Deck 3: Psychological Development in Infancy and Childhood

Question 1

According to Freud,the ____ stage occurs between ages 1½ and 3 years.

A) Oral
B) Anal
C) Genital
D) Latency

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Vygotsky's _____ is the difference between what a learner can accomplish independently and what he or she can accomplish with the guidance and encouragement of a more skilled partner.

A) Dialectical thinking
B) Post-formal thought
C) Period of concrete operations
D) Zone of proximal development

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Freud believed that a person unconsciously attributes his or her own unacceptable ideas or impulses to another through a defense mechanism called:

A) Rationalization
B) Projection
C) Compensation
D) Regression

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to Freud,the _____ stage usually begins at the time when the Oedipus/Electra complexes are resolved and ends with puberty.

A) Genital
B) Phallic
C) Latency
D) Anal

Question 5

_____ is a method of the advanced information-processing approach for increasing retention of new information by relating it to well-known information.

A) Organization
B) Repetition
C) Scaffolding
D) Elaboration

Question 6

_____ smiling occurs where the infant smiles upon seeing or hearing the mother or father.

A) Social
B) Selective
C) Reflex

Question 7

During Piaget's _____ period,a child progresses from simple thoughtless reflex reactions to a basic understanding of the environment.

A) Sensorimotor period
B) Concrete operations
C) Formal operations
D) Preoperational thought

Question 8

In the _____,social work began questioning the usefulness of the medical model.

A) 1950s
B) 1960s
C) 1970s
D) 1980s

Question 9

In feminist theories,an example of the principle of _____ would be acknowledging and appreciating a balance of traits for each male and female as an individual.

A) Rethinking knowledge
B) The personal is political
C) Elimination of false dichotomies
D) Valuing process equally with product

Question 10

Freud hypothesized that people pass through five stages of psychosexual development in the following order:

A) Anal, oral, latency, genital, phallic
B) Anal, oral, genital, latency, phallic
C) Oral, anal, latency, phallic, genital
D) Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 11

In Piaget's writings,taking in new information and integrating it into the structure of thought is called:

A) Organization
B) Adaptation
C) Accommodation
D) Assimilation

Question 12

Freud would say that the _____ portion of the mind tells a person who finds a $10 bill blowing around a parking lot to return it to the "Lost and Found" department of the nearest store.

A) Id
B) Ego
C) Unconscious
D) Superego

Question 13

Being sensitive to diversity when examining psychological theories was discussed in the text. All of the following were cited except:

A) In Japan, sexuality has been minimized and regulated as being tangential to the performance of responsible duty
B) Navajo families maintain a reverence for heritage based on the female line
C) Hindu mothers often teach their children how to control their emotional behavior
D) Jewish tradition does not easily accept employment of women

Question 14

Neo-Freudian theorists are also referred to as ______ psychologists.

A) Libido
B) Id
C) Ego
D) Psychosexual

Question 15

The criticisms of Vygotsky's theory include which of the following:

A) It does not allow for appreciation of diverse cultures
B) His emphasis on the biological side of development led him to neglect culture and social experience
C) Collaborative problem solving among peers may actually undermine task performance if the more competent collaborator is not very confident
D) He placed more emphasis on children's capacity to shape their own development than other theorists

Question 16

According to Piaget,which of the following is considered a major obstacle to logical thinking during the preoperational period:

A) Seriation
B) Accommodation
C) Centration
D) Conservation

Question 17

From _____,infants search out their caregivers and try to stay close to them,and they begin paying closer attention to the caregivers' reactions to their behavior and often respond accordingly.

A) Age 2-8 months
B) Age 8-18 months
C) Age 18 months and older

Question 18

Which of the following is true about Erich Fromm:

A) He had a primarily biological orientation in his analysis of human behavior
B) He used psychoanalysis as a tool for understanding the behavior ofpolitical leaders
C) His approach was called analytic psychology
D) He proposed the idea of an inherited collective unconscious

Question 19

Infants who show a(n)_____ attachment are very cautious in the presence of the stranger and their exploratory behavior is noticeably disrupted by the caregiver's departure.

