Deck 8: Vitamins Required for Calcified Structures

Question 1

Calcitonin, a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, helps regulate mineralization of bones and teeth. Without adequate levels of vitamin C, calcitonin cannot regulate blood calcium and phosphorus levels.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Answer 1

The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 2

Each of the following is true of retinoic acid except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Retinoic acid is the form of vitamin A involved in development of teeth.
B) Formation of odontoblasts in enamel requires retinoic acid.
C) Ameloblasts, a component of enamel and bone, depend upon adequate levels of retinoic acid.
D) Retinoic acid, produced by the body from retinal, is a form of vitamin A.

Answer 2

Formation of odontoblasts in enamel requires retinoic acid.

Question 3

Fat-soluble vitamins are fairly stable when heated, as in cooking. In contrast to water-soluble vitamins, fat soluble-vitamins contain nitrogen.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Answer 3

The first statement is true; the second is false.

Question 4

Antioxidants prevent cell membrane damage by free radicals that are produced by cells and tissue using free oxygen. Research conclusively documents that the antioxidant beta-carotene is effective in preventing cancer.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 5

Most milk in the United States is fortified because the calcium and phosphorus content is beneficial for absorption and use of vitamin A.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 6

Studies suggest that leukoplakia is caused by excess vitamin A (a fat-soluble vitamin), retinoids, and beta-carotene. Leukoplakia is an erythematous lesion that appears on the lateral borders of the tongue.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 7

Each of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin K

Question 8

Vitamin A can be stored in the liver for at least:

A) 1 month.
B) 6 months.
C) 1 year.
D) 18 months.

Question 9

Each of the following forms of vitamin A is involved in the prevention of night blindness except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Retinoic acid
B) Retinol
C) Retinal
D) Rhodopsin
E) Opsin

Question 10

Each of the following is true of vitamin requirements and deficiencies except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Many factors, such as alcohol use and stress, modify an individual's requirement.
B) Periods of stress elevate metabolic activity, which affects vitamin requirements.
C) A nutritional deficiency occurs if a nutrient is unavailable to sustain biochemical functions.
D) Although nutrients rely on each other for utilization, they are not considered codependent.

Question 11

Although vitamins are synthesized during metabolic processes, they also must be obtained through external sources because vitamins cannot be produced in adequate amounts to meet body needs.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 12

Daily intake of water-soluble vitamins is important because although the body can store large amounts of these nutrients, they are better utilized when consumed daily.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 13

Inadequate intake of vitamin A occurs in lower socioeconomic groups because these individuals often lack resources to purchase and consume vegetables and fruits.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 14

Which of the following nutrients acts most like a hormone?

A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin E

Question 15

During early tooth development, vitamin A deficiency leads to enamel hypoplasia and defective dentin formation. Because of its effect on soft tissues and bone, vitamin A contributes to normal spacing of teeth.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 16

Each of the following is a function of vitamin A except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Prevention of night blindness
B) Growth of soft tissues and bone
C) Maintenance of more than 200 genes
D) Integrity of body openings and their linings

Question 17

Each of the following is true of water-soluble vitamins except one. Which one is the exception?

A) They are organic substances.
B) They have vital roles as enzymes.
C) They are necessary for cellular reactions.
D) Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin.
E) The body stores very small amounts of water-soluble vitamins.

Question 18

Fat-soluble vitamins are different from water-soluble vitamins because the body is able to store only small amounts of fat-soluble vitamins.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 19

Supplementing dietary intake of beta-carotene is advised for patients with leukoplakia who smoke because research documents that exogenous beta-carotene protects lung tissues from dangers of smoking.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 20

International units (IU) is the designation used to measure and recommend vitamin A levels because it better represents the absorption rates in humans than retinol activity equivalent (REA).

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 21

Each of the following is a physiologic role of vitamin D except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Hematopoiesis
B) Cardiac and neuromuscular function
C) Immune responses
D) Serum calcium regulation
E) Synthesis of blood-clotting factors

Question 22

Although limited amounts of vitamin K are stored in the body, a shortage of vitamin K is unlikely because like vitamin D it is provided by sunlight.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 23

Hypercarotenemia may be distinguished from jaundice because the sclera of the eye retains its normal white color in hypercarotenemia.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 24

Alopecia, diplopia, and increased activity of osteoclasts are most associated with an excess of which vitamin?

A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin D
C) Vitamin E
D) Vitamin K

Question 25

Dental hygienists should advocate that fortified foods and vitamin supplements be used judiciously because chronic use in excess of the RDA can result in severe, life-threatening liver damage.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 26

Uncontrolled use of vitamin D supplements by older patients with osteoporosis can result in diminished bone mass because excess levels result in vitamin D intoxication.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 27

Which form of vitamin K is the most potent?

