Deck 11: Developmental Theories: From Delinquency to Crime to Desistance

Question 1

Johnny usually abides by rules and laws, but in one instance, based on peer pressure from his friends, he shoplifts.This is reflective of Farrington's concept of ______ AP.

A)long-term
B)short-term
C)covert
D)overt

Answer 1

B

Question 2

_____ theories are dynamic in that they emphasize that individuals develop along different pathways and over the course of their lives.

A)biological
B)developmental
C)psychological
D)social

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In Moffitt's theory, the ______ gap is the gap between the average age of puberty and the acquisition of socially responsible adult roles.

A)adolescent
B)delinquency
C)juvenile
D)maturity

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following theorists are credited with age-graded theory?

A)Gottfredson and Hirschi
B)Sampson and Laub
C)Shaw and McKay
D)Sykes and Matza

Question 5

Developmental theories focus on crimes that occur ______.

A)in childhood
B)during adolescence
C)in adulthood
D)from onset to desistance

Question 6

Which of the following is true of risk factors for criminality?

A)An individual's risk factors tend to remain stable over time.
B)Risk factors tend to cluster together, so that a person with one risk factor is likely to have others.
C)Risk factors are evenly distributed across the population.
D)Risk factors are those factors that decrease the probability of offending.

Question 7

The antisocial behavior of life-course persistent offenders tends to

A)vary considerably across time and place.
B)remain stable in different situations, but vary over time.
C)remain stable across time, with some variation based on situation.
D)remain stable across time and place.

Question 8

Developmental theorists tend to use what kind of experimental design in their research?

A)self-report surveys
B)victim impact studies
C)longitudinal studies
D)phone surveys

Question 9

The vast majority of juvenile offenders are

A)adolescent-limited offenders
B)in their thirties
C)life course-persistent offenders
D)serious offenders

Question 10

______ is defined as the persistent display of serious antisocial actions that are extreme given the child's developmental level and have a significant impact on the rights of others.

A)attention deficit disorder
B)attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder
C)conduct disorder
D)antisocial potential

Question 11

Agnew states that ______ factors have a direct effect on irritability/low self-control and an indirect effect on the other life domains through irritability/low self-control.

A)psychological
B)social
C)environmental
D)biological

Question 12

The central distinction drawn by Moffitt's dual pathway developmental theory is between ______ and ______ offenders.

A)adolescent limited; life-course persistent
B)married; unmarried
C)urban; rural
D)violent; property

Question 13

______ refers to a store of positive relationships in social networks built on norms of reciprocity and trust developed over time upon which the individual can draw for support.

A)social trust
B)social capital
C)psychological capital
D)biological capital

Question 14

According to Farrington, individuals with ______ tend to come from poor families, to be poorly socialized, low on anxiety, impulsive, sensation seeking, have low IQ, and fail in school.

A)long-term antisocial potential
B)short-term antisocial potential
C)social disorganization
D)techniques of neutralization

Question 15

Agnew's trait of irritability appears to be analogous with what most psychologists call ______.

A)conscientiousness
B)impulsiveness
C)negative emotionality
D)sensation seeking

Question 16

The age at which excitatory transmitters start to decrease and the inhibitory transmitters start to increase, thus decreasing a person's propensity for antisocial behavior, is ______ years of age.

A)10
B)20
C)30
D)40

Question 17

In his super traits theory, ______ narrowed down his search for traits conducive to criminal behavior.

A)Agnew
B)Durkheim
C)Farrington
D)Moffitt

Question 18

A person gets married, and it changes the person's life trajectory in a prosocial direction; Sampson and Laub would refer to this as a ______.

A)high point
B)direction change
C)risk factor
D)turning point

Question 19

_____ is a legal term that distinguishes between youthful offenders and adult offenders that has its origins in the concept of culpability.

A)childhood
B)delinquent
C)juvenile
D)minor

Question 20

A/an ______ is something in individuals' personal characteristics or their environment that increases the probability of violent offending.

A)risk temperament
B)risk factor
C)chance factor
D)Type A personality

Question 21

Sampson and Laub's developmental theory of crime was based on data collected by ______.

A)David Farrington
B)Gottfredson and Hirschi
C)Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck
D)Terrie Moffitt

Question 22

Risk factors are static; they tend to remain stable over time, and in the presence or absence of other factors.

Question 23

There are some societies in which juvenile delinquency does not occur.

Question 24

Which of the following most closely belongs to the camp of social control theories, based on its focus on identifying the factors that lead to desistance from crime?

A)Age-graded theory
B)Dual pathway developmental theory
C)Integrated cognitive antisocial potential theory
D)Super traits theory

Question 25

ADHD is more prevalent among males than females.

Question 26

Delinquency is a legal term that distinguishes between youthful offenders and adult offenders.

Question 27

According to David Farrington's ICAP theory, ______ is a person's risk or propensity to engage in crime.

A)cognition
B)irritability
C)self-control
D)antisocial potential

Question 28

Irritability is a central concept of which theory?

A)age-graded theory
B)dual pathway developmental theory
C)integrated cognitive antisocial potential theory
D)super traits theory

Question 29

Which of the following is an example of a turning point?

A)marriage
B)military service
C)residential change
D)all of these are examples of turning points

Question 30

According to Sampson and Laub, ______is the purposeful execution of choice and individual will.

A)human agency
B)social capital
C)turning points
D)hedonism

Question 31

The ______ scale is most strongly associated with life-course persistent (LCP) offenders, while the ______ scale is associated with adolescence-limited (AL) offenders.

