Deck 4: Carbohydrate: the Efficient Fuel

Question 1

The most significant dietary influence on the development of dental caries is:

A) fermentable carbohydrates.
B) vitamins.
C) minerals.
D) fats.
E) proteins.

Answer 1

fermentable carbohydrates.

Question 2

Photosynthesis of carbon dioxide and water results in the formation of a carbohydrate called galactose. A carbohydrate can be referred to as a hydrated carbon.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Answer 2

The first statement is true; the second is false.

Question 3

Which of the following factors is least likely to influence the cariogenic potential of food?

A) Frequency of meals and snacks
B) Consistency of food
C) Temperature of food
D) Retention time of fermentable carbohydrate
E) Position of cariogenic food in a meal

Answer 3

Temperature of food

Question 4

Galactose, a sugar alcohol called xylitol that is produced from sugar beets, does not contribute tooth decay because oral bacteria lack the enzymes to ferment xylitol.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 5

Glycogen, also known as cellulose, is the carbohydrate storage form of energy in humans. Large reserves of glycogen are stored in the kidney and liver as adipose tissue.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 6

Which consumption pattern of fermentable carbohydrate is considered most cariogenic?

A) A single exposure to a large quantity
B) A single exposure to a small quantity
C) Multiple exposures of small quantities
D) Multiple exposures of followed by chewing sugarless gum

Question 7

Which one of the following food groups in MyPyramid provides the least amount of carbohydrates to the diet?

A) Milk, cheese, and yogurt
B) Bread, cereal, rice, and pasta
C) Meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs, and nuts
D) Vegetables

Question 8

Dietary fiber is digested and absorbed in the stomach. Resistant starch, a form of dietary fiber, functions as a prebiotic and helps with regularity.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 9

Which of the following is least likely to be found free in nature?

A) Galactose
B) Fructose
C) Glucose
D) Maltose

Question 10

Dietary fiber refers to digestible components of food that include polysaccharides, lignin, whole grains, and seeds. Sources or dietary fiber usually contain other macronutrients, but vitamin and mineral components must be obtained through food processing.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 11

Carbohydrates are referred to as protein-derived because their most efficient function is conversion of protein to monosaccharide for utilization as an energy source.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 12

Which monosaccharide is the most sweet?

A) Glucose
B) Dextrose
C) Fructose
D) Sucrose

Question 13

Complex carbohydrates contain more than 10 monosaccharides. Complex carbohydrates are also called disaccharides.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 14

Sucrose, lactose, and fructose can be metabolized by bacterial plaque. Fructose, also known as levulose and found naturally in honey, is less cariogenic than sucrose and lactose.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 15

Each of the following is true of polysaccharides except one. Which one is the exception?

A) They are complex carbohydrates.
B) They contain more than 10 monosaccharides.
C) Cooking decreases the digestive process of some polysaccharides.
D) Some polysaccharides have a role in energy storage.

Question 16

It is well established that removing sucrose from the diet results in significant reduction of dental caries. Although the total elimination of sweets permanently is unrealistic, the best advice includes consuming sugar in moderation and limiting the frequency of sugar exposure.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 17

Sucrose, lactose, and fructose can result in demineralization of tooth enamel because they rapidly diffuse into plaque biofilm and raise pH levels.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 18

Starches are insoluble in cold water because the cell wall is composed of long straight tightly bound chains of glucose units.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 19

Sugar substitutes can reduce energy content and decrease cariogenicity of a product. Used in moderation, sugar substitutes are beneficial.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 20

Each of the following statements describes aspect of ketosis except one. Which one is the exception?

A) An accumulation of ketones in the blood results in ketosis.
B) Incomplete oxidation of fatty products results in ketosis.
C) Ketones are normal products of lipid metabolism in the liver.
D) Glucose interferes with the ability of muscles to utilize ketones for energy.
E) Oxidation of fats requires the presence of some carbohydrates.

Question 21

A patient would like to increase glycogen stores. Which food could you suggest?

A) Beef
B) Fish
C) Donuts
D) Dried beans

Question 22

Which of the following foods provides the most fiber?

A) 3 oz of pot roast withcup gravy
B) cup of brown and wild rice blend
C) 1 medium orange
D) 1 whole grain bagel

Question 23

High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) has been used primarily in carbonate beverages and fruit preparations because sugar alcohols are thought to decrease the risk of dental caries.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 24

While counseling a patient about the benefits of fiber, each of the following suggestions are correct except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Fiber increases the stool bulk.
B) Fiber provides muscle tone for digestive muscles.
C) Fiber enables increased colonic pressure.
D) Fiber slows starch hydrolysis.

