Deck 15: Differential Reinforcement

Question 1

When a desirable behavior results in escape or avoidance of an aversive stimulus, it is referred to as differential:

A) negative reinforcement
B) positive reinforcement
C) negative punishment
D) positive punishment

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a strategy used in identifying the reinforcer to use in the DRO procedure?

A) experimental manipulation of potential reinforcers
B) observing individuals to determine their preferences
C) selecting a stimulus that is reinforcing for most people
D) choosing the reinforcer that is maintaining the problem behavior

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Differential reinforcement of a low probability behavior with the opportunity to engage in a high probability behavior is referred to as:

A) conditioning
B) characteristics of the consequence
C) an establishing operation
D) the Premack principle

Answer 3

D

Question 4

How can a reinforcer for an individual be identified?

A) ask the individual
B) observe the individual
C) test potential reinforcers
D) all of these

Question 5

Julie's parents used DRA at home in order to get Julie to increase her behavior of speaking clearly and reduce her behavior of mumbling.As a result, Julie now speaks clearly at home, at school, and at church.Julie's behavior of speaking clearly is said to have ____________ to other relevant stimulus situations.

A) expanded
B) generalized
C) transferred
D) broadened

Question 6

In order to implement DRO successfully you need to:

A) deliver the reinforcer when the alternative behavior occurs
B) deliver the reinforcer for the absence of the problem behavior
C) deliver the punisher when the problem behavior occurs
D) A and C

Question 7

Which of the following conditions is(are) necessary in order for DRA to be used?

A) the goal is to increase desirable behavior
B) you have access to a reinforcer you can use
C) the behavior already occurs
D) all of these

Question 8

Matthew frequently screams when he wants attention from his Mom.In order to decrease Matthew's screaming behavior, his Mom does not pay attention to him when he screams.When Matthew quietly asks for attention, his behavior is reinforced with attention from his Mom.Which differential reinforcement procedure is Matthew's Mom using?

A) DRL
B) DRO
C) DRH
D) DRA

Question 9

Bobby's Mom is trying to increase the number of times that Bobby shares his toys with his younger brother.When Bobby shares his toys, his Mom praises Bobby and plays with him, but when Bobby refuses to share his toys his Mom does not praise him or play with him.As a result, Bobby increases the number of times he shares his toys with his younger brother.This is an example of:

A) DRO
B) shaping
C) DRL
D) DRA

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a type of differential reinforcement?

A) DRO
B) DRA
C) DRL
D) DRB

Question 11

An individual with mental retardation frequently engages in aggressive behavior when he wants a break from a task at work.When he engages in aggressive behavior, he is required to continue working on the task, but if he asks for a break his behavior is reinforced with a break from the task.Which variation of DRA is being used in this example?

A) DRL
B) DRI
C) DRO
D) Functional communication training

Question 12

A parent is trying to decrease a child's swearing behavior.For every hour that the child goes without swearing, the parent reinforces the absence of swearing by reading to the child.If the child swears, the parent does not give the child attention and the child has to wait another hour for a story.Which differential reinforcement procedure is the parent using?

A) DRA
B) DRL
C) DRO
D) DRI

Question 13

The amount of effort required to engage in the alternative behavior together with the schedule of reinforcement for the alternative behavior is referred to as:

A) response cost
B) response efficiency
C) an establishing operation
D) a behavioral contingency

Question 14

Mary frequently blurts out answers to questions without waiting to be called on because she likes attention from the teacher.When Mary raises her hand, the teacher calls on her, but when Mary blurts out an answer the teacher ignores her and calls on another student.As a result, Mary's behavior of raising her hand increases, and her behavior of blurting out answers decreases.The teacher used ____________ for Mary's behavior of raising her hand and ____________ for her behavior of blurting out answers.

A) reinforcement ; extinction
B) reinforcement ; punishment
C) extinction ; punishment
D) extinction ; reinforcement

Question 15

DRA involves using ____________ for desirable behaviors and ___________ for undesirable behaviors.

