Question 1

Mesangial cells function to

Accepted Answer

A) adjust glomerular filtration rate. 
B) recover solutes from primary urine. 
C) adjust the size of the Bowman's capsule. 
D) alter the permeability of the collecting duct. 
A) adjust glomerular filtration rate. 
B) recover solutes from primary urine. 
C) adjust the size of the Bowman's capsule. 
D) alter the permeability of the collecting duct. A

Question 2

Describe the three main classes of diuretic hormones found in insects.

Accepted Answer

1)Insect myokinins are short peptide hormones that act on the stellate cells of the Malpighian tubules.They activate phospholipase C,which increases production of IP₃,which causes the release of Ca²⁺.The increased concentration of Ca²⁺ results in Cl⁻ transport into the lumen.This movement of Ca²⁺ causes the parallel movement of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ,which then leads to a net movement of NaCl and KCl from the hemolymph into the lumen.2)Cardioacceleratory peptides increase heart rate and stimulate secretion of fluids into the Malpighian tubules.These hormones stimulate phospholipase C,which increases production of IP₃ and release of Ca²⁺.The Ca²⁺ activates the Ca²⁺ calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide synthase and guanylyl cyclase,which results in the increase of H⁺ ATPase activity.3)Fifteen different CRE-related diuretic hormones are found in insects.These hormones stimulate synthesis of cAMP in Malpighian tubule cells,which stimulates cation transport at the basal and apical regions of the principal cells.

Question 3

______________________ is the reproductive strategy of all Pacific salmon that breed only once and die shortly after.

Accepted Answer

Semelparity

Question 4

The role of the loop of Henle is to produce

Accepted Answer

A) hyperosmotic urine. 
B) isosmotic urine. 
C) hyposmotic urine. 
D) filtered urine. 
A) hyperosmotic urine. 
B) isosmotic urine. 
C) hyposmotic urine. 
D) filtered urine.

Question 5

The functional unit of the kidney is the __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The functional unit of the kidney is...

Question 6

The property of an extracellular solution that determines whether a cell will swell or shrink is called __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The property of an extracellular solution that...

Question 7

Which of the following statements is correct?

Accepted Answer

A) The complexity of the glomerulus varies among fish species,but no marine or fresh water fish can survive without a glomerulus. 
B) Kidneys of amphibians have a short loop of Henle. 
C) The nephrons of marine fish have longer proximal tubules and larger distal tubules compared to fresh water fish. 
D) Amphibians use their bladder not only for urine storage,but also for water storage. 
A) The complexity of the glomerulus varies among fish species,but no marine or fresh water fish can survive without a glomerulus. 
B) Kidneys of amphibians have a short loop of Henle. 
C) The nephrons of marine fish have longer proximal tubules and larger distal tubules compared to fresh water fish. 
D) Amphibians use their bladder not only for urine storage,but also for water storage.

Question 8

Which of the following features of the stratum corneum is incorrect?

Accepted Answer

A) It is composed of differentiated epithelial cells. 
B) Its purpose is to reduce water loss. 
C) The tissue is dead and unresponsive to physical changes. 
D) It is heavily keratinized. 
A) It is composed of differentiated epithelial cells. 
B) Its purpose is to reduce water loss. 
C) The tissue is dead and unresponsive to physical changes. 
D) It is heavily keratinized.

Question 9

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway that regulates blood pressure,renin is controlled in the following ways EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A) juxtaglomerular cells themselves can sense pressure changes and release renin when blood pressure declines. 
B) decreases in blood pressure activate sympathetic neurons in the medulla oblongata,triggering renin secretion. 
C) macula densa cells in the wall of the distal tubule respond to a decrease in urine flow and Na⁺ delivery by releasing a paracrine signal that leads to renin secretion. 
D) decreased perfusion of the lung leads to the production of angiotensin-converting enzyme,or ACE,that directly leads to renin secretion. 
A) juxtaglomerular cells themselves can sense pressure changes and release renin when blood pressure declines. 
B) decreases in blood pressure activate sympathetic neurons in the medulla oblongata,triggering renin secretion. 
C) macula densa cells in the wall of the distal tubule respond to a decrease in urine flow and Na⁺ delivery by releasing a paracrine signal that leads to renin secretion. 
D) decreased perfusion of the lung leads to the production of angiotensin-converting enzyme,or ACE,that directly leads to renin secretion.

