Deck 4: Reinforcement

Question 1

A behavior occurs and is immediately followed by a consequence that results in the increased likelihood of the behavior occurring in the future.This process is called:

A) reinforcement
B) conditioning
C) a reinforcer
D) operant behavior

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In which of the following processes is the behavior more likely to occur in the future?

A) positive reinforcement
B) positive punishment
C) negative punishment
D) A and C

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Whenever Tony puts money into a pop machine, he gets a can of pop.Tony never gets pop out of the machine when he does not put money in.This is an example of __________ existing between putting money in the machine and getting pop out.

A) an establishing operation
B) a contingency
C) a negative relationship
D) a functional definition

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following influences the effectiveness of reinforcement?

A) immediacy
B) contingency
C) establishing operations
D) all of these

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a question to ask when trying to decide whether a situation represents positive or negative reinforcement?

A) what is the behavior?
B) did the stimulus appear to be pleasant?
C) was the stimulus added or removed?
D) was the behavior more likely to occur?

Question 6

The stimulus removed or avoided following the behavior in negative reinforcement is referred to as the ___________ stimulus.

A) natural
B) unconditioned
C) aversive
D) conditioned

Question 7

An object or event that can be detected by the senses is referred to as a:

A) reinforcer
B) punisher
C) stimulus
D) behavior

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT an example of an unconditioned reinforcer?

A) food
B) water
C) money
D) escape from extreme heat

Question 9

Money is an example of a(n):

A) conditioned reinforcer
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned reinforcer
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 10

In behavior modification, reinforcement is defined by its effect on behavior.This is referred to as:

A) the Premack Principle
B) an operational definition
C) a functional definition
D) a unique relationship

Question 11

Tommy pets a strange dog and is immediately bitten.In behavior modification, getting bitten is referred to as the ______________ for the behavior of petting the dog.

A) punishment
B) reinforcement
C) consequence
D) antecedent

Question 12

On weekends, Laura comes home on time so that she is not grounded by her parents.Coming home on time in order to avoid being grounded is an example of:

A) positive reinforcement
B) escape behavior
C) avoidance behavior
D) punishment

Question 13

Andrew wants to play baseball with his friends.Before Andrew can play, his parents tell him that he has to clean his room, which he hates to do.Requiring Andrew to clean his room before he can play baseball with his friends is an example of:

A) punishment
B) the Premack Principle
C) escape behavior
D) negative reinforcement

Question 14

Mary takes out the garbage and, as a result, her parents let her watch her favorite television show.Mary is then more likely to take out the garbage when asked.Being able to watch her favorite television show is a ____________ for her behavior of taking out the garbage.

A) reinforcer
B) reinforcement
C) contingency
D) dependent variable

Question 15

The stimulus presented following the behavior in positive reinforcement is called:

A) a conditioned stimulus
B) a negative reinforcer
C) a positive reinforcer
D) an aversive stimulus

Question 16

Whenever Matt makes a 3 point shot, his basketball coach makes him run one less lap in practice.As a result Matt is more likely to hit 3 point shots.This is an example of:

A) the Premack Principle
B) respondent behavior
C) negative reinforcement
D) positive reinforcement

Question 17

Timmy swears whenever his mom makes broccoli for dinner.Timmy's mom always sends him to his room without dinner when he swears.As a result, Timmy is more likely to swear when his mom makes broccoli.This is an example of:

A) positive reinforcement
B) punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) extinction

Question 18

Barry throws the football into the stands after scoring a touchdown, and is cheered by the fans.As a result, Barry is more likely to throw the ball into the stands whenever he scores a touchdown.This is an example of:

A) negative reinforcement
B) positive reinforcement
C) punishment
D) satiation

Question 19

Andy answers a question in class, and is praised by the teacher.As a result, Andy is more likely to answer questions in class.Andy's behavior of answering questions in class is referred to as ____________ behavior.

A) controlled
B) natural
C) operant
D) situational

Question 20

Which of the following processes strengthen a behavior?

A) positive reinforcement
B) punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) A and C

Question 21

A(n) _________________ increases the potency of a reinforcer.

Question 22

Beth has been hiking in the desert all day and, as a result, is dying for a glass of water.The increase in the reinforcing value of water due to hiking in the desert is referred to as:

A) satiation
B) deprivation
C) conditioning
D) reinforcement

Question 23

The consequence that strengthens an operant behavior is a(n) __________.

Question 24

An intermittent schedule of reinforcement is most effective for _____________ a behavior.

A) learning
B) maintaining
C) changing
D) all of these

Question 25

Which of the following are factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement?