A) Secure
B) Disorganized
C) Anxious-avoidant
D) Anxious-resistant

Question 20

All of the following were discussed in the text regarding evaluation of theory except:

A) Evaluate the extent to which the theory coincides with social work values and ethics
B) Evaluate the existence and validity of other comparable theories
C) Evaluate the theory's application to client situations
D) Evaluate the extent to which the theory coincides with your expectations

Question 21

ADHD is characterized by clusters of behavior concerning hyperactivity,inattention,and:

A) Impulsivity
B) Cognitive disabilities
C) Intellectual disabilities
D) Hypervigilance

Question 22

An IQ score of 20-25 to 35-40 is categorized by the American Psychiatric Association as a ____ intellectual disability.

A) Mild
B) Moderate
C) Severe
D) Profound

Question 23

Women never really achieve either an equal or a positive status within classic Freudian theory.

Question 24

______ support refers to long-term,continuous support that usually occurs on a daily basis and affects major areas of life both at home and at work.

A) Extensive
B) Pervasive
C) Limited
D) Intermittent

Question 25

The concept that refers to arranging the environmental context for people with intellectual disabilities so that it is as normal as possible is called:

A) Normalization
B) Community-based service
C) Deinstitutionalization
D) Macro-based service

Question 26

Research categorically supports the existence of Freud's theoretical constructs and the effectiveness of his recommended therapeutic method.

Question 27

People with intellectual disabilities tend to experience deficits in all of the following areas except:

A) Biological development
B) Language development
C) Motivation
D) Self-regulation

Question 28

Which of the following is used to define intellectual disabilities:

A) Achieving a score of 80 to 90 in general functioning on IQ tests
B) Impairment in adaptive functioning
C) Must manifest itself before age eight

Question 29

The condition in which people are so inner-directed that they pay little or no attention to what occurs in the world outside them is called:

A) Cognitive disability
B) A concurrent disability
C) Autistic spectrum disorders
D) Cerebral palsy

Question 30

Which of the following is true:

A) People with disabilities are statistically one of the smallest minority populations in America
B) All employers are now required to provide universal access for people with disabilities
C) Since the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act, two-thirds of people with disabilities are now employed
D) The Americans with Disabilities Act forbids job and employment discrimination of people with disabilities

Question 31

Harter's research regarding children's self-esteem found which of the following:

A) The most important people to them were parents and classmates
B) Children who felt a more positive global self-worth tended to be less happy
C) Both younger children and older children ranked behavioral conduct as most important

Question 32

Repression was thought by Freud to be the defense mechanism through which a person escapes psychic pain associated with reality by unconsciously rejecting reality.

Question 33

Approximately ______ percent of all school-age children are classified as having a learning disability.

A) 1
B) 5
C) 10
D) 12

Question 34

A Wechsler intelligence test score of _____ is considered average.

A) 50
B) 100
C) 150
D) 200

Question 35

In Harter's exploration of self-worth:

A) Both younger children and older children stated that behavioral conduct was the most important variable
B) Only younger children stated that physical appearance was the most important variable
C) Both younger children and older children stated that behavioral conduct was the least important variable
D) Only older children stated that physical appearance was the most important variable

Question 36

In sublimation,a person escapes psychic pain associated with reality by unconsciously rejecting reality.

Question 37

_____ intelligence involves intellectual abilities that emphasize verbal communication and involve the ability to learn from others in the social environment through education and interaction.

A) Fluid
B) Experiential
C) Contextual
D) Crystallized

Question 38

Freud believed that young girls experience an Oedipus complex during the phallic stage of psychosexual development: they fall sexually in love with their mother and hold an antagonistic view of their father.

Question 39

The _____ area of giftedness involves the ability to be insightful,creative,perceptive,and imaginative.