A) Phylloquinone
B) Ergocalciferol
C) Menaquinone
D) Menadione

Question 28

Toxicity from excessive intake of vitamin A food sources is common and results in hypercarotenemia. This condition is initially manifested by yellowing of the skin on upper chest and inner forearms.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 29

Oily fish are considered excellent sources of vitamin D. Each of the following is an oily fish except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Salmon
B) Cod
C) Mackerel
D) Sardines
E) Tuna

Question 30

Each of the following is true of vitamin K except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Vitamin K is produced in the gut.
B) Vitamin K functions as a catalyst for synthesis of blood-clotting factors.
C) Vitamin K maintains prothrombin levels.
D) Vitamin K absorption increases with high levels of vitamin E supplementation.

Question 31

Follicular hyperkeratosis, in which the skin is thickened, dry, and wrinkled, is preceded by hypervitaminosis A. The keratinization of this disorder can also affect the oral mucosa and the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 32

Vitamin K is derived from bacterial flora and microflora in the gut. Dietary sources of vitamin K are solely green leafy vegetables and meats.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 33

Each of the following is true of vitamin D except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Vitamin D has the potential to become toxic at high levels.
B) Vitamin D toxicity can increase result in confusion, mental changes, and heart rhythm abnormalities.
C) Amounts above 10,000 international units (IUs) daily may result in kidney and tissue damage.
D) Diets low in fiber can result in less vitamin D absorption.

Question 34

Each of the following is true of rickets except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Rickets is caused by vitamin D deficiency.
B) Rickets is caused by vitamin C and vitamin D deficiency.
C) Tachetic deformities such as bow legs or knock-knees develop.
D) A narrow and distorted chest occurs.

Question 35

In older patients, vitamin D deficiency frequently results in falls because this deficiency is associated with muscle weakness.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 36

A restriction of dietary vitamin K can alter clotting factors because synthesis of vitamin K by intestinal flora supplies less than 10% of the body's requirement.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 37

Each of the following is true of xerophthalmia except one. Which one is the exception?

A) It results from inadequate intake of vitamin A.
B) It stimulates secretion of tears and causes light sensitivity.
C) Lids become swollen and sticky with pus.
D) The first symptom is night blindness.
E) Bitot's spots form on the conjunctiva.

Question 38

Each of the following is a form of vitamin K except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Phylloquinone
B) Tocopherol
C) Menaquinone
D) Menadione

Question 39

Each of the following is accurate regarding the relation of vitamin D to sun exposure except one. Which one is the exception?

A) The body has the ability to produce adequate amounts of vitamin D from sunlight.
B) UV radiation penetrates uncovered skin and converts a precursor of vitamin D to vitamin D₃.
C) Sunscreen blocks formation of vitamin D₃.
D) By the age of 70 years, the skin generally produces vitamin D at only half the level it did at the age of 20 years.

Question 40

Large amounts of vitamin A supplements can exceed the storage capacity of the kidneys. When present in high concentrations, unbound vitamin A causes damage to cell nuclei, especially in the white blood cells and lysosomes.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 41

Each of the following is accurate regarding the relationship between vitamin D levels and periodontitis except one. Which one is the exception?

A) A deficiency in vitamin D can influence periodontal status.
B) An association exists between adequate vitamin D and healthier periodontia.
C) Although vitamin D has been found to affect alveolar bone positively, an effect on wound healing has not been observed.
D) Vitamin D inadequacy causes negative treatment outcomes following periodontal surgery.

Question 42

When rickets occurs, the alveolar bone is affected similar to other bones in the body. The trabeculae of the alveolar bone also weaken.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 43

For patients with osteomalacia, a healthcare provider may recommend a vitamin D supplement to increase calcium absorption. However, for women of childbearing age, supplementations should be minimized because of interference with hormonal balances.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 44

Rickets is no longer prevalent in the United States because increased breastfeeding provides ample vitamin D reserves.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 45

Vitamin D deficiency in adults is called osteomalacia. Each of the following is true of osteomalacia except one. Which one is the exception?

A) It is intricately related to calcium intake.
B) Osteomalacia is characterized by decreased bone mineralization.
C) It can lead to deformities of the limbs, spine, thorax, and pelvis.
D) Oral manifestations include increased dental caries especially erosion of exposed root surfaces.

Question 46

It is postulated that vitamin D deficiency is linked to enamel hypoplasia and dental decay because deficiency in vitamin D results in deep narrow occlusal grooves.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 47

Osteoporosis is characterized by fragile bones and is associated with increased incidence of bone fractures. Current research indicates that it is caused by a calcium deficiency, but that the fat-soluble vitamins play major role.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 48

Rickets results in shortened bones because the epiphyses of bones do form earlier than normal.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.