Deck 13: Ion and Water Balance

Question 1

The toxic by-products of amino acid breakdown must be excreted.Which of the following is NOT one of the main forms of nitrogen excretion?

A)ammonia
B)pyridine
C)urea
D)uric acid

Answer 1

B

Question 2

All animals require water,and it may be provided in many forms.Which of the following is NEVER a source of water for an animal?

A)seawater
B)dietary water
C)products of hydrolysis
D)products of oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which compound has the lowest molecular weight?

A)ammonia
B)urea
C)uric acid
D)protein

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Perturbing solutes include all of the following EXCEPT

A)Na⁺.
B)K⁺.
C)charged amino acids.
D)trehalose.

Question 5

How many moles of ATP are required to produce one mole of urea?

A)1
B)5
C)10
D)50

Question 6

Most animals rely on tissues such as the gills,skin,and kidney to regulate three homeostatic processes.Which of the following is NOT one of those processes?

A)osmotic regulation
B)ionic regulation
C)nitrogen excretion
D)endocrine balance

Question 7

The most immediate product of xanthine oxidation is

A)uric acid.
B)urea.
C)glutamine.
D)adenosine.

Question 8

Osmosis is

A)the energetically favorable movement of water across a semipermeable membrane,from an area with a high activity of water to an area with low activity of water.
B)the energetically costly movement of water across a semipermeable membrane,from an area with a high activity of water to an area with low activity of water.
C)the energetically favorable movement of solute across a semipermeable membrane from an area with a low activity of water to an area with high activity of water.
D)the energetically favorable movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area with a low activity of water to an area with high activity of water.

Question 9

Whether an animal excretes ammonia,uric acid,or urea has mostly to do with

A)availability of water in its niche.
B)dietary strategies.
C)metabolic costs.
D)all of the above

Question 10

Which animal group is NOT considered ammoniotelic?

A)mammals
B)agnathans
C)aquatic mollusks
D)chondrichthians

Question 11

Which of the following features of the stratum corneum is incorrect?

A)It is composed of differentiated epithelial cells.
B)Its purpose is to reduce water loss.
C)The tissue is dead and unresponsive to physical changes.
D)It is heavily keratinized.

Question 12

The main component of insect chitin is

A)polysaccharide.
B)protein.
C)lipid.
D)nucleic acid.

Question 13

Urea is made in the

A)kidney.
B)spleen.
C)liver.
D)bladder.

Question 14

The ornithine-urea cycle happens in which two locations?

A)nucleus,endoplasmic reticulum
B)mitochondrion,cytoplasm
C)cytoplasm,intercellular space
D)ribosome,cytoplasm

Question 15

The cytoplasm of most animals is dominated by the same ions.Which of the following is NOT one of those ions?

A)K⁺
B)Cl⁻
C)Na+
D)SO₄⁻

Question 16

Where do humans obtain most of their water?

A)drinking water
B)water trapped in solid food
C)metabolic water
D)condensation reactions

Question 17

How do iguanas maintain water and ion balance?

A)Marine iguanas produce urine that contains a higher ion concentration than blood.
B)A specialized salt gland in their nose produces a highly concentrated salt solution that is expelled.
C)Marine iguanas use their kidneys to excrete excess salt.
D)Marine iguanas need to drink fresh water on land to maintain the optimal water and ion balance.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a process involved in urine formation?

A)filtration
B)condensation
C)secretion
D)excretion

Question 19

Ammonia is the end product of __________ catabolism.

A)protein
B)carbohydrate
C)lipid
D)nitrogen

Question 20

Compatible solutes

A)disrupt macromolecular function.
B)do not disrupt macromolecular function,as long as the concentration is low.
C)do not disrupt macromolecular function,even at high concentration.
D)do not disrupt macromolecular function,as long as there are counteracting solutes present.

