering Jeremy Lin's success as a professional basketball player in the United States?

A)​They used a racial slur to refer to him.
B)​They refused to publish a photo of him.
C)​They would only speak to him in Chinese.
D)​They used him as an example of what is negative about Chinese.

Answer 3

​They used a racial slur to refer to him.

Question 4

Why was Ota Benga brought to the United States?​

A)​to be exhibited at the New York Cultural Museum
B)​to be exhibited at the Museum of Natural History
C)​to be housed in the Bronx Zoo
D)​to be exhibited at the 1904 World's Fair

Question 5

All of the following are true statements except:​

A)​The majority of genetic variation exists within groups.
B)​No one group is genetically distinct for any particular trait.
C)​Differences between individual populations is greater than that between individuals.
D)​Racial categories tend to be devised in an arbitrary manner.

Question 6

For Blumenbach, the term Malay included:​

A)​Europeans and Asians
B)​Pacific Islanders and Sicilians
C)​Indigenous Australians and Pacific Islanders
D)​Europeans and indigenous Australians

Question 7

Human biological variation stems from all of the following except:​

A)​natural selection
B)​random genetic drift
C)​geographic isolation
D)​cultural beliefs

Question 8

Johann Blumenbach formally proposed a notion of:​

A)​race as a social myth
B)​human racial adaptation
C)​relative human equality
D)​a hierarchy of human types

Question 9

All of the following are true about race except:​

A)​Race exists as a social and political category that promotes inequality in some societies.
B)​Biological evidence demonstrates unequivocally that separate human races do not exist.
C)​Scientists disagree on the number of biological human races that exist.
D)​Gene flow throughout evolutionary history has maintained humans as a single species.

Question 10

Ota Benga was put on public display with a/an:​

A)​orangutan
B)​gibbon
C)​gorilla
D)​chimpanzee

Question 11

Which scientist measured skulls to attempt to demonstrate biological superiority of specific groups?​

A)​Johann Blumenbach
B)​Ashley Montagu
C)​Carolus Linnaeus
D)​Samuel Morton

Question 12

The fingerprint pattern of "loops" is associated primarily with:​

A)​sub-Saharan Africans
B)​central Europeans
C)​people of Mongolia
D)​Australian aborigines

Question 13

Early American anthropologists Franz Boas and Ashley Montagu both suffered from what kind of prejudice in their European homelands?​

A)​anti-Quakerism
B)​anti-Arabism
C)​anti-Africanism
D)​anti-Semitism

Question 14

How is human variation, such as skin color, distributed across the species?​

A)​without variation across the species
B)​in a homogeneous fashion
C)​in a continuous fashion
D)​in a punctuated fashion

Question 15

What happened to Ota Benga?​

A)​He was sent back to Africa.
B)​He died in the Bronx Zoo of a heart attack.
C)​He was attacked by wild animals at the Bronx Zoo.
D)​He committed suicide.

Question 16

The 18th-century Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus originally divided humans into subspecies based on:​

A)​immediate ancestry
B)​geographic location
C)​skin color
D)​hair texture

Question 17

Although we use the terms black, white, and race quite frequently:​

A)​they are purely biological
B)​they are purely cultural
C)​they are totally fictive and do not exist
D)​they mean something different to every individual

Question 18

​Who was Ota Benga?

A)​a Twa pygmy man
B)​a Australian aborigine
C)​an Arabian woman
D)​a Polynesian boy

Question 19

The earliest settlers to the United States who came over from England brought an ideology of dehumanization with them from their historical treatment of the:​

A)​Welsh
B)​French
C)​Irish
D)​Germans

Question 20

In what period did European scholars first begin a systematic study of human variation?​

A)​19th/20th centuries
B)​16th/17th centuries
C)​15th century
D)​18th/19th centuries

Question 21

The only kind of test that can reliably sort people biologically into your relatives and nonrelatives is a:​