A) Intellectual
B) Analytic
C) Practical
D) Synthetic

Question 40

The 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act (P.L.94-142):

A) Is now entitled the Individualized Education Act
B) Emphasizes that children with learning and cognitive disabilities be taught separately from the general school population to assure more attention from teachers
C) Mandates that special services be furnished to allow students to function in regular classrooms
D) Emphasizes that the direct education approach be used to improve cognitive skills

Question 41

The first phase of smiling for infants is called social smiling.

Question 42

During the preoperational-thought period,obstacles to logical thinking include egocentrism,seriation,irreversibility,and centration.

Question 43

In Piaget's writings,changing in order to fit in and survive in the surrounding environment is called accommodation.

Question 44

Harter's research of elementary-school children found that the most significant variable contributing to self-esteem was how much positive regard children felt from people around them.

Question 45

Self-esteem refers to a person's judgment of his or her own value.

Question 46

Piaget postulates that virtually all people learn how to think in the same way,progressing through various stages of thought in a set order.

Question 47

According to Piaget,abstract thought reaches its culmination during the period of concrete operations.

Question 48

Intelligence may be defined as the ability to understand,to learn,and to deal with new,unknown situations.

Question 49

From age 2-8 months,infants learn to distinguish between primary caregivers and strangers.

Question 50

Alfred Adler broke from Freud because of his basic rejection of Freud's libidinal theory.

Question 51

Most neo-Freudians were experimental researchers and scientists.

Question 52

Worldview concerns one's perceptions of oneself in relation to other people,objects,institutions,and nature.

Question 53

One of the principles inherent in feminist theories is valuing process equally with product.

Question 54

Sullivan proposed that people's two basic needs are for security and satisfaction.

Question 55

Vygotsky defined "supervising" as the process whereby adults help children learn how to think.

Question 56

Infants who show an anxious-resistant attachment are very cautious in the presence of the stranger,and their exploratory behavior is noticeably disrupted by the caregiver's departure.

Question 57

Conservation refers to a child's ability to grasp the idea that,while one aspect of a substance remains the same,another aspect of that same substance can be changed.

Question 58

The strengths perspective focuses on the supposition that clients have deficits and pathologies and they are,in some critical way,flawed.

Question 59

Piaget's findings were based primarily on a variety of child subjects from different backgrounds.

Question 60

Infants in cultures that promote extensive close contact with their mothers tend to cry more than North American babies.

Question 61

Epilepsy is a disability involving problems in muscular coordination and control resulting from damage to the brain's muscle control centers before or during birth.

Question 62

The analytic area of giftedness is the ability to be insightful,creative,perceptive,and imaginative.

Question 63

The All Handicapped Children Act has evolved into the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act.

Question 64

The conceptual dimension of adaptive functioning of people with intellectual disabilities entails conducting necessary daily tasks.

Question 65

Describe and discuss the various defense mechanisms involved in psychoanalytic theory.

Question 66

People with intellectual disabilities are usually quite adept in their ability to remember things recently told to them.

Question 67

Learning disabilities are a form of intellectual disabilities.

Question 68

Blindness is legally defined as visual acuity that is 20/100 and above.

Question 69

Explain the four approaches provided in the text for evaluating theory.

Question 70

It is often difficult to identify learning disabilities at first because the children function normally in other areas.

Question 71

What are your views about the various approaches to feminism?

Question 72

Public social services policies for people with disabilities are unlikely to allow consumer-directed options.

Question 73

According to Cattell,there is a tendency for fluid intelligence to increase as people grow older.

Question 74

Sternberg's "experiential" element of intelligence involves the practical aspect of how people actually adapt to their environment.

Question 75

Define worldview,spirituality,and the strengths perspective. Why are these important when examining psychological theories?

Question 76

People with intellectual disabilities who need help for ongoing survival would be qualified for pervasive support.

Question 77

Impulsivity is one of the clusters of behaviors that characterize ADHD.

Question 78

Giving children with learning disabilities tasks that they can accomplish helps them to develop faith in themselves.

Question 79

Name and describe the five stages of psychosexual development as identified by Freud. Discuss the impact of each stage on human development. Compare and contrast the theory's perspectives on females and males.

Question 80

A culture-free IQ test has recently been devised.