Question 21

Vasopressin quickly increases the reabsorption of water by the collecting duct.This happens because

A)the cell transcribes and translates more aquaporins to be inserted in the membrane.
B)preformed aquaporins are translocated to the membrane.
C)phosphorylation of existing aquaporins increase their permeability.
D)All of the above are possible.

Question 22

An animal with an internal ion profile that resembles the ion composition of the external water is an __________.

Question 23

Which of the following structures is correctly matched with its function?

A)ascending limb of the loop of Henle: major site of secretion of K⁺
B)descending limb of the loop of Henle: major site for transport of solutes
C)proximal tubule: site of secretion of organic anions and cations
D)distal tubule: main site of reabsorption of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺

Question 24

The role of the glomerulus is to

A)provide blood to the nephron.
B)accept blood from the Bowman's capsule.
C)concentrate the urine.
D)establish osmotic gradients in the kidney medulla.

Question 25

Which of the following statements is correct?

A)The complexity of the glomerulus varies among fish species,but no marine or fresh water fish can survive without a glomerulus.
B)Kidneys of amphibians have a short loop of Henle.
C)The nephrons of marine fish have longer proximal tubules and larger distal tubules compared to fresh water fish.
D)Amphibians use their bladder not only for urine storage,but also for water storage.

Question 26

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway,angiotensin II regulates ion and water balance by doing all of the following EXCEPT

A)stimulating Na⁺ reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
B)stimulating vasodilation of postglomerular blood vessels.
C)stimulating the synthesis and release of other hormones that affect kidney function.
D)increasing the synthesis and release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.

Question 27

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway that regulates blood pressure,renin is controlled in the following ways EXCEPT

A)juxtaglomerular cells themselves can sense pressure changes and release renin when blood pressure declines.
B)decreases in blood pressure activate sympathetic neurons in the medulla oblongata,triggering renin secretion.
C)macula densa cells in the wall of the distal tubule respond to a decrease in urine flow and Na⁺ delivery by releasing a paracrine signal that leads to renin secretion.
D)decreased perfusion of the lung leads to the production of angiotensin-converting enzyme,or ACE,that directly leads to renin secretion.

Question 28

Compared to kidney structure in marine fish,freshwater fish have

A)a more complex glomerulus.
B)a less complex glomerulus.
C)an equally complex glomerulus.
D)no glomerulus.

Question 29

The role of the loop of Henle is to produce

A)hyperosmotic urine.
B)isosmotic urine.
C)hyposmotic urine.
D)filtered urine.

Question 30

Aldosterone regulates balance of

A)calcium and chloride.
B)magnesium and sodium.
C)sodium and potassium.
D)phosphates and calcium.

Question 31

Which of the following statements about the nephron is false?

A)The epithelial cells of the proximal tubule have numerous microvilli.
B)The wall of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is described as "thick" or "thin" depending on the width of the tubule lumen.
C)In the distal tubule,the most common epithelial cell type has few microvilli.
D)Various regions of the nephron mediate different transport processes.

Question 32

Three main classes of diuretic hormones have been identified in insects.Which of the following is NOT one of those classes?

A)CRF-related diuretic hormones
B)insect myokinins
C)corticotrophin-releasing factors
D)cardioacceleratory peptides

Question 33

Ion and water regulation in the insect is controlled by the

A)kidney.
B)metanephridium.
C)Malpighian tubule.
D)caecum.

Question 34

Most solute and water reabsorption in the nephron happens at the

A)Bowman's capsule.
B)proximal tubule.
C)loop of Henle.
D)distal tubule.

Question 35

The main ways that the nephron regulates pH of the urine is through all of the following EXCEPT

A)H⁺ transport.
B)HCO₃⁻ transport.
C)ammonia transport.
D)NaOH transport.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a part of the nephron structure?

A)Bowman's capsule
B)proximal tubule
C)central tubule
D)distal tubule

Question 37

Aldosterone stimulates Na⁺ absorption and K⁺ excretion in the kidney.This happens because

A)the cell transcribes and translates more ion transporters to be inserted in the membrane.
B)preformed ion transporters are translocated to the membrane.
C)phosphorylation of existing ion transporters increases their permeability.
D)All of the above are possible.