A) different reinforcers work for different people
B) larger reinforcers are generally more effective
C) A and B
D) none of the above

Question 26

Tom's supervisor tells him that for every 10 cars Tom sells he will get a $500 bonus.This is an example of a _______________ reinforcement schedule.

A) fixed interval
B) fixed ratio
C) variable interval
D) variable ratio

Question 27

Which schedule of reinforcement produces high, steady rates of responding with very little interruption after delivery of the reinforcer?

A) fixed ratio
B) fixed interval
C) variable ratio
D) variable interval

Question 28

In a ____________ reinforcement schedule, the reinforcer is delivered for the first response following an average of X amount of time.

A) fixed interval
B) variable interval
C) fixed ratio
D) variable ratio

Question 29

A telemarketer has to make a certain number of calls before a sale is made.However, the telemarketer does not know the exact number of calls that will be required in order to make a sale.This is an example of a _________ schedule of reinforcement:

A) fixed ratio
B) variable ratio
C) fixed interval
D) variable interval

Question 30

In _________________ reinforcement, a stimulus is removed following the behavior to strengthen the behavior.

Question 31

A(n) _________________ schedule of reinforcement is used when a person is learning a new behavior.

Question 32

In _________________ reinforcement, a stimulus is presented following the behavior to strengthen the behavior.

Question 33

Tim is just learning to read.Which reinforcement schedule would be the most effective for him?

A) continuous
B) intermittent
C) fixed
D) interval

Question 34

Nicole's teacher praises her for every math problem that she completes.This is an example of a(n) _____________ reinforcement schedule.

A) intermittent
B) fixed
C) continuous
D) interval

Question 35

John just ate a big Thanksgiving dinner.When John is offered a piece of his favorite pie he declines.The decrease in the reinforcing value of pie for John is an example of:

A) deprivation
B) satiation
C) reinforcement
D) extinction

Question 36

A(n) _________ is a behavior strengthened through the process of reinforcement.

Question 37

In the Premack principle, the opportunity to engage in a(n) ____________ is used as a reinforcer for a low probability behavior.

Question 38

All the reinforcement schedules that are in effect for a person's behavior at one time are referred to as ______________ schedules of reinforcement.

A) concurrent
B) overlapping
C) simultaneous
D) mixed

Question 39

__________ is the researcher who first demonstrated the Law of Effect.

Question 40

In Skinner's experiments, a rat pressed a lever and received food.This process strengthened lever pressing.The food is a(n) __________.The lever pressing is a(n)__________.The process is called ______________.

Question 41

In a Fixed Ratio schedule, a reinforcer is delivered after X number of responses on the average.

Question 42

Define reinforcement.

Question 43

In negative reinforcement, what happens immediately following the occurrence of the behavior?

Question 44

An unconditioned reinforcer is a reinforcer that is effective without any prior learning or conditioning.

Question 45

A reinforcer works best when it follows the behavior immediately.

Question 46

A schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcer is delivered after X number of responses on the average is __________________.

Question 47

In negative reinforcement, an aversive stimulus is removed following the behavior and the behavior is more likely to occur in the future.

Question 48

What is an aversive stimulus?

Question 49

If an aversive stimulus is removed following the behavior, the behavior is less likely to occur in the future.

Question 50

In positive reinforcement, what happens immediately following the occurrence of the behavior?

Question 51

A conditioned reinforcer is a reinforcer that is effective without any prior learning or conditioning.

Question 52

A schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcer is delivered for the first response occurring after X amount of time is _______________________.

Question 53

A schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcer is delivered after X number of responses is __________________.

Question 54

An establishing operation is an event that makes a reinforcer more potent at a particular time.

Question 55

If a positive reinforcer is delivered following the behavior, the behavior is more likely to occur in the future.

Question 56

When a person has not experienced a reinforcer for a long time, will the reinforcer be more or less effective? ____________________ What is this process called? _____________________

Question 57

When a person has just had a large amount of a reinforcer, will the reinforcer be more or less effective at that time? _______________________ What is this process called? ____________________

Question 58

Negative reinforcement decreases a behavior in the future.

Question 59

In a Fixed Interval schedule, a reinforcer is delivered after a period of time has elapsed.

Question 60

A schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcer is delivered for the first response occurring after X amount of time on the average is _______________________.

Question 61

How does escape behavior differ from avoidance behavior?

Question 62

Identify the five factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement.

Question 63

What are three examples of generalized conditioned reinforcers?

Question 64

What are a couple examples of unconditioned reinforcers?