Question 10

The role of the glomerulus is to

Accepted Answer

A) provide blood to the nephron. 
B) accept blood from the Bowman's capsule. 
C) concentrate the urine. 
D) establish osmotic gradients in the kidney medulla. 
A) provide blood to the nephron. 
B) accept blood from the Bowman's capsule. 
C) concentrate the urine. 
D) establish osmotic gradients in the kidney medulla.

Question 11

The movement of solutes or water between adjacent cells is called __________ transport.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The movement of solutes or water between...

Question 12

In the kidney,the capacity for solute recovery is known as the __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the kidney,the capacity for solute recovery...

Question 13

What happens if you drink a large amount of water without ingesting anything salty?

Accepted Answer

A) osmolarity of body fluid increases 
B) urine volume increases 
C) blood volume remains unaltered 
D) blood pressure decreases 
A) osmolarity of body fluid increases 
B) urine volume increases 
C) blood volume remains unaltered 
D) blood pressure decreases

Question 14

Vasopressin quickly increases the reabsorption of water by the collecting duct.This happens because

Accepted Answer

A) the cell transcribes and translates more aquaporins to be inserted in the membrane. 
B) preformed aquaporins are translocated to the membrane. 
C) phosphorylation of existing aquaporins increase their permeability. 
D) All of the above are possible. 
A) the cell transcribes and translates more aquaporins to be inserted in the membrane. 
B) preformed aquaporins are translocated to the membrane. 
C) phosphorylation of existing aquaporins increase their permeability. 
D) All of the above are possible.

Question 15

Osmosis is

Accepted Answer

A) the energetically favorable movement of water across a semipermeable membrane,from an area with a high activity of water to an area with low activity of water. 
B) the energetically costly movement of water across a semipermeable membrane,from an area with a high activity of water to an area with low activity of water. 
C) the energetically favorable movement of solute across a semipermeable membrane from an area with a low activity of water to an area with high activity of water. 
D) the energetically favorable movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area with a low activity of water to an area with high activity of water. 
A) the energetically favorable movement of water across a semipermeable membrane,from an area with a high activity of water to an area with low activity of water. 
B) the energetically costly movement of water across a semipermeable membrane,from an area with a high activity of water to an area with low activity of water. 
C) the energetically favorable movement of solute across a semipermeable membrane from an area with a low activity of water to an area with high activity of water. 
D) the energetically favorable movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area with a low activity of water to an area with high activity of water.

Question 16

Explain the reabsorption of glucose and Na⁺ from the lumen of the nephron tubule into the blood,using both the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase and Na⁺/glucose transporter in your answer.Use a diagram if necessary.

Accepted Answer

The concentrations of Na⁺ and glucose in

Question 17

When an animal is dehydrated,hormones such as vasopressin lead to increased expression of __________ genes that allow water recovery.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When an animal is dehydrated,hormones such as...

Question 18

The main ways that the nephron regulates pH of the urine is through all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A) H⁺ transport. 
B) HCO₃⁻ transport. 
C) ammonia transport. 
D) NaOH transport. 
A) H⁺ transport. 
B) HCO₃⁻ transport. 
C) ammonia transport. 
D) NaOH transport.

Question 19

What is a countercurrent multiplier,and what is its role in the loop of Henle? Briefly explain how it works.Use a diagram if necessary.

Accepted Answer

A countercurrent multiplier uses the pri

Question 20

Aldosterone stimulates Na⁺ absorption and K⁺ excretion in the kidney.This happens because

Accepted Answer

A) the cell transcribes and translates more ion transporters to be inserted in the membrane. 
B) preformed ion transporters are translocated to the membrane. 
C) phosphorylation of existing ion transporters increases their permeability. 
D) All of the above are possible. 
A) the cell transcribes and translates more ion transporters to be inserted in the membrane. 
B) preformed ion transporters are translocated to the membrane. 
C) phosphorylation of existing ion transporters increases their permeability. 
D) All of the above are possible.

