Deck 9: Thinking and Intelligence

Question 1

In the ________ stages, people understand that some things can never be known with certainty and some judgments are more valid than others.

A) pre-reflective
B) semi-reflective
C) quasi-reflective
D) reflective

Answer 1

reflective

Question 2

A ________ is a unit of meaning made up of concepts that expresses a unitary idea.

A) proposition
B) cognitive schema
C) cognitive heuristic
D) prototype

Answer 2

proposition

Question 3

Informal reasoning involves:

A) deductive and inductive reasoning.
B) established methods for solving problems.
C) a single correct answer.
D) dialectical reasoning.

Answer 3

dialectical reasoning.

Question 4

________ is the tendency for people to pay attention only to evidence that supports their beliefs.

A) The availability heuristic
B) Confirmation bias
C) Hindsight bias
D) Mental set

Question 5

________ is a state of tension that exists when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are inconsistent with one another.

A) Mental set
B) Post-decision dissonance
C) Cognitive dissonance
D) Hindsight bias

Question 6

A/An ________ process lies outside of awareness, but can be brought into consciousness when necessary.

A) unconscious
B) subconscious
C) nonconscious
D) preconscious

Question 7

Tacit knowledge involves practical, action-oriented strategies for achieving goals that are not usually formally taught. They are an aspect of:

A) contextual intelligence.
B) creative intelligence.
C) componential intelligence.
D) experiential intelligence.

Question 8

________ is the tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman beings.

A) Cognitive ethology
B) Anthropomorphism
C) Anthropodenial
D) Human bias

Question 9

________ is the tendency to try to solve new problems by using the same heuristics, strategies, and rules that worked in the past on similar problems.

A) The availability heuristic
B) Hindsight bias
C) Confirmation bias
D) Mental set

Question 10

Which of the following is a difference between formal and informal reasoning?

A) Formal reasoning uses algorithms rather than heuristics.
B) Formal reasoning is more useful for solving everyday problems.
C) Formal reasoning involves dialectical reasoning.
D) Formal reasoning is purposeful mental activity that involves operating on information in order to reach conclusions.

Question 11

Which of the following species is NOT able to pass the "mirror test" demonstrating self-awareness?

A) chimpanzees
B) orangutans
C) spider monkeys
D) dolphins

Question 12

To qualify as a language, a communication system must meet all of the following criteria EXCEPT:

A) meaningfulness.
B) meta-cognition.
C) productivity.
D) displacement.

Question 13

________ is the knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes.

A) Theory of mind
B) Meta-cognition
C) Cognitive schema
D) Tacit knowledge

Question 14

In the ________ stages, people assume that a correct answer always exists and can be obtained through the senses or from authorities.

A) pre-reflective
B) semi-reflective
C) quasi-reflective
D) reflective

Question 15

Kagan argues that fully conscious awareness is needed in all of the following situations EXCEPT when:

A) we must make a deliberate choice.
B) unexpected moods or feelings arise.
C) we are engaged in a repetitive task.
D) events happen that cannot be handled automatically.

Question 16

A ________ is a network of knowledge, associations, beliefs, and expectations.

A) proposition
B) cognitive heuristic
C) cognitive schema
D) prototype

Question 17

________ refers to the practical application of intelligence.

A) Creative intelligence
B) Componential intelligence
C) Contextual intelligence
D) Experiential intelligence

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a component of the triarchic theory of intelligence?

A) emotional intelligence
B) contextual intelligence
C) componential intelligence
D) experiential intelligence

Question 19

Which of the following animals learned to understand English words, short sentences, and keyboard symbols without formal training?

A) Sultan, a chimpanzee
B) Alex, an African grey parrot
C) Rico, a border collie
D) Kanzi, a bonobo

Question 20

________ proposed the idea that there are multiple types of intelligence, including such things as musical aptitude, kinesthetic intelligence, and the capacity for insight into ourselves and others.

A) David Wechsler
B) Howard Gardner
C) Daniel Goleman
D) Robert Sternberg

Question 21

Which of the following is most likely to be classified as a basic concept?

A) mammal
B) dog
C) Dalmatian
D) living creature

Question 22

Which of the following is in the correct order from the basic building blocks of thought to complex networks of knowledge?

A) concepts→cognitive schemas→propositions
B) propositions→concepts→cognitive schemas
C) concepts→propositions→cognitive schemas
D) cognitive schemas→concepts→propositions

Question 23

A unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea is called a:

A) prototype.
B) mental image.
C) proposition.
D) cognitive schema.