A) reinforcement; extinction
B) reinforcement; punishment
C) extinction; reinforcement
D) extinction; punishment

Question 16

The desirable and undesirable behaviors involved in differential reinforcement have schedules of reinforcement that exist at the same time.Behaviors that have reinforcement schedules existing at the same time are referred to as:

A) concurrent operants
B) overlapping behaviors
C) simultaneous operants
D) interfering behaviors

Question 17

Which type of differential reinforcement is most likely to lead to an increase in an alternative behavior?

A) DRO
B) DRL
C) DRM
D) DRA

Question 18

In order for differential reinforcement to be most effective, the desirable behavior should be reinforced:

A) immediately
B) intermittently
C) randomly
D) A and B

Question 19

When using a DRA procedure, the alternative behavior must:

A) be functionally equivalent to the problem behavior
B) require more response effort than the problem behavior
C) be reinforced on an intermittent reinforcement schedule
D) A and C

Question 20

The initial time interval that is selected for the DRO procedure should be:

A) one that is challenging for the individual to meet
B) based on the baseline rate of the behavior
C) long enough so that it does not have to be adjusted
D) all of these

Question 21

At what point during the implementation of DRO is the time interval increased?

A) when the problem behavior continues to occur at a high level
B) when the reinforcer is being delivered after most intervals
C) the time interval is not increased in DRO
D) A and B

Question 22

In which DRO variation is the reinforcer delivered when the problem behavior is absent at the end of the interval?

A) whole-interval DRO
B) spaced-responding DRO
C) partial DRO
D) momentary DRO

Question 23

Mary's parents are trying to decrease the number of times that she feeds the family dog during the day.Mary's parents set a criterion level for the maximum number of times that she can feed the dog in a day, and if Mary achieves this level she gets a story read to her at bedtime.Which type of differential reinforcement are Mary's parents using?

A) DRO
B) DRA
C) DRL
D) DRC

Question 24

Which of the following will increase the effectiveness of DRO?

A) delivering the reinforcer when the behavior is absent only at the end of the interval
B) delivering the reinforcer when the behavior is absent for the entire interval
C) selecting an initial interval length longer than the baseline rate of the behavior
D) B and C

Question 25

Reinforcement delivered when fewer than a specified number of responses occurs in a period of time is referred to as ___________ DRL.

Question 26

The two principles involved in DRA are ___________ and ___________.

Question 27

When you are most interested in decreasing the overall rate of a behavior you should use ____________ DRL, but if the timing of the behavior is most important you should use ____________ DRL.

A) full-session; spaced-responding
B) spaced-responding; full-session
C) response; delay
D) whole-interval; momentary

Question 28

What is the result if the problem behavior occurs during the DRO interval?

A) the reinforcer is delivered
B) the interval length is increased
C) the interval for the reinforcer is reset
D) B and C

Question 29

How do the procedures of whole-interval DRO and spaced-responding DRL differ?

A) DRO reinforces absence of behavior and DRL reinforces decreased rate of behavior
B) DRO resets the interval if the behavior occurs but DRL does not
C) DRO is used to decrease behavior and DRL is used to eliminate behavior
D) A and B

Question 30

In a DRO procedure, the reinforcer is contingent on ___________.

Question 31

In a DRA procedure, when the alternative behavior results in the same reinforcer as the problem behavior, we say that the alternative behavior is ___________ to the problem behavior.

Question 32

Nicole's parents are trying to decrease the number of phone calls that she makes in a day.If Nicole makes fewer than 5 calls in a day, she is allowed to have a friend over the next day.In which DRL variation is the reinforcer delivered if the number of responses that occur in a period of time is less than a specified level.

A) full-session DRL
B) spaced-responding DRL
C) whole-interval DRL
D) response DRL

Question 33

Tommy is frequently asking his parents questions, and they want to decrease his behavior to an acceptable level.Tommy's parents tell him that they will answer a question only if it has been at least 10 minutes since his last question.If Tommy asks a question before the 10-minute interval is up, his parents do not reinforce his behavior with an answer to the question? Which DRL variation are Tommy's parents using?