Mesangial cells function to

Describe the three main classes of diuretic hormones found in insects.

______________________ is the reproductive strategy of all Pacific salmon that breed only once and die shortly after.

The role of the loop of Henle is to produce

The functional unit of the kidney is the __________.

The property of an extracellular solution that determines whether a cell will swell or shrink is called __________.

Which of the following statements is correct?

Which of the following features of the stratum corneum is incorrect?

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway that regulates blood pressure,renin is controlled in the following ways EXCEPT

The role of the glomerulus is to

The movement of solutes or water between adjacent cells is called __________ transport.

In the kidney,the capacity for solute recovery is known as the __________.

What happens if you drink a large amount of water without ingesting anything salty?

Vasopressin quickly increases the reabsorption of water by the collecting duct.This happens because

Osmosis is

Explain the reabsorption of glucose and Na⁺ from the lumen of the nephron tubule into the blood,using both the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase and Na⁺/glucose transporter in your answer.Use a diagram if necessary.

When an animal is dehydrated,hormones such as vasopressin lead to increased expression of __________ genes that allow water recovery.

The main ways that the nephron regulates pH of the urine is through all of the following EXCEPT

What is a countercurrent multiplier,and what is its role in the loop of Henle? Briefly explain how it works.Use a diagram if necessary.

Aldosterone stimulates Na⁺ absorption and K⁺ excretion in the kidney.This happens because

Introduction to Physiological Principles

Physiological Evolution of Animals

Chemistry, biochemistry, and Cell Physiology

Cell Signaling and Endocrine Regulation

Neuron Structure and Function

Cellular Movement and Muscles

Sensory Systems

Functional Organization of Nervous Systems

Circulatory Systems

Immune Systems

Respiratory Systems

Locomotion

Digestion and Energy Metabolism

Thermal Physiology

Reproductive Physiology

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Exam 13: Ion and Water Balance

Mesangial cells function to

Describe the three main classes of diuretic hormones found in insects.

______________________ is the reproductive strategy of all Pacific salmon that breed only once and die shortly after.

The role of the loop of Henle is to produce

The functional unit of the kidney is the __________.

The property of an extracellular solution that determines whether a cell will swell or shrink is called __________.

Which of the following statements is correct?

Which of the following features of the stratum corneum is incorrect?

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway that regulates blood pressure,renin is controlled in the following ways EXCEPT

The role of the glomerulus is to

The movement of solutes or water between adjacent cells is called __________ transport.

In the kidney,the capacity for solute recovery is known as the __________.

What happens if you drink a large amount of water without ingesting anything salty?

Vasopressin quickly increases the reabsorption of water by the collecting duct.This happens because

Osmosis is

Explain the reabsorption of glucose and Na⁺ from the lumen of the nephron tubule into the blood,using both the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase and Na⁺/glucose transporter in your answer.Use a diagram if necessary.

When an animal is dehydrated,hormones such as vasopressin lead to increased expression of __________ genes that allow water recovery.

The main ways that the nephron regulates pH of the urine is through all of the following EXCEPT

What is a countercurrent multiplier,and what is its role in the loop of Henle? Briefly explain how it works.Use a diagram if necessary.

Aldosterone stimulates Na⁺ absorption and K⁺ excretion in the kidney.This happens because

Introduction to Physiological Principles

Physiological Evolution of Animals

Chemistry, biochemistry, and Cell Physiology

Cell Signaling and Endocrine Regulation

Neuron Structure and Function

Cellular Movement and Muscles

Sensory Systems

Functional Organization of Nervous Systems

Circulatory Systems

Immune Systems

Respiratory Systems

Locomotion

Digestion and Energy Metabolism

Thermal Physiology

Reproductive Physiology

Filters