Question 24

An especially representative example of a concept is called a/an:

A) concept.
B) mental set.
C) prototype.
D) algorithm.

Question 25

Caleb is surprised when his girlfriend eats the sugar-coated flower on her dinner plate because he had assumed that the flower was garnish. It is evident that:

A) edible flowers would be considered prototypes of Caleb's concept of food.
B) mental set has influenced the way that Caleb's girlfriend acts to a novel item on her plate.
C) Caleb's girlfriend is exhibiting the concept of mindlessness.
D) Caleb's concept of flowers did not include the quality of being edible.

Question 26

Basic concepts are distinguished from concepts in general by the fact that basic concepts:

A) have fewer instances than general concepts.
B) have a moderate number of instances.
C) have many more instances than general concepts.
D) convey too much irrelevant information.

Question 27

A two-year-old has just figured out that the soft, furry, four-legged creatures that she loves so much are "cats." Her mental representation of this category is called a:

A) mental image.
B) prototype.
C) concept.
D) schema.

Question 28

When we think, we:

A) physically alter the environment.
B) mentally manipulate internal representations of objects, activities, and situations.
C) focus on present reality.
D) passively record information.

Question 29

________ is a prototype of the concept "bachelor."

A) Pope John Paul II
B) Leonardo DiCaprio
C) Paul McCartney
D) Robert Redford

Question 30

A third-year science student is most likely to describe ________ as an example of an intelligent person.

A) Shakespeare
B) Freud
C) Picasso
D) Einstein

Question 31

In order to explain the intelligence and creativity of humans, many cognitive psychologists have likened the human mind to a:

A) video camera.
B) library.
C) computer.
D) file cabinet.

Question 32

Which of the following is a prototype of the concept "fruit"?

A) apple
B) pineapple
C) grape
D) kiwi

Question 33

Which example of the concept chair is prototypical?

A) dining room chair
B) rocking chair
C) high chair
D) reclining chair

Question 34

________ is defined as an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic.

A) Prototype
B) Cognitive schema
C) Mental image
D) Proposition

Question 35

Which of the following is a prototype of the concept "high school course"?

A) math
B) photography
C) psychology
D) life skills

Question 36

Peter's mental representation of Canada Day includes associations (fireworks), attitudes (it will be fun to picnic with the whole family), and expectations (it is probably going to be crowded at the park on July 1). They are all part of his:

A) proposition concerning the holiday.
B) heuristic of the holiday.
C) nonconscious processing regarding the holiday.
D) cognitive schema for the holiday.

Question 37

In Canada, which of the following would be considered a prototype of the concept "sport"?

A) weight lifting
B) track
C) swimming
D) hockey

Question 38

Considering whether a penguin or a sparrow is more bird-like relates to:

A) basic concepts.
B) concept formation.
C) basic information processing.
D) prototypical concepts.

Question 39

Which of the following is a prototype of the concept "dog"?

A) golden retriever
B) poodle
C) Pomeranian
D) chihuahua

Question 40

A mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities having common properties is called a/an:

A) concept.
B) mental set.
C) algorithm.
D) prototype.

Question 41

Insight and intuition probably involve two stages of mental processing, namely:

A) convergent thinking and divergent thinking to form a solution.
B) clues that trigger nonconscious processing and conscious awareness of a solution.
C) mental images and meta-cognition in regard to the solution.
D) mental inertia and subconscious awareness of a solution.

Question 42

________ are linked together by propositions.

A) Words
B) Cognitive schemas
C) Concepts
D) Mental images

Question 43

When Mitch was learning to drive, he couldn't imagine how he could ever remember to steer the wheel, flip on the turn signal, put on the gas, and still manage to turn the car! Now that he has been driving for three years, Mitch's reactions have become automatic, and so when he drives a car:

A) divergent thinking is involved.
B) subconscious processes are involved.
C) nonconscious processes are involved.
D) convergent thinking is involved.

Question 44

Both concepts and mental images can be used to construct:

A) implicit thoughts.
B) propositions.
C) cognitive schemas.
D) prototypes.

Question 45

________ is defined as learning that occurs when you acquire knowledge about something without being aware of how you did so and without being able to state exactly what it is you have learned.