A)​paternity test
B)​mitochondrial DNA test
C)​molecular DNA test
D)​there is no such test

Question 22

According to the Nuremberg race laws and Nazi policy, all of the following groups were considered to be inferior except:​

A)​homosexuals
B)​Aryans
C)​Jews
D)​Gypsies

Question 23

Which of the following biological aspects is not routinely used to categorize people into racial groupings?​

A)​fingerprints
B)​hair type
C)​skin color
D)​gender

Question 24

In the Original Study "Caveat Emptor: Genealogy for Sale," Jonathan Marks argues that current DNA tests are not very reliable because:​

A)​they include people to whom you are not fully related
B)​they always exclude maternal relatives after about twenty-five generations
C)​they isolate a small percentage of your relatives because we are an inbred species
D)​they only include relatives who descend from Europe and Africa

Question 25

The category of "Ladino" is associated with:​

A)​Australia
B)​sub-Saharan Africa
C)​eastern Europe
D)​central America

Question 26

To understand why the racial approach to human variation has been so unproductive and damaging, we must first understand:​

A)​how symbolic value is attached to race
B)​how race is associated with human hierarchy
C)​race in biological terms
D)​race in social terms

Question 27

Approximately what percentage of unique inborn characteristics can be attributed to any group of people based on biology alone?​

A)​75
B)​50
C)​10
D)​0

Question 28

Intelligence characteristics are:​

A)​inherited as a group of characteristics
B)​independently inherited
C)​inherited based on race
D)​inherited by alternate generations

Question 29

The Nuremberg race laws of 1935 were associated with the deaths of approximately how many people?​

A)​4 million
B)​8 million
C)​17 million
D)​11 million

Question 30

All of the following are stages of genocide except:​

A)​polarization
B)​dehumanization
C)​extermination
D)​exaltation

Question 31

The doctrine of superiority by which one group justifies the dehumanization of others based on their distinctive physical features is:​

A)​elitism
B)​racism
C)​ethnic cleansing
D)​genocide

Question 32

Through genetic analysis in the 1970s, an evolutionary biologist showed that there was a very low percentage of human variation existing among groups seen as racially separate. Who was this individual?​

A)​Samuel Morton
B)​Ashley Montagu
C)​Franz Boas
D)​Richard Lewontin

Question 33

What do we call the practice in the United States of assigning race to the parent believed to pertain to a minority group (known also as the "one drop rule")?​

A)​ethnic derivation rule
B)​clinal distribution
C)​mitochondrial typing
D)​hypodescent rule

Question 34

You share mitochondrial DNA with all of the following except:​

A)​your sister
B)​your mother
C)​your father
D)​your brother

Question 35

Broadly defined "racial" groups differ from one another in what percent of their genes?​

A)​5
B)​11
C)​1
D)​7

Question 36

​All of the following are true of the race concept except:

A)​Genetic difference between individuals are greater than those between groups.
B)​Races are genetically closed.
C)​No particular group has exclusive possession of any gene or genes.
D)​It is a completely arbitrary category.

Question 37

Genocide is:​

A)​a systematic program of extermination of one group by another
B)​a systematic process of classifying individuals solely by gender
C)​a classification system used to isolate recessive genes
D)​a form of systemic classification that creates racism among different classes

Question 38

Which of the following scholars is associated with combating racism?​

A)​Johann Blumenbach
B)​Samuel Morton
C)​Carolus Linnaeus
D)​Ashley Montagu

Question 39

IQ tests typically measure:​

A)​performance
B)​neuron activity
C)​innate intelligence
D)​human capacity

Question 40

Because populations are genetically open:​

A)​there are no barriers, cultural or biological, to human reproduction
B)​there is no such thing as biological variation
C)​there are few fixed racial groups
D)​there are no fixed racial groups

Question 41

Which of the following is highest in naturally occurring vitamin D?​

A)​corn oil
B)​lettuce
C)​chicken
D)​cod liver oil

Question 42

All of the following are true regarding human skin except:​ ​

A)​Selection favored dark skin in human ancestry.
B)​Lightly pigmented skin is likely a recent development in human history.
C)​Lightly pigmented skin is more highly evolved than heavier pigmented skin.
D)​Darker skin better suits the condition of life in the tropics.

