Deck 5: Health and Physical Activity

Question 1

Greenberg and Pargman (1989)describe a health-illness continuum anchored by all of the following points except

A)illness
B)death
C)health
D)perfect health
E)fitness

Answer 1

fitness

Question 2

Estabrooks (2000)reported that _________ percent of those who begin an exercise program stop within six months.

A)30%
B)50%
C)75%
D)100%
E)25%

Answer 2

50%

Question 3

Many studies have indicated that the exact variable responsible for improved self-esteem associated with an exercise program is

A)endurance
B)strength
C)competence
D)skill level
E)unknown

Answer 3

unknown

Question 4

When Taylor reports that he feels anxious if he doesn't go for a run everyday,he is providing ____________ evidence to support the relationship between exercise and psychological well being.

A)anecdotal
B)unequivocal
C)empirical
D)correlational
E)experimental

Question 5

Physiological functioning that has been described in relation to attributes we have that influence the ability to perform physical activity is known as

A)physical activity
B)physical fitness
C)exercise psychology
D)exercise physiology
E)endurance

Question 6

Different forms of physical fitness include all of the following except

A)strenuous
B)muscular strength
C)cardio respiratory endurance
D)body composition
E)flexibility

Question 7

A global trait associated with overall performance expectations is known as

A)self-confidence
B)performance accomplishments
C)self-concept
D)self-efficacy
E)self-control

Question 8

Gauvin,Levesque & Richard (2001)described the four parameters of physical activity including all of the following except

A)duration
B)frequency
C)fitness
D)intensity
E)type

Question 9

Each point of the Greenberg and Pargman (1989)health-illness continuum has five components

A)mental,physical,environmental,social,emotional health
B)mental,social,emotional,physical,spiritual health
C)social,physical,medical,emotional,environmental
D)emotional,environmental,social,spiritual,physical
E)wellness,illness,death,health,dying,

Question 10

Hays (1999)states that "Exercise psychology attends to the ____________ relationship,and sport psychology is directed toward the ________________ relationship.

A)mind-to-body;body-to-mind
B)exercise-health;physical activity-sport
C)physical activity-sport;sport-physical activity
D)body-to-mind;mind-to-body
E)health-physical activity;physical activity-physical fitness

Question 11

The form of exercise which produces an oxygen deficit is called

A)isotonic
B)isokinetic
C)isometric
D)aerobic
E)anaerobic

Question 12

Based on data collected by Statistics Canada(2008)there has been a decrease in involvement in sports from ____________% to _______________ % in people over age 15.

A)65;50
B)75;45
C)45;28
D)75;65
E)80;60

Question 13

A situation specific belief that reflects an individual's perception of is or her ability to succeed at a particular task is known as

A)self-confidence
B)vicarious experience
C)self-concept
D)self-efficacy
E)transcendent accomplishments

Question 14

Gauvin and Spence (1995)describe an activity undertaken with a specific external objective,such as the improvement of fitness,physical performance or health,in which the participant is advised to conform to recommended mode,intensity,frequency and duration as

A)sport psychology
B)exercise
C)physical activity
D)physical fitness
E)participaction

Question 15

The most influential source of self-efficacy is ____________,whereas the least powerful source of self-efficacy is _______________ .

A)vicarious experience;verbal persuasion
B)vicarious experience;emotional arousal
C)performance accomplishments;emotional arousal
D)performance accomplishments;verbal persuasion
E)emotional arousal;vicarious experience

Question 16

Recent recommendations suggest a moderate-level of activity has significant health benefits and should last at least

A)30 minutes a day
B)15 minutes a day
C)30 minutes every other day
D)60 minutes every other day
E)45 minutes a day

Question 17

Mark is member of a professional football team.He works out regularly at the gym furnished by the football club.This includes equipment that will maximize muscle resistance through the full range of motion for each muscle group.Mark is using which type of exercise?

A)isotonic
B)isometric
C)isokinetic
D)anaerobic
E)aerobic

Question 18

Which of the following is considered to be the most influential source of self-efficacy?