A) Declarative learning
B) Episodic learning
C) Implicit learning
D) Semantic learning

Question 46

Dawn and Erin can't figure out how they can fit two lofts, a futon, a computer, and a refrigerator into their small dorm room! Just when it seems hopeless, Erin says, "Aha. I've got it!" and begins moving the items. Erin's sudden revelation is most likely due to:

A) clues that triggered nonconscious processing about the room arrangement followed by conscious awareness of the solution.
B) subconscious processing and automatic routines that she has learned so that she can perform them without thinking.
C) beginning the task in a state of mindlessness but then directing her conscious thinking to the task at hand.
D) simplifying the process by imagining a prototype of a college dorm room and then making a decision based on the prototype.

Question 47

According to our textbook, the mindless processing of information:

A) usually leads to positive behaviours because we get a lot done on "automatic pilot."
B) has benefits, but also can lead to mishaps and serious errors.
C) usually leads to negative behaviours, both mishaps and serious errors.
D) has little effect on behaviour because the processing goes on outside of awareness.

Question 48

Fenton has learned a great strategy for winning a card game, but he developed the strategy without being able to consciously identify what he was doing. He isn't even sure what exactly he has learned! This type of learning is called:

A) declarative learning.
B) semantic learning.
C) episodic learning.
D) implicit learning.

Question 49

Peter's mental representation of Thanksgiving includes associations about turkeys, attitudes toward the holiday, and expectations about the weight he'll gain! These are all part of his ________ for the holiday.

A) cognitive schema
B) hindsight bias
C) heuristic
D) algorithm

Question 50

Psychologists who were interested in studying visual images found that:

A) the images occur in a mental "space" of a fixed size.
B) the images cannot be manipulated by the participant.
C) larger images contain less detail than do smaller images.
D) it is not possible to study them because the images cannot be "seen."

Question 51

Florence is just about to use a photocopier when Judith scurries up saying, "Excuse me, may I use the Xerox machine, because I have to make copies." According to our textbook, Florence is likely to comply with Judith's request because:

A) the reason given by Judith sounds like an authentic explanation even though it is meaningless.
B) the strategy necessary to solve this problem is not incorporated into Florence's mental network.
C) Florence's cognitive schema doesn't include concepts for dealing with business requests.
D) people are generally polite enough to let others go ahead of them, whatever the reason.

Question 52

Intuition involves two stages of mental processing. The first stage is ________ and the second stage is ________.

A) explicit; implicit
B) effort; automatic
C) nonconscious; conscious
D) subconscious; nonconscious

Question 53

Which of the following occurs outside of conscious awareness but is accessible to consciousness when necessary?

A) convergent thinking
B) nonconscious processes
C) subconscious processes
D) divergent thinking

Question 54

A representation that may occur in many sensory modalities, and that resembles what it represents, is a:

A) cognitive schema.
B) prototype.
C) proposition.
D) mental image.

Question 55

Implicit learning primarily involves:

A) subconscious processes.
B) mindlessness.
C) unconscious processes.
D) nonconscious processes.

Question 56

Karyn is just about to use a photocopier when Bob scurries up saying, "Excuse me, may I use the Xerox machine, because I have to make copies." According to our textbook, Karyn is likely to comply with Bob's request because:

A) Karyn heard the form of the request but not the content, so she mindlessly stepped aside.
B) Karyn's cognitive schema doesn't include concepts for dealing with business requests.
C) people are generally polite enough to let others go ahead of them, whatever the reason.
D) the strategy necessary to solve this problem is not incorporated into Karyn's mental network.

Question 57

Starting with the basic building blocks of thought and working up, which of the following is the correct sequence of the elements of cognition?

A) propositions and mental images, concepts, cognitive schemas
B) concepts, propositions and mental images, cognitive schemas
C) mental images, propositions and cognitive schemas, concepts
D) concepts, propositions and cognitive schemas, mental images

Question 58

As she moves quietly around the restaurant where she is a waitress, Alicia finds herself hearing "in her mind's ear" the song "Just whistle while you work!" This would be an example of a/an:

A) auditory image.
B) cognitive schema.
C) prototype.
D) proposition.

Question 59

________ occurs when we act, speak, and make decisions out of habit.

A) Insight
B) Implicit learning
C) Mindlessness
D) Conscious thinking

Question 60

Multitasking is possible because some of our cognitive processing is:

A) subconscious.
B) mindless.
C) deliberate.
D) conscious.

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of informal reasoning?

A) The person usually knows when the problem is solved.
B) Some premises are implicit and some are not supplied at all.
C) Problems are often solved as a means of achieving other goals.
D) The problem typically has personal relevance.

Question 62

When using inductive reasoning:

A) conclusions follow necessarily from the premises.
B) conclusions are likely, but not certain.
C) the task is to determine whether a conclusion that is given is valid.
D) the two premises are assumed to be correct.