Question 43

The epicanthic eye fold is:​

A)​a secondary membrane that covers the cornea of the eye to protect it from dust
B)​a fold of skin at the inner corner of the eye that covers the true corner
C)​a skin fold that is found at the top of the eye causing a large wrinkle
D)​the skewing of the shape of the eye to make it more round and large

Question 44

Which of the following is the best example of a genetic polymorphism?​

A)​ABO blood groups
B)​sickle-cell anemia
C)​trisomy-3
D)​straight hair

Question 45

​Members of the genus Homo were almost exclusively creatures of the tropics until about:

A)​200,000 years ago
B)​1 million years ago
C)​800,000 years ago
D)​400,000 years ago

Question 46

​Members of the genus Homo have primarily adapted through culture over the past:

A)​50,000 years
B)​1.5 million years
C)​2.5 million years
D)​7.7 million years

Question 47

The distribution of a single, genetically based characteristic related to adaptation is called a:​

A)​thrifty gene
B)​genetic arbitrator
C)​cline
D)​polymorphism

Question 48

Where do we find an adaptive advantage associated with dark skin?​

A)​wooded areas
B)​high-altitude areas
C)​northern areas
D)​tropical areas

Question 49

Melanin has the primary function of:​

A)​coloring the skin to represent one's race
B)​protecting the skin against solar radiation
C)​providing vital oils to skin exposed to sun
D)​helping skin regrow and develop

Question 50

In 2014, the American Psychological Association in concert with various researchers concluded all of the following about race and intelligence except:​

A)​There is a bias in IQ testing based on social class.
B)​Collating racial data with intelligence data is doubly false.
C)​IQ is clearly biologically fixed and immutable.
D)​Historically, IQ has risen in various groups worldwide since the mid-1900s.

Question 51

The earliest members of the genus Homo likely had:​ ​

A)​blue eyes
B)​dark skin
C)​blood type A
D)​straight hair

Question 52

Which of the following is an enzyme found in the small intestine that enables the digestion of milk sugar?​

A)​lactose
B)​lactase
C)​mestase
D)​lactame

Question 53

In northern latitudes people have less melanin to promote the manufacture of which vitamin?​

A)​E
B)​D
C)​A
D)​C

Question 54

Lactose intolerance is associated with what percentage of adults worldwide?​

A)​25
B)​85
C)​60
D)​75

Question 55

What natural element is vital to the body's ability to make vitamin D?​

A)​iron
B)​sunshine
C)​chlorinated water
D)​selenium

Question 56

In times of scarcity, individuals with the thrifty genotype conserve:​

A)​nitrogen and glucose
B)​glucose and fat
C)​fat and nitrogen
D)​glucose only

Question 57

The Biocultural Connection in this chapter explores the prevalence of plastic surgery among those of East Asian descent as they seek to alter their phenotypic appearance. What type of phenotypic characteristic do they seek to change?​

A)​epicanthic eye fold
B)​small feet
C)​shape of the nose
D)​polytypic cheekbones

Question 58

Which of the following groups has the highest percentage of type A blood?​ ​

A)​Mapuche Indians of Argentina
B)​Chippewa Indians of the United States
C)​Maya Indians of Mexico
D)​Saami (Laplanders) of Finland

Question 59

What is the primary purpose of vitamin D in humans?​ ​

A)​to develop acute eyesight
B)​to maintain the balance of calcium in the body
C)​to prevent the development of respiratory illnesses
D)​to enhance the production of collagen for hair

