Deck 9: Minerals Essential for Calcified Structures

Question 1

The ideal dietary calcium-to-phosphorous ratio for adults is 2:1. This ratio enables osteoclasts to deposit bone in areas weakened by stress.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Answer 1

Both statements are false.

Question 2

Each of the following is true of collagen as it relates to bone mineralization and growth except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Collagen is a protein matrix.
B) Dentin, cementum, and bone originate with collagen deposition.
C) Collagen is the primary connective tissue fiber in the gingiva.
D) Collagen is the major organic constituent of alveolar bone.
E) Collagen is inorganic.

Answer 2

Collagen is inorganic.

Question 3

Nourishment for the dentin is provided by:

A) bioavailable calcium.
B) odontoblasts.
C) phosphorus.
D) osteoid.

Answer 3

odontoblasts.

Question 4

During growth periods, the requirement for calcium is unchanged because peak bone mass seems related to depletion of calcium reserves.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 5

Each of the following is true of calcium within the saliva except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Saliva is supersaturated with calcium.
B) Saliva is a source of calcium to mineralize an immature of demineralized enamel surface.
C) Calcium and phosphate in saliva provide a buffering action.
D) Calcium within saliva increases dental caries.

Question 6

Each of the following is true of the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Serum (blood) calcium is relatively constant.
B) Each cell has a vital need for calcium.
C) Calcium imbalance occurs when calcium withdrawal from bones exceed deposits.
D) Decreased bone density caused by insufficient calcium occurs rapidly.

Question 7

The best source of phosphorus is:

A) whole-grain products.
B) fruits and vegetables.
C) legumes.
D) animal protein.
E) soy protein.

Question 8

Inadequate calcium intake can be attributed to each of the following except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Uninformed choices
B) The belief that adults do not need milk
C) The belief that milk contributes too many calories
D) Lactose intolerance
E) Economic hardships

Question 9

The serum calcium-to-phosphorus ratio is an inverse relationship. If the calcium level increases, the phosphorus level will increase to match this level.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 10

Actions in which pressure stretches or strains the structure are referred to as compressional forces. Tensional forces are actions in which pressure attempts to increase a structure's volume.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 11

When collagen is formed, apatite, a complex composed of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, automatically crystallizes adjacent to the collagen fibers. Formation of collagen requires the presence of protein, vitamin C, and minerals.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 12

Adequate intake of calcium is observed in males and females from 20 to 35 years. Women can continue to increase bone growth and density through their 20s, but do not achieve the bone mass level observed in most men.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 13

In which situation is fluoridated drinking water most likely to result in mild fluorosis?

A) 1 ppm in a 4 year old
B) 3 ppm in a 6 year old
C) 8 ppm in a 7 year old
D) 10 ppm in an 18 year old
E) 10 ppm in an older adult

Question 14

The crystalline structure of enamel makes it:

A) insoluble and resistant.
B) soluble and resistant.
C) insoluble and softer than dentin.
D) soluble and harder than dentin.

Question 15

Inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake during tooth formation and maturation can result in hypomineralization of developing teeth. Generally, inadequate calcium intake affects bone mass and tooth structure equivalently.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 16

Despite wide variations in calcium intake, serum calcium is relatively constant because each cell has a vital need for calcium.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 17

Each of the following is true of formation of teeth except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Teeth are composed of enamel, dentin, and cementum.
B) Approximately 20% of enamel is organic material.
C) Dentin lacks the osteoblasts and osteoclasts found in bone.
D) Enamel and dentin do not contain blood vessels or nerves.

Question 18

Mineralization of bone begins prior to collagen formation. Mineralization is the deposition of organic elements on an inorganic matrix.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 19

Which of the following does not enhance absorption of calcium supplements?

A) Sucrose
B) Dextrose
C) Lactose
D) Mineral oil

Question 20

Bones contain one third of the body's magnesium. It is the third most prevalent mineral in teeth.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 21

Calcium supplements combined with vitamin D result in small but significant reductions in bone loss. Benefits of this combination are significant because the bioavailability of both vitamin D and calcium is enhanced in combined supplements.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 22

High levels of calcium within the kidneys is called:

A) hypercalcemia.
B) hypercalciuria.
C) hyperplasia.
D) hypoplasia.

