Exam 9: Thinking and Intelligence

When Mitch was learning to drive, he couldn't imagine how he could ever remember to steer the wheel, flip on the turn signal, put on the gas, and still manage to turn the car! Now that he has been driving for three years, Mitch's reactions have become automatic, and so when he drives a car:

The broadening of the notion of intelligence through Gardner's theory has been useful because it has forced psychologists to go beyond "g."

Deductive reasoning involves:

Psychologists cannot study mental images because no one can "see" another person's visual images.

Peter's mental representation of Canada Day includes associations (fireworks), attitudes (it will be fun to picnic with the whole family), and expectations (it is probably going to be crowded at the park on July 1). They are all part of his:

________ is a prototype of the concept "bachelor."

Research on visual images shows that people are able to manipulate the images in their imaginations.

Differences between Asian and North American children in regard to a broad battery of mathematics tests can be accounted for by educational resources.

Trying to get rid of high cards first is a heuristic used when playing card games, such as hearts or bridge.

One type of mental representation is the concept. How do concepts allow us to relate to the people and the world around us in a manageable way? Create an example to show what a person's experience in a novel situation might be like if humans didn't organize the world based on concepts.

Which of the following is a difference between formal and informal reasoning?

When John worries about getting bitten by a shark when swimming at the beach, but doesn't worry about getting cancer from the cigarettes he smokes, he is:

Both concepts and mental images can be used to construct:

In the ________ stages, people assume that a correct answer always exists and can be obtained through the senses or from authorities.

Cognitive ethology is the study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals.

Confirmation bias occurs when we are sure that we "knew it all along."

Which of the following is a prototype of the concept "fruit"?

Langer and her associates studied the reactions of people who were about to use a photocopier when a researcher approached and asked to use the copier. One of three different requests was made: - "Excuse me, may I use the Xerox machine?" - "Excuse me, may I use the Xerox machine, because I have to make copies?" - "Excuse me, may I use the Xerox machine, because I'm in a rush?" Describe how you think you would have responded to each of these requests. How did the individuals in Langer's study respond to these requests? How were these results interpreted in our textbook?

Stereotype threat refers to:

When Köhler put chimpanzees in situations in which tempting bananas were just out of reach, he found that: