Deck 7: Use of the Energy Nutrients: Metabolism and Balance

Question 1

During the last trimester of pregnancy, the BMR increases approximately 15% to 30%. The amount of energy necessary to produce milk for lactation can increase the BMR 40%.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Answer 1

Both statements are true.

Question 2

During oxidation of triglycerides, 1 lb of fat results in 1000 kcal of energy. Ketones are formed when excessive amounts of fat are oxidized for energy.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Answer 2

The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 3

The major waste product of protein catabolism is ammonia. The liver converts ammonia to urea to be excreted by the kidneys.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Answer 3

Both statements are false.

Question 4

In addition to producing excessive water within cells, ketoacidosis is a dangerous condition because the brain and nerve cells use ketones for some of their fuel requirements when glucose levels remain low for several days.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 5

Thyroxine, produced by the thyroid gland, has a greater influence on the basal metabolic rate (BMR) than secretions from any other gland. The pituitary gland accounts for a 15% to 20% increase in the BMR during growth of children and adolescents.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 6

Hormones stimulate, but do not retard, the functions of other cells. Hormones act as messengers that principally control metabolic functions that affect the skeletal muscular and nervous systems.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 7

During which period of life is the basal metabolic rate (BMR) the highest?

A) The neonatal period
B) Birth through 2 years of age
C) During the first 2 to 3 months of puberty
D) During the early geriatric years

Question 8

During times of low caloric intake, high-protein diets successfully build muscle mass because this type of diet utilizes the amino acid metabolic pool to stimulate anabolism of muscle.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 9

Each of the following is a function of the liver except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Regulatory control of nutrients in the bloodstream
B) Conversion of monosaccharides to triglycerides
C) Breakdown of polysaccharide glycogen into glucose
D) Oxidation of digestive end products to provide energy

Question 10

The macronutrients supplying physiologic energy are carbohydrate, protein, fat, and alcohol. After conversion to glycogen and glycerol, these basic nutrient units are delivered to the cells.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 11

Each of the following accurately describes aspects of lipid metabolism except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Insulin increases fat synthesis.
B) The liver regulates fat metabolism and lipoprotein.
C) Modification of fatty acids deactivates their properties.
D) Liver metabolism results in triglycerides being transported to tissues for energy and other uses.

Question 12

The best source for assuring optimal glycogen stores is:

A) carbohydrates.
B) proteins.
C) fats.
D) glycerol.
E) amino acids.

Question 13

For adults of all ages, one to two alcoholic drinks daily results in the lowest mortality rate because moderate alcohol consumption provides protective effects on the cardiovascular system.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 14

Metabolic rate is lowest:

A) after a few hours of sleep.
B) immediately upon waking.
C) after 5 to 6 hours of deep sleep.
D) during the first few moments after falling asleep.

Question 15

Each of the following is true of metabolic interrelationships except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Carbohydrates can be used in forming nonessential amino acids.
B) Glucose can be converted to fatty acids and some amino acids.
C) Proteins contribute to synthesis of some lipids.
D) The glycerol from triglycerides can be used for synthesis of carbohydrates.

Question 16

The liver performs each of the following actions upon cholesterol except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Produces cholesterol
B) Converts cholesterol to urea
C) Removes cholesterol from the blood
D) Uses cholesterol to make bile salt

Question 17

Many patients gain weight after age 25 because the BMR decreases and previous eating habits are maintained without increasing activity.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 18

Catabolism is also called the Krebs cycle. During the Krebs cycle glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are converted to a usable form of energy.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 19

Symptoms of hypoglycemia include all of the following except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Weakness
B) Light-headedness
C) Flushed color
D) Rapid, shallow breathing
E) Confusion

Question 20

Regardless of whether excessive food intake is in the form of protein, carbohydrate, alcohol, or fat, most excess energy intake is stored in the liver. Fat is a good source of energy, but protein is the preferred fuel.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 21

Many have hypothesized that the use of noncaloric sweeteners can result in increased caloric intake, because the body's ability to discern that the taste and feel of food in the mouth are providing caloric intake becomes diminished.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 22

Each of the following is a symptom of type 1 diabetes mellitus except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Polydipsia
B) Polyphagia
C) Polyuria
D) Ketoacidosis
E) Weight gain

Question 23

The relationship between exercise and food intake is unclear. Generally, acute exercise increases food intake after the activity, whereas regular exercise decreases food intake.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 24

Each of the following is true of type 2 diabetes except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Body mass index greater than 27 kg/m² is a risk factor.
B) Obesity and sedentary lifestyle are risk factors.
C) Increased fat stores cause some degree of insulin resistance.
D) Inadequate insulin is a major cause.

Question 25

Dental hygienists should counsel patients on weight control when they recommend that a patient quit smoking because this is within the scope-of-practice.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 26

Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as juvenile diabetes because adults do not develop this disease.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 27

Each of the following is true of energy expenditure as it relates to control of weight except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Obese women have a similar or higher metabolic rate than thinner women do.
B) Activity level seems to be a principal determinant in the development of obesity.
C) Weight loss from a specific energy deficit is usually predictable.
D) Adjustments in energy expenditure seem to be adaptive.

Question 28

Dental considerations for patients with altered energy intake include each of the following except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Depression and stress often result in overeating and decreased activity.
B) A positive energy balance is desirable during periods of growth.
C) It is a myth that a larger amount of energy is needed by pregnant or lactating women.
D) When nutrient stores decrease, the feeding center of the hypothalamus becomes active.

Question 29

Each of the following mechanisms affects the amount eaten at a particular meal except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Distention of the stomach
B) Release of cholecystokinin
C) Fat within the stomach
D) Secretion of glucagon
E) Secretion of insulin

Question 30

Stimulation of the satiety center results in a craving for food. If the satiety center of the hypothalamus becomes destroyed, the appetite becomes voracious, resulting in obesity.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 31

Approximately 90% to 95% of Americans with diabetes have type 1 diabetes mellitus. This form of the disease results from insulin resistance.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 32

Hunger, also known as appetite, is the physiologic drive to eat. Energy balance is maintained when the kilocalorie intake is within 10% of energy needed for body processes and physical activities.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 33

Psychologic disorders such as anorexia nervosa can become life threatening because a lack of perception of one's undernourishment causes a vicious downward spiral of metabolic imbalances.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 34

The main manifestation of type 2 diabetes is:

A) hyperglycemia.
B) hypoglycemia.
C) ketoacidosis.
D) insulin resistance.

Question 35

The thalamus gland, located in the center of the brain, is important in controlling huger because it contains both a satiety and a hunger center.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 36

Which one of the following individuals would be expected to have the highest basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A) One who is sleeping
B) One who is breastfeeding
C) One who is undernourished
D) One who is chronically fasting
E) One who is sedentary

Question 37

Each of the following recommendations is appropriate for counseling patients with diabetes mellitus except one. Which one is the exception?

A) In obese patients, modest weight loss can improve insulin resistance.
B) High-protein diets help adherence to weight loss programs.
C) The use of glycemic index and load is more beneficial than carbohydrate considerations only.
D) Moderate alcohol consumption has no acute effect on glucose and insulin concentrations.
E) Carbohydrate ingested with alcohol can increase blood glucose.