A)emotional arousal
B)verbal persuasion
C)self-confidence
D)vicarious experience
E)performance accomplishments

Question 19

The form of exercise associated with weightlifting or body building is known as

A)isotonic
B)isokinetic
C)iosmetric
D)aerobic
E)anaerobic

Question 20

Which of the following activities would be considered passive leisure?

A)stamp collecting
B)watching television
C)playing a musical instrument
D)stationary bicycle riding
E)weight training

Question 21

All of the following are explanations suggested by Taylor (1994)for non-adherence to exercise programs except

A)initially exercise can be aversive
B)few immediate rewards
C)monotonous activity
D)high visibility of salient reasons
E)unpleasant social comparisons

Question 22

An important predictor of adherence to physical exercise programs is

A)physical proximity to the exercise area
B)physical activity at an early age
C)previous experience with the program
D)level of fitness
E)athletic intelligence or sports smarts

Question 23

Observing others perform a skill may confirm one's own sense of inability or conversely,may cause one to

A)quit trying
B)develop self-confidence
C)persist despite performance failures
D)model the behaviour for others
E)develop an unrealistic sense of competence

Question 24

To improve one's ability to reduce anxiety to manageable levels,such that energy can be used to positively influence performance,an individual might use

A)performance goals
B)vicarious experience
C)physiological skills
D)relaxation skills
E)verbal persuasion

Question 25

Verbal persuasion may result in a decrease in self-efficacy if

A)emotional arousal is not decreased at the same time
B)the person really does not have the necessary skills
C)self-confidence is also low
D)the person does not pay attention
E)emotional arousal is not increased at the same time

Question 26

Etnier and colleagues (1997)found that the relationship between exercise and cognitive function is

A)small and positive
B)negative but only if the exercise is chronic
C)positive but only if the exercise is acute
D)large and positive
E)small and negative

Question 27

Although the mechanism by which physical activity reduces anxiety in some people is not clear,one suggestion is that exercise provides a(n)

A)effective distraction
B)elevation in mood
C)subject for self talk
D)an increase followed by a decrease in arousal during exercise
E)relaxation effect

Question 28

The purpose of relaxation in athletic performance is

A)provide motivation for the performance
B)distraction
C)to manage physiological components of anxiety
D)to manage cognitive components of anxiety
E)enhance oxygen intake prior to the event

Question 29

When it comes to self-efficacy,emotional arousal may be interpreted as

A)having a positive effect on performance
B)having a negative effect on performance
C)having no effect on performance
D)having a positive or negative effect on performance
E)having a negative effect but only if experienced vicariously

Question 30

One reason that adherence is such a significant issue in exercise programs is that

A)sports involvement can be a threat to self-esteem
B)exercise can be a threat to one's self-efficacy
C)the rewards are immediate and long term rewards are absent
D)risk of injury increases over time
E)people do not recognize the long term benefits

Question 31

Biddle and Murtie (2001)concluded from their research review on the effects of exercise on disease prevention that

A)a sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of hypertension but not diabetes
B)exercise makes one immune to disease
C)the relationship is not well understood
D)exercise decreases stress and thereby decreases illness
E)the amount of exercise is directly related to the amount of disease prevention

Question 32

Biddle and Murtrie (2001)reported from their research review on the effects of exercise on coronary heart disease that

A)active men have a decreased risk over active women
B)active women have a decreased risk compared with active men
C)the Harvard Alumni Study was invalid because only males were assessed
D)physical exercise is inversely related to coronary heart disease in adults
E)the risks of inactivity are the same as smoking and hypertension

Question 33

A psychological training program applied to sport or exercise would likely include all of the following except

A)relaxation skills
B)self-talk
C)injury prevention
D)goal setting
E)imagery

Question 34

An example of psychological skills,implemented to enhance performance,is

A)relaxation
B)imagery
C)goal setting
D)attentional control
E)health enhancing behaviours

Question 35

Methodological problems in the research reporting the impact of exercise on mood states include all of the following except