A)aggression; delinquency
B)delinquency; aggression
C)impulsiveness; sensation seeking
D)sensation seeking; impulsiveness

Question 32

According to Terrie Moffitt's dual pathway developmental theory, there is a third group of youths who refrain from delinquency altogether.This group is known as

A)adolescent-limiteds
B)life-course persisters
C)refrainers
D)abstainers

Question 33

_______ are statistically normal youths whose offending reflects adaptive responses to conditions and events that temporarily divert them from their prosocial trajectories.

A)adolescence-limited (AL) offenders
B)life-course persistent (LCP) offenders
C)abstainers
D)chronic offenders

Question 34

The immature behavior of many adolescents is matched by the immaturity of their

A)peers
B)reasoning
C)brains
D)culture

Question 35

______ is viewed not as a single turning point but as part of a potential causal dynamic over the life course according to Sampson and Laub.

A)serving in the military during wartime
B)getting a new job
C)marriage
D)residential change

Question 36

______ is a hormone that underlies and facilitates dominance and aggression.

A)adrenaline
B)estrogen
C)serotonin
D)testosterone

Question 37

Which of the following is not a life domain as identified by Robert Agnew?

A)family
B)personality
C)school
D)social capital

Question 38

______ described themselves at age 18 on personality measures as extremely self-controlled, fearful, interpersonally timid, socially inept, and latecomers to sexual relationships.

A)adolescence-limited (AL) offenders
B)life-course persistent (LCP) offenders
C)abstainers
D)chronic offenders

Question 39

Which of the following has not been identified as a protective factor for delinquency?

A)being male
B)Having a high IQ
C)having friends who engage in conventional behavior
D)living in a stable, organized neighborhood

Question 40

Research has shown that there is a sharp increase in offending beginning in early adolescence, a peak in mid-adolescence, and then a steep decline in early adulthood followed by a steadier decline thereafter.This pattern is known as the

A)adolescent-limited phenomenon
B)age-crime curve
C)delinquency phenomenon
D)life-course curve

Question 41

The age-crime curve is a pattern of offending characterized by low delinquency in adolescence with a steady increase in criminal behavior throughout adulthood.

Question 42

ADHD and conduct disorder only co-occur in about 5% of cases.

Question 43

Age-graded theory strongly emphasizes the predictive nature of individual traits over the potential impact of environmental factors or human agency.

Question 44

List two symptoms of ADHD

Question 45

It has been found that ADHD can be entirely attributed to environmental, not genetic, factors.

Question 46

People who bond well with conventional others build social capital.

Question 47

ADHD affects somewhere between 40%-50% of the childhood population.

Question 48

In Robert Agnew's super traits theory, he identifies impulsiveness and sensation seeking as super traits.

Question 49

The Nurse-Family Partnership program has been shown to have many beneficial outcomes for both mothers and children who participated.

Question 50

ADHD is strongly associated with antisocial behavior.

Question 51

List the two super traits identified by super traits theory.

Question 52

Short-term antisocial potential can turn into long-term antisocial potential over time, as a result of certain consequences of offending.

Question 53

What distinguishes delinquency from criminality?

Question 54

Developmental theories support the same kind of family-based nurturant strategies supported by biosocial, social, and self-control theories.

Question 55

What is a risk factor?

Question 56

A valid critique of age-graded developmental theory is that it fails to consider the reasons that offenders ultimately desist from crime.

Question 57

Age-graded developmental theory might best be described as a biological theory of crime that is focused on adulthood.

Question 58

One advantage of developmental theories is that they can identify characteristics that lead to onset/persistence/desistance of antisocial behavior in the same individuals.

Question 59

One valid critique of developmental theories is that they are not dynamic enough to account for changes in criminal risk factors over time.

Question 60

Life-course persistent offenders vary their behavior considerably across different life situations.

Question 61

Compare and contrast Agnew's super traits theory and Moffitt's dual pathway theory.How are they similar? How are they different?

Question 62

Describe the super traits theory.Why is it categorized as a developmental theory, and how is it different from the other developmental theories that you have learned about?

Question 63

Define and discuss risk factors and protective factors of antisocial behavior.What is ADHD? What is conduct disorder? How are they related?

Question 64

Identify Robert Agnew's five life domains.

Question 65

Define and discuss Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory.What is social capital? What are turning points? How do they relate to antisocial behavior?

Question 66

What is a latent trait?

Question 67

Describe integrated cognitive antisocial potential theory.What policy implications might result from this theory? Support your answer with what you have learned in this text.

Question 68

Briefly define antisocial potential and cognition in regard to David Farrington's ICAP theory.

Question 69

What is conduct disorder?

Question 70

Identify one reason that the authors of your text highlight developmental theories as the gold standard among criminological theories.

Question 71

Define social capital.

Question 72

List two risk factors of early-onset delinquency.

Question 73

Provide two examples that would be considered a turning point according to age-graded theory.

Question 74

Describe Moffitt's dual pathway developmental theory, being sure to distinguish between LCP and AL.Do you agree with this theory? Why or why not?

Question 75

Compare and contrast adolescence-limited (AL) and life-course persistent (LCP) offenders according to AL/LCP theory of criminology.Discuss the origins and personality structures of each group.

Question 76

What is meant by the maturity gap?

Question 77

Describe the main concepts and arguments from age-graded theory.What makes this theory unique?

Question 78

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of developmental theories.Why are they referred to as the gold standard for criminological theory?

Question 79

What are adolescent-limited (AL) offenders?

Question 80

Explain the age-crime curve.What are some reasons for increased antisocial behavior during adolescence?