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of formal reasoning?

A) There is typically one correct answer.
B) You usually know when the problem is solved.
C) All premises are supplied.
D) The problem typically has personal relevance.

Question 64

As Bud and his sister Marilou play bridge, he whispers that she should play her high cards first. Bud wants to make sure that Marilou remembers a/an ________ concerning bridge.

A) heuristic
B) prototype
C) deduction
D) algorithm

Question 65

Benjamin Whorf's proposition that language moulds our cognition and perception:

A) is generally accepted by psychologists and linguists today.
B) has fallen into disfavour among psychologists and linguists.
C) is once again receiving attention and has support from research on language and perception.
D) has recently been disproved by research.

Question 66

The drawing of conclusions or inferences from facts, observations, or assumptions is called:

A) reasoning.
B) intelligence.
C) mental set.
D) confirmation bias.

Question 67

Heuristics would be useful for all of the following individuals EXCEPT a/an:

A) renter trying to decide whether or not to lease an apartment.
B) investor trying to predict fluctuations of the stock market.
C) high school student trying to solve problems on an entrance exam.
D) doctor trying to determine the best treatment for a patient.

Question 68

If you were playing a game of chess, you might try to analyze all of the possible moves and then pick the best one, but there are just too many, so you will probably use a strategy such as "protect the king." Such "rules of thumb" are known as:

A) mental blocks.
B) analogies.
C) heuristics.
D) algorithms.

Question 69

Whereas formal problems can often be solved with a/an ________, informal problems often call for a/an ________.

A) cognitive schema; algorithm
B) algorithm; heuristic
C) heuristic; deductive strategy
D) inductive strategy; deductive strategy

Question 70

Maggie is surprised to hear her little brother say "Hello!" because she had intended to call her best friend. Her error in dialling the wrong number can be attributed to:

A) mindlessness.
B) hindsight bias.
C) nonconscious processes.
D) mental set.

Question 71

MariAnne is eager to try her hand at making a pumpkin pie for her family's Thanksgiving dessert. The most effective way to approach this task is by means of:

A) reflective judgment.
B) an algorithm.
C) heuristics.
D) dialectical thinking.

Question 72

When there are typically several possible answers that vary in quality, then the mode of thought is:

A) an algorithm.
B) intuition.
C) formal reasoning.
D) informal reasoning.

Question 73

Kathryn's grandma says that if Kathryn uses the old family recipe for Irish soda bread, then she is guaranteed to have delicious results. Kathryn's grandma is encouraging her granddaughter to:

A) make use of her family's tacit knowledge.
B) rely upon a heuristic.
C) engage in dialectical thinking.
D) use an algorithm.

Question 74

If your premises are "I didn't see any cars on Mackinac Island my first day here" and "I didn't see any cars the rest of the week either," then you might reasonably reach the conclusion, "There aren't any cars on Mackinac Island". This kind of reasoning is called ________ reasoning.

A) inductive
B) dialectical
C) deductive
D) formal

Question 75

Jerome Kagan likens consciousness to the staff of a fire department because:

A) most of the time it is making critical decisions about the events of the day.
B) most of the time it is quietly playing cards in the back room and it performs only when the alarm sounds.
C) it is almost always alert and attentive, ready to respond to any type of emergency.
D) it is almost always "on the road" looking for the relevant information to be used to decipher unexpected situations.

Question 76

A/An ________ is a set of procedures guaranteed to produce a solution.

A) algorithm
B) prototype
C) heuristic
D) deduction

Question 77

Dialectical reasoning involves:

A) generalizing from past experience.
B) use of an algorithm to solve a problem.
C) comparing and evaluating opposing points of view in order to resolve the difference.
D) drawing conclusions from a set of observations or premises.

Question 78

Zelda dials her boyfriend's phone number instead of her mother's number, as she intended. Her error can be attributed to:

A) pre-reflective reasoning.
B) inductive reasoning.
C) mindlessness.
D) stereotype threat.

Question 79

Deductive reasoning involves:

A) drawing conclusions from a set of observations or premises.
B) comparing and evaluating opposing points of view in order to resolve differences.
C) generalizing from past experience.
D) use of an algorithm to solve a problem.

Question 80

The ability to reason deductively might be hindered if:

A) people avoid mentally reversing a premise.
B) the problem is abstract.
C) the premises tend to be implicit rather than explicit.
D) the premises tend to be explicit rather than implicit.