Deck 2: The Evolution of Management Thinking

Question 1

The scientific management perspective and the bureaucratic organisation approach are both subfields of the classical perspective.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The written rules and perceptions surrounding relationships among people and between employees and management are known as the 'social contract'.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The desirability of self-government,property rights,contract rights,and the definition of justice can all be considered part of political forces.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Economic forces pertain to the availability,production and distribution of resources in a society.

Question 5

A subfield of the classical management perspective that focuses on the total organisation rather than the individual worker is known as the 'administrative principle'.

Question 6

Scientific management develops an appreciation of the person and their satisfaction with their job.

Question 7

The scalar chain refers to the chain of authority that extension the top to the bottom of an organisation.

Question 8

The point of Theory Y is that organisations can take advantage of the imagination and intellect of all of their employees.

Question 9

The basic scientific management approach is to develop standard methods for doing each job,through selection,training and support of workers and providing wage incentives.

Question 10

Culture is the set of key values,beliefs and understandings shared by members of an organisation.

Question 11

The human resources perspective maintained an interest in worker participation and considerate leadership but shifted the emphasis to consider the daily tasks that people perform.

Question 12

Social forces pertain to the availability,production and distribution of resources in a society.

Question 13

The bureaucratic model developed by Max Weber emphasised efficiency instead of effectiveness in organisations.

Question 14

The scientific management approach focuses on the individual worker,while the administrative principles approach focuses on the whole organisation.

Question 15

The classical perspective on management emphasised the understanding of human behaviour as the means for increasing productivity.

Question 16

Total quality management is the concept of focusing on managing the total organisation to deliver uncompromised quality to customers.

Question 17

Follett and Barnard were early advocates of a more humanistic perspective on management that emphasised the importance of understanding human behaviour,needs and attitudes in the workplace,as well as social interactions and group processes.

Question 18

As assumption of Theory X is that 'the average human being learns,under proper conditions,not only to accept but to seek responsibility'.

Question 19

The Hawthorne studies,relating to human relations,led to the early conclusion that positive human relations can lead to significantly better performance.

Question 20

The term 'division of work' refers to the situation where each subordinate receives orders from one,and only one,superior.

Question 21

The jugaad concept can be equated with the Western term 'frugal engineering'.

Question 22

Sustainable development is a relatively new term that refers to the way in which an organisation engages with and satisfies its wide array of shareholders,who may have different views on the environment.

Question 23

__________ forces refer to those aspects of a culture that guide and influence relationships among people.

A) Legal
B) Economic
C) Social
D) Psychological
E) Political

Question 24

The 'circles of causality' concept describes the process required in the management of organisational systems.

Question 25

The classical perspective on management emphasised a rational,scientific approach to the study of management and sought to make organisations effective operating machines.

Question 26

Total quality management focuses on managing the total organisation to deliver quality to customers.

Question 27

The management science perspective develops theories about human behaviour based on scientific methods and study.

Question 28

Entropy is the tendency for a system to diminish in its capacity to deliver the productivity required from that system.

Question 29

Systems that help companies keep in contact with its customers,collect and manage customer data,and collaborate with customers generally,are collectively known as CRM systems.

Question 30

Synergy occurs when the interaction between organisational units serve to produce outputs that are greater than could be achieved otherwise.

Question 31

The term 'unity of direction' refers to the situation where each subordinate receives orders from one,and only one,supervisor.

Question 32

Under the contingency view of management,organisational phenomena exist in logical patterns and managers can devise and apply similar responses to common types of problems.

Question 33

The jugaad concept refers to an innovative mindset (used widely by Indian companies)that strives to meet customers' immediate needs quickly and inexpensively.

Question 34

One of the advantages provided by effective coordination within an organisation is that entropy is reduced.

Question 35

The management science perspective applied mathematics,statistics and other qualitative techniques to address managerial problems.

Question 36

Outsourcing refers to any task,operation,job or process that could be performed by employees within your company,but is instead contracted to a third party for a significant period of time.

Question 37

E-business refers to the work an organisation does by using electronic linkages (including the Internet)with customers,partners,suppliers,employees or other key constituents.

Question 38

The behavioural sciences approach uses scientific methods and draws from sociology,psychology,anthropology,economics and other disciplines to develop theories about human behaviour and interaction in an organisational setting.

Question 39

Under 'systems theory',a closed system is unable to interact with the external environment.

Question 40

Knowledge management refers to any effort to systematically find,organise and make available the intellectual capital that exists outside the organisation.