Question 25

Each of the following is associated with increased dental erosion except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Frequent consumption of acidic beverages
B) Increased salivary flow
C) Prolonged holding of food in the mouth
D) Mouth breathing

Question 26

Each of the following nonnutritive sweeteners can be recommended to patients with phenylketonuria except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Cyclamate
B) Acesulfame-K
C) Saccharine
D) Aspartame
E) Sucralose

Question 27

Snacks contribute significantly to the nutritional intake of young children and teenagers. Approximately 50% of commonly consumed snack foods contain fermentable carbohydrates.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 28

If a patient complains of diarrhea, which of the following carbohydrates is most likely to be the culprit?

A) Sorbitol
B) Sucrose
C) Mannose
D) Pentose
E) Aspartame

Question 29

Each of the following statements is correct about high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Among other names, HFCS has been labeled "the devil's candy" by the lay press.
B) HFCS is composed of glucose and glucose polymers.
C) HFCS is sweeter than regular corn syrup.
D) The USDA gas stated that HFCS can be labeled as a natural ingredient.

Question 30

Which of the following snacks would the best choice for a dental hygienist to recommend to reduce the risk of dental caries?

A) Peanut butter and crackers
B) Cheese cubes
C) Caramel candy
D) Raisins

Question 31

During pregnancy, saccharin is safe to recommend because nonnutritive sweeteners do not cross the placental barrier.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 32

Carbohydrates alone do not cause obesity. Excessive caloric intake and inadequate energy output are the primary causes of obesity.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 33

As the frequency of fermentable carbohydrate intake increases, the pH of plaque decreases. A fermentable carbohydrate that can reduce salivary pH to less than 7.5 is considered cariogenic.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 34

Which of the following animal-derived foods contains the most significant level of carbohydrates?

A) Egg
B) Beef
C) Milk
D) Poultry

Question 35

Which carbohydrate is the least cariogenic?

A) Sucrose
B) Glucose
C) Lactose
D) Fructose
E) Fiber

Question 36

Each of the following statements is true of sugar substitutes except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Sugar substitutes have beneficial ramification for dental hygiene.
B) Consumption of caloric sweeteners is increasing faster than that of low-calorie sweeteners.
C) Nonnutritive sweeteners make some foods more palatable.
D) Each sweetener has different properties.

Question 37

Each of the following would be a good source of soluble fiber to recommend to a patient with diarrhea except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Bran
B) Apples
C) Ripe bananas
D) Legumes

Question 38

Each of the following statements is true of sugar alcohols except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Xylitol is anticariogenic because oral bacteria cannot ferment it.
B) Sugar alcohols can inhibit growth of S. mutans.
C) Sugar alcohols can prevent the lowering of plaque biofilm pH.
D) Lactitol is twice as sweet as sucrose.

Question 39

Viscous fibers, also referred to as soluble fibers, delay gastric emptying because their gel-forming ability increases the viscosity of chyme.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 40

Which one of the following provides the most fructose?

A) Milk
B) Fruits
C) Cereals
D) Vegetables

Question 41

Ideal foods to recommend to patients to increase their fiber intake include all of the following except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Fruits with skins
B) Unbuttered popcorn
C) Carrots
D) Oatmeal cookies
E) Whole-grain crackers

Question 42

When carbohydrates are eliminated from the diet to lose weight, which nutrients are most likely to become insufficient?

A) Iron, fiber, and protein
B) Iron, fiber, and vitamin K
C) Vitamin A and vitamin C
D) Iron, fiber, and B vitamins

Question 43

Increasing whole grains in the diet can lead to improved gastrointestinal and cardiovascular health. Although increasing whole grains can improve periodontal conditions, it has insignificant impact on caries rates.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 44

Vegetables such as lettuce, celery, and broccoli have the potential to cause acid production or demineralization of enamel because they contain carbohydrate.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 45

MyPlate includes a separate section for sugars because high sugar consumption equates with a poor quality diet.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 46

Nonessential amino acids are produced by the liver. Portions of the carbon framework from the sugar molecule and oxidized fats are utilized in this process.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 47

Carbohydrate metabolism requires an adequate supply of B vitamins and two minerals-calcium and magnesium. Usually, adequate amounts of nutrients accompany carbohydrate intake except when refined sugars and breads are the predominant choices.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 48

Dietary fiber, especially hemicellulose and cellulose, is furnished by grain products such as wheat, corn, rice, and oats. The fiber content of foods claiming "whole-grain" must have more than 5 g of fiber per serving.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 49

For individuals with diabetes, a blood glucose level before meals that is greater than 130 mg/dL is considered hypoglycemic. A blood glucose level that is less than 70 mg/dL is hyperglycemia.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.