Question 60

Structural violence can best be described as:​

A)a systematic extermination of a group of people based solely on their race, gender, and religious affiliation
B)​physical and psychological harm caused by an exploitative, impersonal, and unjust social, political, and economic system
C)​a political system that classifies individuals in order to deny them access to resources and authority
D)​a doctrine of superiority that leads to the dehumanization of a group of people based on their cultural practices and physical race

Question 61

BPA (bisphenol-A) has recently been associated with higher rates of:​

A)​obesity
B)​heart disease
C)​diabetes
D)​measles

Question 62

Franz Boas believed that inferior races could progress.​

Question 63

What percentage of the United States population is considered to get little exercise and be overweight?​

A)​25
B)​37
C)​43
D)​61

Question 64

Race has no objective scientific merit.​

Question 65

What is the thrifty genotype?​

A)​a genotype that is associated directly with dairying people
B)​a genotype that makes all people obese
C)​a genotype that allows people to work longer at food production tasks
D)​a genotype that permits the efficient storage of fat for times of food scarcity

Question 66

All of the following are linguistically linked in Arabic, denoting perceived cultural connections, except:​

A)​fava beans
B)​peanuts
C)​soybeans
D)​almonds

Question 67

All of the following are examples of cultural practices acting as an agent for biological selection except:​

A)​people diagnosed with diabetes taking a medicine prescribed by physicians become as biologically fit as anyone else
B)​people of low financial status who are unable to purchase medication prescribed by physicians affecting biological fitness
C)​an inherited trait that affects biological fitness
D)​greater lactose tolerance in populations contributing significantly to diet

Question 68

President Obama illustrates the social nature of race and how social barriers change over time. His parents were:​

A)​a Luo father from western Kenya and an Anglo-American mother from Kansas
B)​a Maasai father from Kenya and a Caucasian mother from Mississippi
C)​an Anglo-American father from Nebraska and an African American mother from New York
D)​a Twa father from Gambia and an Asian mother from Hawaii

Question 69

Why did the United States adopt the policy of hypodescent?​

A)​By conflating the cultural and biological, the United States used this policy historically to discriminate.
B)​This policy was primarily in place as a way to encourage families to produce more children across perceived racial lines.
C)​Primarily applied to limit economic transactions across racial groups, it, instead, served to create a caste system in the United States.
D)​Hypodescent was used during the epoch of slavery as a way to prevent social and reproductive interaction between the races.

Question 70

Globally, the vast majority of adults cannot digest:​

A)​peanuts
B)​milk
C)​fava beans
D)​sugars

Question 71

Today, in the United States, there are skyrocketing rates of all of the following conditions due to lifestyle practices except:​

A)​heart disease
B)​diabetes
C)​obesity
D)​albinism

Question 72

The dietary staple consumed in Mediterranean countries where malaria is common is:​

A)​pinto bean
B)​fava bean
C)​milk
D)​prickly pear

Question 73

Race is a social myth that argues that humans form different subspecies groups based on phenotypic expressions.​

Question 74

In colonial Mexico, individuals were labeled by various versions of ancestry referred to as:​

A)​castas
B)​clases
C)​lineas
D)​mulattos

Question 75

Ota Benga was an African man who worked at the Bronx Zoo to earn a living.​

Question 76

Today, scientists believe that the high rate of diabetes found within many American Indian groups is primarily due to:​

A)​the thrifty gene
B)​diet and exercise
C)​genetic predisposition
D)​mitochondrial DNA

Question 77

A high retention of lactase is found in populations with a long tradition of:​

A)​herding
B)​fishing
C)​foraging
D)​hunting

Question 78

Which individuals are at greatest risk from exposure to BPA chemical compounds in plastics?​

A)​infants
B)​adolescents
C)​lactating mothers
D)​adult men

Question 79

Fava beans provide protection against:​

A)​measles
B)​malaria
C)​mumps
D)​chicken pox

Question 80

​Race does not function as a social or political category that promotes inequality because there is no objective scientific merit for race.​