Deck 19: Innate Host Defenses Against Microbial Invasion

Question 1

Which of these results in immunological memory?

A) The innate immune response.
B) The adaptive immune response.
C) The non-specific immune response.
D) Passive immunity from mother to offspring.
E) Immune mechanisms present at birth.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A component often added to vaccines to enhance the immune response to microbial components in the vaccine.

A) stimulant
B) complement
C) adjuvant
D) pyrogen
E) antagonist

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Vasodilation is the increase in the diameter of blood vessels.Which of the following does NOT cause vasodilation?

A) lysozyme
B) the inflammatory response
C) histamine
D) prostaglandins
E) serotonin

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of these most directly can lead to septic shock?

A) A pathogen invades the bloodstream.
B) The inflammatory response spreads through the entire body.
C) The pathogen infects a vital organ.
D) The inflammatory response is repressed.
E) An infection is established in deep tissue.

Question 5

Which of these is an example of "non-sterile immunity"?

A) The complete destruction of the measles virus by the immune system response.
B) The removal of a toxin from the body by a specific antibody response.
C) Preventing the spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by encasing it in tubercles in the lungs.
D) Immunization against the polio virus for the development of a quick immune response to destroy the virus.
E) Immune recognition and destruction of a Rhinovirus strain to which a person was previously exposed.

Question 6

The inflammatory response will sometimes produce a fever.Why is fever considered a defense mechanism?

A) Fever slows the body's metabolism.
B) Fever decreases the inflammatory response.
C) Fever prevents a person from becoming cold.
D) Fever inhibits or decreases pathogen growth.
E) Fever stimulates antibody production.

Question 7

All of the following are clinical signs of inflammation at the site of injury EXCEPT:

A) swelling.
B) heat.
C) constriction of blood vessels.
D) redness.
E) formation of pus.

Question 8

Which one of the following is NOT a nonspecific natural defense barrier against microbial invasion?

A) ciliated epithelial cells
B) lysozyme
C) mucus
D) antimicrobial peptides
E) antibodies

Question 9

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)recognize PAMPs and play an important role in non-specific surveillance of foreign microbe recognition.What organisms contain PRRs besides humans? (Pick most complete answer.)

A) other vertebrates
B) vertebrates and invertebrates
C) vertebrates and plants
D) plants and invertebrates
E) other vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants

Question 10

Which is an example of innate immunity?

A) The development of a specific antibody response.
B) An immunization.
C) The development of a specific cell mediated response.
D) The removal of a bacterial cell in the lungs by a resident macrophage.
E) A quick immune response against an influenza virus because of a previous exposure.

Question 11

What are toll-like receptors (TLRs)?

A) PAMPs found in invertebrates.
B) PAMPs found in vertebrates.
C) PRRs found in vertebrates and invertebrates.
D) PRRs found only in vertebrates.
E) PAMPs found in vertebrates and invertebrates.

Question 12

What is the term for small proinflammatory protein molecules that are secreted by various cells to signal other cells of the immune system?

A) lactoferrins
B) cytokines
C) immunogens
D) antigens
E) defensins.

Question 13

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)are molecular signatures of microbes that are easily recognized by a host as being of foreign origin.Which of the following is NOT an example of a PAMP?

A) lipopolysaccharide
B) membrane-associated ETS protein
C) lipid A
D) teichoic acid
E) mannose of yeast cell walls

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a natural defense barrier against infection of the small intestine?

A) large numbers of resident microbes
B) bile salts
C) peristalsis
D) mucus
E) antimicrobial peptides

Question 15

In vertebrates,TLRs are found on the surface of many types of cells.On which of these cells would you NOT expect to find TLRs?

A) red blood cells
B) monocytes
C) macrophages
D) neutrophils
E) dendritic cells

Question 16

TLR-3 recognizes double-stranded RNA.The presence of double stranded RNA in a cell usually indicates the cell is infected by which of these?

A) a Gram negative bacterium
B) an RNA virus
C) a Gram positive bacterium
D) a protozoan
E) yeast

Question 17

All of the following are important properties of the skin that help protect us against pathogen colonization EXCEPT:

A) our resident microbial population.
B) keratinized epithelial cells on the surface.
C) a layer of oil above the epidermis.
D) high skin temperature.
E) moderately acidic (pH 5) environment.

Question 18

What are the most numerous white blood cells in the body?

A) eosinophils
B) lymphocytes
C) neutrophils
D) basophils
E) monocytes

Question 19

Which one of the following is NOT part of the mucosal surface defense barrier against microbial invasion?

A) lysozyme
B) keratinized cells
C) ciliated epithelial cells
D) lactoferrin
E) mucus

Question 20

An example of a secreted PRR is mannose-binding lectin.What is a lectin?

A) A lipid that binds proteins.
B) A carbohydrate that binds proteins.
C) A carbohydrate that binds carbohydrates.
D) A protein that binds carbohydrates.
E) A protein that binds other proteins.

Question 21

Type one interferons play a major role in combating which of these infections?