Question 23

Magnesium toxicity has been associated with kidney failure because the kidneys regulate plasma magnesium levels.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 24

Periodontal disease, the breakdown of healthy gingival tissue, can be exacerbated by a deficiency of calcium. Oral signs of osteoporosis may include increased density of the lamina dura.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 25

Milk and other dairy products are preferred sources of calcium because lactose enhances calcium absorption.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 26

Hypocalcemia, or deficient levels of calcium in the blood, can be caused by overdoses of cholecalciferol or excessive amounts of vitamin D preparations. Hypocalcemia results in tetany, a neuromuscular disorder.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 27

Magnesium plays a major role in blood pressure regulation. The strongest benefit occurs when magnesium is obtained from supplements.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 28

Each of the following is true of calcium supplements except one. Which one is the exception?

A) A calcium supplement contains elemental calcium along with other substances.
B) Calcium carbonate is 40% calcium by weight.
C) Calcium citrate is 75% calcium by weight.
D) Calcium-citrate-malate is a form of calcium in supplements or fortified foods.

Question 29

Each of the following is true of fluoride except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Fluoride is a nutrient essential for health.
B) It has no known metabolic function.
C) Saliva contains varying amounts of fluoride.
D) The amount of fluoride ingested has little effect on salivary levels.

Question 30

Each of the following is true of phosphorus except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Phosphorus is the second most abundant mineral in the body.
B) Phosphorus is mainly found in the muscles and bone.
C) It is responsible for transfer and release of energy.
D) It is involved in metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.

Question 31

Each of the following is true of osteoporosis except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Osteoporosis is an age-related disorder.
B) It is characterized by decreased bone mass.
C) Increased estrogen during perimenopause is a strong causative factor.
D) Weight-bearing exercise is thought to be a preventive factor.

Question 32

Hypercalcemia, high levels of calcium in the blood, is almost always caused by excess dietary calcium intake. This can result in renal proliferation and increased kidney function.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 33

Calcium balance, an intake that equals excretion, depends solely on adequate calcium intake. Although hormones such as PTH are involved in phosphorus balance, hormonal influence on calcium balance is insignificant.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 34

Rickets cannot occur when calcium levels are sufficient because formation of rickets is solely dependent upon blood (serum) calcium level.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 35

Individuals should consume 30% of the daily value or 300 mg of calcium per serving three or four times daily because under normal conditions, less than one third of the calcium consumed is absorbed.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 36

Patients with achlorhydria (absence of hydrochloric acid in the stomach) should not take calcium with meals. Mineral oils and some laxatives can decrease calcium absorption.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 37

Magnesium supplements are frequently recommended by dietitians because it is difficult to get enough magnesium from food alone.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 38

Which percentage most approximates the dietary phosphorus absorbed in the jejunum?

A) Less than 20%
B) 20% to 30%
C) 40% to 50%
D) 60% to 70%
E) More than 70%

Question 39

Consumption of soft drinks is often recommended to increase serum phosphorus levels. Hyperphosphatemia can be a risk factor cardiac disease.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 40

Magnesium is the third most prevalent mineral in teeth. Enamel contains about three times more magnesium that dentin.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 41

Fluoride is advantageous to dental health because of its systemic effects before tooth eruption and both systemic and topical effects after toot eruption.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 42

Phytochemicals, which are natural components of foods, are thought to decrease bone mineral density (BMD) by inhibiting remodeling of bone. Caffeine has a negative effect on BMD because it increases calcium excretion.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 43

Fluoride ions can replace hydroxyl ions in the hydroxyapatite crystal lattice of teeth. This fluoridated hydroxyapatite, or fluorapatite, is more soluble and makes the tooth less resistant to demineralization.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 44

Each of the following characteristics of fluoride are true except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Fluoride stimulates osteoblast proliferation.
B) Fluoride increases new mineral deposition in cancellous bone.
C) It improves the density but not the strength of bone.
D) Fluoride decreases bone resorption.

Question 45

Each of the following is true of requirements and recommendations for fluoride utilization except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Adequate intake for all women is 3 mg/day.
B) Adequate intake for all men is 4 mg/day.
C) Average intake in the United States is 0.9 mg/day in areas without fluoridation.
D) The tolerable upper intake level for individuals over 9 years is 15 mg/day.