A) full-session DRL
B) interval DRL
C) spaced-responding DRL
D) secondary DRL

Question 34

Three ways to identify an appropriate reinforcer are___________, ___________, and ___________.

Question 35

If you are trying to get a child with intellectual disability to drink his milk slower and you want 10 sec.to elapse between each gulp, then ___________ DRL is most appropriate.

Question 36

When identifying a reinforcer to use in a DRO procedure, one consequence event that will function as a reinforcer for the person is ___________.

Question 37

A teacher is trying to decrease a child's screaming behavior.If the child does not scream for an entire 30-minute interval, the absence of screaming is reinforced with attention from the teacher.Which differential reinforcement procedure is the teacher using?

A) momentary DRO
B) full-session DRL
C) whole-interval DRO
D) DRA

Question 38

To program for generalization with DRA, the ___________ should be differentially reinforced in as many relevant situations as possible and by as many relevant people as possible.

Question 39

Sally is on a DRO 10 min.schedule for screaming.If after 5 min.Sally screams, what happens next? ______

Question 40

In the DRL procedure, you reinforce a(n) ___________ of the problem behavior.

Question 41

Provide an example of full session DRL.

Question 42

In a DRA procedure, starting with a continuous schedule of reinforcement for the alternative behavior works best.

Question 43

Provide an example of DRO.

Question 44

The alternative behavior in a DRA procedure should require ___________ response effort than the problem behavior.

Question 45

Jeff is a boy with autism who grabs and squeezes his face when the teacher asks him to complete a task.The teacher allows Jeff to leave the room when this occurs because he will stop hurting himself.After 5 minutes, Jeff usually returns to the classroom and completes at least some of the requested task.Describe how you would implement a DRA procedure to increase Jeff's completing schoolwork and decrease his self injurious behavior.

Question 46

Utilizing the same reinforcer that is maintaining an undesirable behavior is an effective way to increase a desirable behavior.

Question 47

The same reinforcers will be effective for most people.

Question 48

In spaced responding DRL, the reinforcer is delivered for the absence of a behavior after a time interval has passed.

Question 49

It is not necessary to define both the desirable and the undesirable behaviors when using DRA

Question 50

DRO intervals should be gradually shortened over time.

Question 51

Momentary DRO procedures are more effective than whole interval DRO procedures.

Question 52

What is the difference between a whole interval DRO procedure and a momentary DRO procedure?

Question 53

In the DRO procedure, you reinforce other behavior to take the place of the problem behavior you want to decrease.

Question 54

Extinction of the problem behavior is a component of the DRO procedure.

Question 55

TF DRA is an effective way to increase a desirable behavior.

Question 56

What is the difference between spaced responding DRL and DRO?

Question 57

Identify the examples below as DRO, DRA, or DRL.
___________ Tony, a four year old boy, frequently squirmed in church and disrupted the people sitting near him.Dad decided to use differential reinforcement.When they first got to church, Dad told Tony if he didn't squirm, he could earn stickers.Once church started, Dad gave Tony a sticker after every 10 minutes that he did not squirm.
___________ Mary was supposed to do her homework at the kitchen table in the evening.Frequently Mary talked to Mom while she was supposed to be studying.Mom usually talked to Mary for a few minutes each time Mary spoke to her.Mom decided on a plan to get Mary to talk less while studying.Whenever Mary was studying, Mom would praise her, but when Mary tried to talk to Mom, Mom would walk out of the room without responding to Mary.
___________ Claire, a woman with intellectual disability working in a workshop, got up and went to the bathroom 5 or 6 times each morning and 5 or 6 times each afternoon.She recently had a physical, so there was no medical problem.The supervisor implemented a program in which Claire earned a token if she went to the bathroom no more than 2 times in the morning and not more than 2 times in the afternoon.She later traded her tokens in for back-up reinforcers.

Question 58

What happens in a DRA procedure?

Question 59

Continuous reinforcement should be used throughout the process of using DRA.