A) protozoans
B) Gram negative bacteria
C) Gram positive bacteria
D) viruses
E) yeasts.

Question 22

Which of these would induce the liver to produce C-reactive protein?.

A) A Gram positive bacterial infection.
B) Inflammation.
C) Complement activation.
D) Phagocytosis.
E) The presence of mannose.

Question 23

Which of the following is true of complement?

A) They are a large group of serum proteins.
B) They are a type of antibody.
C) They are mainly produced by macrophages.
D) They are mainly produced by lymphocytes.
E) They are considered to be a PAMP.

Question 24

Term for the coating of a microbial surface by PRRs,complement,and/or antibodies for the enhancement of phagocytosis.

A) marking
B) recognition
C) opsonization
D) adjuvant
E) endocytosis

Question 25

The classical pathway of complement activation starts with the binding of C1 to the surface of the microbe by recognition of ANY of the following on the pathogen surface EXCEPT:

A) C-reactive protein.
B) bound antibody.
C) mannose-binding lectin.
D) LPS of Gram negative bacteria.
E) teichoic acids of Gram positive bacteria.

Question 26

Septic shock may be induced by exposure to a large amount of LPS.

Question 27

The C3b fragment is produced as a result of complement activation.C3b acts as a PRR by recognizing and binding to cell wall components of microbes.What will be the result of this binding?

A) Stimulation of antibody production.
B) The start of a membrane attack complex.
C) Enhancement of phagocytosis.
D) Chemical attraction of lymphocytes.
E) Stimulation of the inflammatory response.

Question 28

What is a hemocyte?

A) A type of phagocytic red blood cell.
B) An antibody producing cell found in invertebrates.
C) A major phagocyte found in insects.
D) A complement producing cell in the bloodstream.
E) Macrophages found in the liver.

Question 29

Iron is usually freely available in the body for access by invading pathogens.

Question 30

Natural Killer (NK)cells specialize in destroying these.

A) fungi
B) protozoa
C) parasitic worms
D) pathogen infected cells
E) viruses

Question 31

Neutrophils are commonly referred to as _________________ because of their odd shaped nucleus.

A) monocytes
B) lymphocytes
C) dendritic cells
D) polymophonuclear leukocytes
E) multinuclear leukocytes

Question 32

What is the action of the granzymes released by Natural Killer cells?

A) To lyse pathogen infected cells.
B) To induce apoptosis in pathogen infected cells.
C) To enhance phagocytosis.
D) To produce pores in the pathogen membrane.
E) To destroy parasitic worms.

Question 33

Iron deficiency may protect the body against certain pathogens.

Question 34

Macrophages are phagocytic cells found in certain body tissues.Macrophages are differentiated from which of these cells?

A) monocytes
B) basophils
C) lymphocytes
D) eosinophils
E) neutrophils

Question 35

During the process of phagocytosis,microbes are contained within the phagosome.The phagosome fuses with vesicles in the cell that contain components for the destruction and degradation of the microbe.Which one of the following strategies is NOT used to destroy the phagocytized microbe?

A) degradation by enzymes
B) inactivation by acidification
C) lysis via membrane pores
D) destruction by antibodies
E) destruction by toxic oxygen radicals

Question 36

The invertebrate immune response involves ALL of the following EXCEPT:

A) phagocytic amoebocytes.
B) antimicrobial peptides.
C) antibody producing B-cells.
D) opsonization of microbes by lectins.
E) melanin encapsulation of microbes.

Question 37

What is the main function of eosinophils?

A) To cause hay fever.
B) To protect against helminths.
C) To protect against fungi.
D) To stimulate the inflammatory response.
E) To protect against bacteria.

Question 38

Macrophages are neutrophils that have undergone differentiation once they enter tissue.

Question 39

When the antibody class IgE binds to mast cells or basophils,what does it stimulate them to do?

A) enhance phagocytosis
B) produce more antibody
C) undergo degranulation
D) activate complement
E) differentiate into lymphocytes

Question 40

The classical pathway of complement activation is initiated through the recognition of bound antibody to antigen on the microbe surface.

Question 41

A special type of endocytosis whereby large particles or cells are taken into a cell enclosed in an endosome for digestion is called __________________.

Question 42

How do toll-like receptors (TLRs)function to recognize foreign cells in the body?

Question 43

A component often added to vaccines to stimulate the immune response to pathogen components in the vaccine is called a/an _____________

Question 44

________ ________ receptors are an important group of PRRs that recognize specific PAMPs.

Question 45

If an individual is resistant to infection and disease development by a specific pathogen,the person is said to be _______________ to the infectious agent.

Question 46

Describe the natural defenses found in the stomach,small intestine,and large intestine that act as barriers to infection.

Question 47

What are the visible signs of inflammation and what causes these symptoms?

Question 48

NK cells can recognize and destroy cancer cells.

Question 49

Insects are able to produce antimicrobial peptides to protect themselves from some pathogens.

Question 50

The body's programmed nonspecific response to tissue injury is called ___________________.