Question 41

A management perspective that emerged during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that emphasised a rational,scientific approach to the study of management and sought to make organisations efficient operating machines is known as ________________.

A) the scientific management perspective
B) the classical perspective
C) the bureaucratic perspective
D) the contingent management perspective
E) None of these choices.

Question 42

_______________ forces pertain to the availability,production and distribution of resources in a society.

A) Economic
B) Political
C) Social
D) Interactive
E) Unwritten

Question 43

An example of a political force would be:

A) an increase in interest rates by the Reserve Bank
B) changes to an organisation's employment policies
C) a change in legislation concerning workplace relations
D) the implications of an ageing workforce
E) a decrease in the value of the Australian dollar due to comments made by the US President.

Question 44

Over the past two decades,managerial tools such as 'activity-based management','scenario planning' and 'virtual teams' have become popularly adopted in organisations.Such tools are considered to be:

A) fads
B) populist
C) human resource based policy
D) fashions.

Question 45

During the early twentieth century,the prevailing management perspective,which emphasised rationality and a scientific approach,was the _________ perspective.

A) scientific
B) classical
C) behavioural
D) quantitative
E) Pareto

Question 46

According to Weber's view on bureaucracy,organisations should be based on which of these?

A) Personal loyalty
B) Personal references
C) Rational authority
D) Charismatic authority
E) Educational expertise

Question 47

If an organisationis interested in basing their management on an impersonal yet rational basis,emphasising clearly defined authority and responsibility,then that organisation is following the __________ perspective.

A) scientific
B) administrative
C) bureaucratic
D) classical
E) None of these choices.

Question 48

Each of the following is a characteristic of scientific management except:

A) Workers with appropriate abilities are selected for specific tasks.
B) Training within the organisation is specialised and idiosyncratic.
C) Workers are given wage incentives for increased output.
D) There is a standard method for performing each job.
E) The organisation supports its workers by planning their tasks and eliminating interruptions.

Question 49

All of the following are criticisms of scientific management except:

A) It does not appreciate the careful study of tasks and jobs.
B) It does not appreciate the social context of work.
C) It does not appreciate the higher needs of workers.
D) It does not acknowledge variance among individuals.
E) It tends to regard workers as uninformed and ignores their ideas and suggestions.

Question 50

A subfield of the classical management perspective that emphasises scientifically determined changes in management practices is known as the:

A) classical perspective
B) scientific management
C) bureaucratic organisations
D) administrative principles
E) humanist perspective.

Question 51

A subfield of the classical management perspective that emphasises management on an impersonal,rational basis is known as:

A) the classical perspective
B) scientific management
C) the bureaucratic perspective
D) administrative principles
E) the humanist perspective.

Question 52

Which of the following would qualify as employee-empowerment?

A) The ability to make decisions autonomously
B) The creation of self-directed work teams
C) The opportunity for 'job enlargement'
D) All of these choices
E) Both A and B

Question 53

The idea that employee selection and retention should be based on a rational decision-making process,and not on loyalty or 'who you know' is a characteristic of:

A) scientific management
B) the human relations movement
C) quantitative management
D) bureaucratic organisations
E) total quality management.

Question 54

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a bureaucracy?

A) Labour is divided with clear definitions of authority and responsibility that are legitimised as official duties.
B) Positions are organised in a hierarchy of authority, with each position under the authority of a higher one.
C) Administrative acts and decisions are recorded in writing. Record-keeping provides organisational memory and continuity over time.
D) Satisfied workers will be more productive.
E) Management is separate from the ownership of the organisation.

Question 55

Variables such as interest rates,inflation and trade tariffs are all examples of _________ forces.

A) technological
B) political
C) social
D) socio-educational
E) None of these choices.

Question 56

The economic stimulus package in Australia in 2008,exemplifies the effect of:

A) economic forces
B) political forces
C) social forces
D) technological forces
E) monetary forces.

Question 57

Each of the following is a characteristic of Theory X,except:

A) The average human being has an intense dislike of work and will avoid it if possible.
B) The average human learns, under proper conditions, not only to accept but also to seek responsibility.
C) Workers must be coerced, controlled, directed or threatened with punishment to get them to work to the required level.
D) Workers prefer to be directed and wish to avoid responsibility.

Question 58

The situation where each employee receives orders from one,and only one superior is known as:

A) division of work
B) unity of command
C) unity of direction
D) the scalar chain.