A)use of anecdotal evidence
B)how mood state is assessed
C)how physical activity is assessed
D)representativeness of the data
E)mechanisms used to explain the findings

Question 36

Evidence linking anxiety and exercise indicate all of the following except

A)exercise results in a decrease in anxiety after exercise
B)exercise results in a decrease in anxiety during exercise
C)acute exercise produces a decrease in anxiety
D)chronic exercise produces an increase in anxiety
E)state and trait anxiety can be reduced with exercise

Question 37

The two principle areas of concern in sport psychology are

A)injury and eating disorders
B)depression and anxiety
C)performance enhancement and clinical issues
D)performance accomplishments and anxiety
E)clinical issues and self-confidence

Question 38

The physical benefits of physical activity include all of the following except

A)decreased longevity
B)improved weight control
C)decrease in alcohol consumption
D)improved cardiovascular function
E)reduced risk of injury

Question 39

The most widely practiced form of relaxation in sport would be

A)progressive muscular relaxation
B)biofeedback
C)mental rehearsal
D)self-talk
E)imagery

Question 40

With regard to clinical depression,the conclusion is that there is an antidepressant effect associated with exercise that results in all of the following except

A)a moderate decrease in depression
B)the effect is present for acute exercise
C)the effect is present for females but not for males
D)the effect is present for chronic exercise
E)lower levels of depression are associated with a physically active lifestyle

Question 41

With regard to exercise behaviour,it has been suggested by Gauvin (1990)that those who maintain exercise

A)have strong psychological skills
B)have positive and motivating self talk
C)have positive physiological skills
D)use cognitive distortions to push performance beyond normal limits
E)use REBT

Question 42

The difference between internal and external imagery is that in the case of external imagery the individual

A)imagines being inside his own body
B)imagines being a passive observer of his/her actions
C)imagines being in a relaxing environment
D)imagines others successfully performing the action
E)is more effective than internal imagery

Question 43

The tendency to be highly aware of one's internal and external experiences in the context of an accepting,non-judmental stance toward those experiences describes

A)self talk
B)relaxation training
C)mindfulness
D)imagery
E)goal setting

Question 44

Gerry is playing hockey in the provincial final.His team finished second last year and he says,"Only first will be good enough this year".This is an example of

A)a process goal
B)a performance goal
C)an outcome goal
D)task orientation
E)external imagery

Question 45

The role of the sport psychologist working with an injured athlete within a sports medicine context would have all of the following responsibilities except

A)assessment of the athlete's psychological status
B)facilitate communication between physician and athlete
C)teach psychological skills
D)facilitate social support
E)providing distraction

Question 46

The latest intervention from clinical psychology which has been applied to the field of sport and exercise psychology is

A)goal setting
B)self talk
C)relaxation training
D)mindfulness meditation
E)imagery

Question 47

The benefit of training in mindfulness for sport and exercise is that

A)it allows the person to concentrate on the performance and accept the emotional,cognitive or physiological arousal without needing to control them.
B)it provides an internal and external focus which is more holistic
C)it is easy and does not require any practice
D)it enhances the ability to use imagery
E)it can prevent serious consequences from concussion

Question 48

Tyler,who is a healthy novice boxer,suffered a concussion after receiving a blow to the side of the head.Tyler did not lose consciousness at the time.This would most accurately be called

A)an acceleration-deceleration injury
B)a second impact syndrome
C)a rotational injury
D)a grade three concussion
E)a grade four concussion

Question 49

One of the most widely researched areas in the field of psychological skill is

A)imagery
B)mental rehearsal
C)relaxation
D)goal-setting
E)self-talk

Question 50

In the 1984 Olympic Games what per cent of Canadian athletes indicated that they used imagery techniques to enhance performance?

