Deck 13: Evolution and Development

Question 1

Paedomorphosis may involve

A)acceleration or hypermorphosis.
C)acceleration or neoteny.
B)progenesis or neoteny.
D)progenesis or hypermorphosis.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Parallelism in development

A)was advocated by von Baer.
B)was the idea that developmental stages progress from the simple to the complex, reflecting the scala naturae.
C)refers to the colinearity of Hox genes.
D)is a method of gene duplication.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The process in A in the figure above is an example of

A)recapitulation via hypermorphosis.
C)paedomorphosis via progenesis.
B)recapitulation via acceleration.
D)paedomorphosis via neoteny.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Process B in the figure above is an example of

A)recapitulation via hypermorphosis.
C)paedomorphosis via progenesis.
B)recapitulation via acceleration.
D)paedomorphosis via neoteny.

Question 5

Imagine that a researcher replaced the MADS-box AP1 gene with the MADS-box AG gene.One possible effect on flowers would be

A)stamens would be changed into petals.
B)petals would be changed in to sepals.
C)stamens would be changed into carpels.
D)petals would be changed into stamen-like structures.

Question 6

Von Baer proposed that the most conserved stages of development among vertebrates are the

A)earliest stages.
C)earliest and latest stages.
B)latest stages.
D)middle stages.

Question 7

Process C in the figure above is an example of

A)recapitulation via hypermorphosis.
C)paedomorphosis via progenesis.
B)recapitulation via acceleration.
D)paedomorphosis via neoteny.

Question 8

Hox genes encode

A)proteins involved in RNA translocation.
B)ribosomal RNAs.
C)Drosophila genes.
D)transcription factors.

Question 9

MADS-box genes affect

A)only flowers.
C)leaves, roots, and flowers.
B)segmentation in animals.
D)early development.

Question 10

A totipotent cell

A)is fixed into a single developmental pathway.
B)has homeotic transformation.
C)can differentiate into any adult cell.
D)will become a stem cell.

Question 11

The scala naturae is the

A)view that all of life can be arranged on a single scale from simple to complex.
B)ontogeny of an individual.
C)number of vertebrae shared among species.
D)environmental effect on development.

Question 12

What is a paralog?

A)A homeobox gene
C)A homologous gene
B)An enhancer gene
D)A duplicate of an existing gene

Question 13

Which of the following stages is most similar across all three groups?

A)Stage 1
C)Stage 3
B)Stage 2
D)Stage 4

Question 14

The idea that life evolves from simple to complex began with

A)Darwin.
B)William Bateson.
C)the ancient Greeks.
D)J. F. Meckel.
E)Etienne Serres.

Question 15

Von Baer proposed that diagnostic traits for distinguishing species among vertebrates appear at the

A)earliest stages of development.
B)latest stages of development.
C)earliest and latest stages of development.
D)middle stages of development.

Question 16

The process in D in the figure above is an example of

A)recapitulation via hypermorphosis.
C)paedomorphosis via progenesis.
B)recapitulation via acceleration.
D)paedomorphosis via neoteny.

Question 17

The stage in which in all three groups are least similar is

A)stage 1.
C)stage 3.
B)stage 2.
D)stage 4.

Question 18

The characteristics identified in the figure above are examples of

A)homeobox genes.
C)evo-devo.
B)ontogeny.
D)homeotic transformations.

Question 19

With recapitulation,a somatic trait can appear

A)earlier in development or a reproductive trait later in development.
B)earlier in development or a reproductive trait earlier in development.
C)later in development or a reproductive trait later in development.
D)later in development or a reproductive trait earlier in development.

Question 20

Regulatory enhancers can be

A)added through evolution.
C)associated with specific body parts.
B)lost through evolution.
D)All of the above

Question 21

Hagfish,lampreys,gnathostomes,mammals,birds,fish,reptiles,and amphibians are all vertebrates and are sometimes referred to as the subphylum Craniata: animals with a cranium.Amphioxus and ascidians are not in Craniata.How does mapping characters associated with the neural crest assist us in understanding the evolution of complex traits?

Question 22

Does all life evolve from simple to complex? Explain.

Question 23

The figure above shows the number of Hox gene clusters in different groups of animals.Which of the following is a true statement regarding the number of clusters in each group?

A)Land vertebrates > All fish > Tunicates
B)All fish > Lancelets > Tunicates
C)Ray finned fishes > Lancelets > Land vertebrates
D)All fish > Lancelets > Land vertebrates

Question 24

What evidence suggests that MADS-box genes are older than flowers?

Question 25

What is meant by the colinearity of Hox genes?

Question 26

Although many human characters are neotenous compared to a chimpanzee,head growth is not.In the fetus of both species,brain and head growth start at approximately the same developmental stage and progress at the same rate.Soon after birth,chimpanzee brain and head growth stops.Human brain and head growth continues for several years after birth.Thus,relative to head growth,reproduction is occurring at a later stage.Assuming that chimpanzees represent the ancestral condition,explain what type of heterochrony humans have in brain development.

Question 27

If paedomorphosis via neoteny involves the retention of juvenile traits in adults,what is responsible for paedomorphosis via progenesis?

Question 28

How does facultative neoteny in other species support the paedomorph advantage hypothesis for axolotls?

Question 29

How can changes in genetic enhancers affect morphology?

Question 30

Paralogs may

A)have additive effects, increasing the amount of gene expression.
B)have new effects.
C)divide a function with the parental gene.
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 31

According to the phylogeny in the figure below,which of the following statements is true?

A)All chordates have a neural tube.
C)Echinoderms have a neural tube.
B)Amphioxus have a neural crest.
D)All chordates have a neural crest.

Question 32

Based on the figures below,how are transcription factors like a switch?

Question 33

Crabs have claws on their front legs and many sets of walking legs (which lack claws)on segments posterior to the claws.Crabs can regenerate legs if they are lost.A walking leg was removed and tissue from the claw was transplanted onto the stump.If homeobox genes are responsible for the differentiation of leg types,what would you predict would happen to the stump? What might be an analogous experiment from the chapter?

Question 34

By transferring neural crest cells from a duck to a quail and vice versa,Schneider and Helms demonstrated that

A)neural crest cells influence the development of beaks.
B)beaks influence fitness traits.
C)homeobox genes are conserved across species.
D)gene duplication causes a difference in beak shape.

Question 35

When a gene is duplicated,it may

A)be lost through mutation.
B)become nonfunctional through mutation.
C)gain a new activity.
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 36

Gene duplication can occur for both protein coding and regulatory regions of genes.In the figure below,imagine that the yellow gene and both enhancer regions in B are duplicated.Propose a mechanism for how subfunctionalization might occur.

Question 37

How can natural selection lead to the loss of a gene duplication?

Question 38

A pseudogene is a

A)nonfunctional copy of another gene.
C)MADS-box gene.
B)homeobox gene.
D)subfunctional paralog.

Question 39

Explain how gains and losses of binding sites change morphology in the system illustrated below.In the case of gains,assume that the transcription factors associated with the binding site are expressed in the appropriate tissue.