Question 59

Standardisation of work and wage incentives are characteristics of:

A) bureaucratic organisations
B) scientific management
C) quantitative management
D) administrative management
E) behavioural science.

Question 60

A subfield of the classical management perspective that focuses on the total organisation rather than the individual worker is known as:

A) the classical perspective
B) scientific management
C) a bureaucratic organisation
D) the administrative principle
E) the humanist perspective.

Question 61

Management thinking and practice that emphasises satisfaction of employees' basic needs as the key to increased worker productivity is referred to as:

A) scientific management perspective
B) human resource perspective
C) management science perspective
D) behavioural sciences approach
E) human relations movement.

Question 62

In order to determine how to deal with a problem employee,Sharon evaluated the employee,the problem,and the context in which the problem occurred.She is applying which of the following perspectives?

A) Participative view
B) Universalist view
C) Autonomy view
D) Contingency view
E) Optimistic view

Question 63

According to the systems theory,a dental hygienist at a dentist's office would be a(n):

A)output
B)environment
C)input
D)transformation process
E)both A and B.

Question 64

Sarah believes her employees are responsible and able to work without intense direction and supervision.Sarah is a:

A) Theory X manager
B) Theory Y manager
C) Theory Z manager
D) contingency theory manager
E) classical manager.

Question 65

The use of specialisation to produce more and better work with the same level of effort is consistent with the administrative management principle of:

A) unity of command
B) unity of direction
C) scalar chain
D) division of work
E) None of these choices.

Question 66

_______________________ is a relatively new term that refers to the way in which organisations engage with and satisfy the wide variety of stakeholders with which it interacts.

A) Benchmarking
B) Carbon footprinting
C) Systems theory
D) Contingency perspective
E) Sustainable development

Question 67

When similar activities in an organisation are grouped together under one manager this is known as ___________.

A) unity of command
B) unity of direction
C) scalar chain
D) division of work
E) None of these choices.

Question 68

The behavioural sciences approach is based on which of the following disciplines?

A) Anthropology
B) Economics
C) Sociology
D) psychology
E) All of these choices.

Question 69

A management perspective that emerged after the Second World War and applied mathematics,statistics and other qualitative measures to managerial problems,is referred to as:

A) scientific management perspective
B) human resource perspective
C) management science perspective
D) behavioural sciences approach
E) human relations movement.

Question 70

A subfield of the humanistic management perspective that applies social science and organisational context is referred to as:

A) scientific management perspective
B) human resource perspective
C) management science perspective
D) behavioural sciences approach
E) human relations movement.

Question 71

Efforts to systematically find,organise and make available a company's intellectual capital is known as:

A) knowledge management
B) scientific management
C) customer relationship management
D) outsourcing
E) the humanist perspective.

Question 72

The tendency for a system to decline is known as:

A) a closed system
B) an open system
C) synergy
D) entropy
E) None of these choices.

Question 73

A(n)___________ system is one that is able to gather resources from the external environment:

A) closed
B) open
C) interdependent
D) synergistic

Question 74

The concept of focus on managing the total organisation to deliver customer satisfaction is known as:

A) total quality management (TQM)
B) synergy
C) the human resource perspective
D) contented management
E) behavioural sciences approach.

Question 75

An effort to systematically find,organise,and make available a company's intellectual capital and to foster a culture of continuous learning is known as:

A) e-commerce
B) e-business
C) customer relationship management
D) knowledge management.

Question 76

Systems that help companies to keep in close contact with customers,collect information about customers,and collaborate with customers to provide the most valuable products and services in industry is known as:

A) knowledge management
B) scientific management
C) customer relationship management
D) outsourcing
E) knowledge management

Question 77

________________ refers to the work an organisation does by using electronic linkages with customers,partners,suppliers,employees or any other key stakeholder groups.

A) E-commerce
B) Internet marketing
C) E-business
D) Customer relationship management

Question 78

The situation where similar activities are grouped together under one manager is known as:

A) division of work
B) unity of command
C) unity of direction
D) the scalar chain.

Question 79

The extension of the humanistic perspective that describes organisations as being characterised by synergy,entropy and interdependence is known as:

A) the management science perspective
B) systems theory
C) the behavioural sciences approach
D) the human resource management perspective.

Question 80

The principle that similar activities in an organisation should be grouped together under one manager is the essence of the classical perspective known as:

A) unity of command
B) division of work
C) unity of direction
D) scalar chain
E) quality management.