Deck 3: The Early Schools of Criminology and Modern Counterparts

Question 1

The philosophy that emphasizes "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" is known as:

A) Hedonism.
B) The principle of utility.
C) The cartographic approach.
D) The contrast effect.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to Raffael Garofalo,societies can only be protected from _____ criminals by swiftly executing them,regardless of the crime for which they were being punished.

A) Endemic
B) Extreme
C) Impulsive
D) Professional

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A man is convicted of robbery.The stance that he should be punished in proportion to the level of damage caused to society by his crime is most representative of the contributions of _____.

A) Cesare Lombroso
B) Jeremy Bentham
C) Adolphe Quetelet
D) Cesare Beccaria

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The philosopher the most closely associated with the principle of utility was:

A) Cesare Lombroso
B) Jeremy Bentham
C) Adolphe Quetelet
D) Cesare Beccaria

Question 5

Beccaria's work can be summarized as arguing that:

A) Crime is the result of forces outside of an individual's control.
B) Capitalism is at the root of most crimes.
C) The punishment should fit the crime.
D) Crime rates are related to geography.

Question 6

Cesare Lombroso,Raffael Garofalo,and Enrico Ferri founded what became known as the _____ school of criminology.

A) American
B) French
C) German
D) Italian

Question 7

The 8ᵗʰ Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment; this is most closely aligned with the ideas of which of the following?

A) Cesare Lombroso
B) Jeremy Bentham
C) Adolphe Quetelet
D) Cesare Beccaria

Question 8

Which of the following theoretical perspectives is based on the premise that human behavior is primarily hedonistic in nature?

A) Classicalism
B) Ecological Determinism
C) Positivism
D) The Italian School

Question 9

The idea that the punishment should be tailored to the risk level of the individual,not the crime,is most representative of the _____ school of criminology.

A) Classical
B) German
C) Italian
D) Russian

Question 10

_____ specifically refers to the weighing of anticipated benefits of a given course of action against its possible costs.

A) Human agency
B) Hedonistic calculus
C) Rationality
D) Positivism

Question 11

_____ are known for the emphasis that they place on the scientific method.

A) Classicalists
B) Hedonists
C) Structuralists
D) Positivists

Question 12

Rather than exploring why individuals commit crime,_____ criminologists are interested in where and when criminal behavior is most prevalent.

A) Cartographic
B) Classical
C) Hedonistic
D) Neoclassical

Question 13

_____ is a concept in rational choice theory referring to how people decide to offend.

A) Choice structuring
B) Choice offending
C) Rational structuring
D) Rational offending

Question 14

_____ was the term used by Lombroso to refer to those whom he considered to be evolutionary "throwbacks"-biological inferior beings who resembled ancestral prehuman forms of life.

A) Atavism
B) Criminaloid
C) Habitual Criminal
D) Hedonist

Question 15

Criminologist Raffael Garofalo categorized alcoholics and the insane as _____ criminals.

A) Endemic
B) Extreme
C) Impulsive
D) Professional

Question 16

_____ specifically refers to the concept that maintains that people have the capacity to make choices,and the moral responsibility to make moral choices regardless of any constraints that might exist.

A) Human agency
B) Hedonistic calculus
C) Rationality
D) Positivism

Question 17

Engaging in a debate about the death penalty,one person makes the argument that while the penalty may not deter offenders,it is still a valuable punishment in the name of social defense.This is most clearly representative of the _____ school of criminology.

A) Classical
B) German
C) Italian
D) Russian

Question 18

The doctrine whose central tenet is that the achievement of pleasure is the main goal of life is known as:

A) Hedonism.
B) The principle of utility.
C) The cartographic approach.
D) The contrast effect.

Question 19

Rational choice theory is most closely linked to the _____ school.

A) Classical
B) German
C) Italian
D) Positivist

Question 20

The father of classical criminology is generally considered to be:

A) Cesare Lombroso
B) Jeremy Bentham
C) Adolphe Quetelet
D) Cesare Beccaria

Question 21

Prior to the eighteenth century,explanations of crime and other human behavior tended to center on:

A) Human rationality.
B) Inborn traits.
C) Social influences.
D) Religiosity or spiritualism.

Question 22

The argument that crime can be reduced by increasing individuals' sense of ownership and generating a sense of belonging in an area is consistent with the idea of _____.

A) Atavism
B) Defensible Space
C) General Deterrence
D) Hedonism

Question 23

Adolphe Quetelet is known for his work in the area of cartographic criminology.

Question 24

There is little evidence that increasing the severity of the sanction (in the form of sentence length)has any deterrent effect.

Question 25

Legal sanctions have a greater deterrent effect on instrumental crimes than on expressive crimes.

Question 26

Cartographic criminology is primarily interested in where and when criminal behavior is most prevalent.

Question 27

Classical theorists assume that there are significant fundamental differences between "criminals" and "non-criminals."

Question 28

Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham are associated with the classical school of criminology.

Question 29

_____ is the prevention of criminal acts by the use or threat of punishment.

A) Deterrence
B) Recidivism
C) Rehabilitation
D) Retribution

Question 30

_____ deterrence refers to the preventive effect of the threat of punishment on the population; it is aimed at potential offenders.

A) General
B) Specific
C) Primary
D) Secondary

Question 31

Committing another crime after previously being punished for one is called:

A) Rehabilitation
B) Retribution
C) Recidivism
D) Deterrence

Question 32

Cesare Lombroso was well-known for his contributions to biological positivism.

Question 33

Specific deterrence refers to the preventive effect of the threat of punishment on the general population.

Question 34

_____ deterrence refers to the effect of punishment of the future behavior of the person who experiences the punishment.

A) General
B) Specific
C) Primary
D) Secondary

Question 35

Early classical theorists held that criminals were fundamentally different from noncriminals.

Question 36

Hedonism is a doctrine whose central tenet is that the achievement of pleasure is the main goal of life.

Question 37

Jeremy Bentham coined the term "criminaloid" to refer to "born criminals."

Question 38

The positivist school of criminology is primarily interested in making punishment more just and humane.

Question 39

Routine activities theory looks at crime from the points of view of both the offender and crime prevention.

Question 40

Hedonism is the view that criminality is biologically inherited.

Question 41

Rational choice theorists argue that punishment should be tailored to individual offenders in order to treat their underlying psychological issues.

Question 42

While walking to her car in a mall parking lot,a woman is approached by a man who displays a handgun and demands her purse.She gives him her purse,and he runs away with it.How would each of the following theoretical perspectives explain this crime?
A. Classicalism
B. Biological Positivism
C. Routine Activities Theory

Question 43

What is the "contrast effect"?

Question 44

Explain routine activities theory.Identify three examples of crime prevention strategies that are consistent with its arguments.

Question 45

Describe the contributions of Andre M.Guerry and Adolphe Quetelet to the field of criminology,and explain their significance.

Question 46

According to routine activities theory,what are the three components that combine for crime to occur?

Question 47

What is choice structuring?

Question 48

Explain the difference between specific and general deterrence.

Question 49

Which two theorists are most often associated with the classical school?

Question 50

Define "hedonism."

Question 51

Briefly describe cartographic criminology.

Question 52

Compare and contrast the classical and positivist schools of criminology.How are these explanations of crime similar? How are they different?

Question 53

What is recidivism?

Question 54

Indicate whether you believe that theorists from each of the following schools of criminological thought would be in favor of,or opposition to,the use of the death penalty.What arguments would be made from each perspective in the death penalty debate?
A. Classicalism
B. The Italian School
C. Deterrence Theory