Question 38

Mesangial cells function to

A)adjust glomerular filtration rate.
B)recover solutes from primary urine.
C)adjust the size of the Bowman's capsule.
D)alter the permeability of the collecting duct.

Question 39

The main forces that determine net glomerular filtration pressure include all of the following EXCEPT

A)glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure.
B)Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure.
C)net oncotic pressure.
D)atmospheric pressure.

Question 40

What happens if you drink a large amount of water without ingesting anything salty?

A)osmolarity of body fluid increases
B)urine volume increases
C)blood volume remains unaltered
D)blood pressure decreases

Question 41

The functional unit of the kidney is the __________.

Question 42

An animal that excretes most of its nitrogen in the form of urea is called a __________.

Question 43

Ammonia,uric acid,and urea are similar in that they all eliminate the element __________ from the body.

Question 44

Some fish,such as eels,are referred to as _______________________ since they live their adult life in freshwater but migrate to saltwater to breed.

Question 45

The "remodeling" of the fish gill to permit a fish to switch from freshwater to sea water is called __________.

Question 46

In the kidney,the capacity for solute recovery is known as the __________.

Question 47

An animal that excretes most of its nitrogen in the form of uric acid is called a __________.

Question 48

The force arising due to the tendency of water to move by osmosis is called __________.

Question 49

IMP stands for __________.

Question 50

The membrane-associated channel that increases the permeability of the cell to water is called an __________.

Question 51

When an animal is dehydrated,hormones such as vasopressin lead to increased expression of __________ genes that allow water recovery.

Question 52

Elasmobranchs have an accessory organ to help regulate salts.This organ is called the __________.

Question 53

IMP is an important compound in the metabolism of __________.

Question 54

Many reptiles and birds possess a __________ that aids in ion and water balance by excreting hyperosmotic solutions of Na⁺ and Cl⁻.

Question 55

The movement of solutes or water between adjacent cells is called __________ transport.

Question 56

An animal that excretes most of its nitrogen in the form of ammonia is called an __________.

Question 57

Animals that can tolerate only a narrow range of external osmolarity are described as __________.

Question 58

When urine is expelled from the bladder through the urethra,this is called __________.

Question 59

The movement of solutes or water through epithelial cells is called __________ transport.

Question 60

The property of an extracellular solution that determines whether a cell will swell or shrink is called __________.

Question 61

Describe the three main classes of diuretic hormones found in insects.

Question 62

What information have conservation physiologists uncovered about possible reasons that some sockeye salmon breed successfully while others are unsuccessful at reproduction?

Question 63

What happens to a rat that has had its adrenal gland removed? Why?

Question 64

There are a variety of ways that animals have adapted to cope with life in desert environments.Describe five adaptations,giving examples if appropriate,that animals might use to cope with high heat and low water availability.

Question 65

Invertebrates have primitive kidneys called __________.

Question 66

Most teleost fish excrete ammonia.Explain why the Magadi tilapia,a fish living in highly basic water,excretes urea.

Question 67

The kidney has six roles in homeostasis.Please describe them.

Question 68

What is a countercurrent multiplier,and what is its role in the loop of Henle? Briefly explain how it works.Use a diagram if necessary.

Question 69

Explain the reabsorption of glucose and Na⁺ from the lumen of the nephron tubule into the blood,using both the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase and Na⁺/glucose transporter in your answer.Use a diagram if necessary.

Question 70

Describe three specific reasons why a change in cell volume can be problematic

Question 71

The brain region responsible for sensing and controlling thirst is the __________.

Question 72

At the glomerulus,the osmotic pressure that arises because of the protein concentration gradient is known as the __________ pressure.

Question 73

______________________ is the reproductive strategy of all Pacific salmon that breed only once and die shortly after.