A)10%
B)25%
C)50%
D)75%
E)99%

Question 51

Nina is a long distance runner who really likes to win.She is very competitive and constantly compares herself to the performance of others.If she doesn't win,she feels like a failure even though she may have come second in the race.The type of goal perspective that Nina illustrates is the

A)ego orientation
B)task orientation
C)process goal
D)performance goal
E)external goal

Question 52

Based on a meta-analysis of the literature on mental practice,Driskell,Copper,and Moran (1994)concluded that

A)mental practice is more effective than physical practice
B)physical practice is more effective than mental practice
C)relaxation is more effective than mental practice
D)mental practice is more effective than relaxation
E)mental practice has a positive but non-significant effect

Question 53

Ishan has never been an athlete and does not enjoy any type of exercise.In fact,Ishan avoids any form of sport or exercise.According to Albert Ellis,Ishan could change if he

A)adhered to the Health Belief Model
B)developed self-efficacy
C)engaged in Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy
D)experienced performance accomplishments
E)relaxed

Question 54

Individuals are more likely to continue with an exercise program if

A)it is part of a New Year's resolution
B)there is pain indicating progress is being made
C)they are young and already physically fit
D)they have been prescribed a program by their physician
E)they perceive it to be enjoyable

Question 55

Julia walks with her friend every weekday morning for 60 minutes.This activity has been shown to provide a(n)___________form of _ exercise and a high level of _________.

A)Intense;affective pleasure
B)moderate;affective pleasure
C)mild;self worth
D)intense;self-efficacy
E)moderate;emotionality

Question 56

Zu is playing in a golf tournament on the week-end.She says that she is going to keep her head down every time she hits the ball and think only positive thoughts when she is approaching the green.This is an example of a(n)

A)performance goal
B)outcome goal
C)process goal
D)ego orientation
E)mental rehearsal

Question 57

Johnny is an 8-year-old who is learning to play tennis.He announces to his mother after a game that he returned the ball using his backhand 6 times,something he had never done before.Johnny does not mention that he lost the game.He is exhibiting

A)ego orientation
B)task orientation
C)internal imagery
D)vicarious experience
E)external imagery

Question 58

Higher levels of performance are achieved through setting

A)difficult goals
B)specific goals
C)difficult and specific goals
D)specific and long term goals
E)difficult,specific,long term and short term goals

Question 59

_______________ is a sensory experience that is performed in the absence of external stimuli,whereas ___________________ is a technique that involves mentally practicing a skill.

A)imagery;mental rehearsal
B)mental rehearsal;imagery
C)relaxation;imagery
D)relaxation;mental rehearsal
E)emotional arousal;vicarious experience

Question 60

An athlete who constantly tells himself that "I must do well" is using

A)mental rehearsal
B)overgeneralization
C)catastrophization
D)absolute thinking
E)positive self talk

Question 61

Explain the application of mindfulness and acceptance-based intervention on sport and exercise psychology.How does this approach differ from cognitive behavioural interventions?

Question 62

Apply the concept of self-efficacy to the realm of performance in physical activity.

Question 63

What factors determine a particular individual's reaction to a sports injury?

Question 64

What is the role of imagery in sport? Distinguish between internal and external imagery.

Question 65

Despite the many benefits of physical activity,non-adherence is still a significant issue.What examples does Taylor (1994)provide to explain the avoidance of exercise and sport?

Question 66

Describe Bandura's four sources of efficacy expectations.

Question 67

What are the different functions that self-talk can serve in sport?

Question 68

Dave coaches a Little League baseball team.The team is at their first game of the provincial finals.He tells them " you won all of your district final games;you have practiced hard;you have the ability and you are going to do well here".What are the sources of efficacy that are demonstrated in Dave's speech to his team?

Question 69

Why is goal setting considered a psychological skill when it comes to improving athletic performance?

Question 70

Name and describe the most widely practiced relaxation technique in sport.What are the benefits of relaxation training?

Question 71

Describe the health-illness continuum and the components of health proposed by Greenberg and Pargman (1989).

Question 72

Describe the five forms of physical activity and give an example of each.

Question 73

What is the difference between sport psychology and exercise psychology?

Question 74

What is the relationship between physical activity and mood? What evidence supports the idea that exercise is useful for treating depression and what kind of exercise is most beneficial?