Deck 4: Social Development in Infancy and Childhood

Question 1

Following a death in the Hindu culture,customs include a ______ mourning ritual.

A) 1 to 2 day
B) 6 to 7 day
C) 10 to 12 day
D) 2 to 3 week

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The following is true about day-care in the United States today:

A) Public day-care is provided to working parents on a universal basis
B) Day-care involves facilities and programs that care for children
C) Available day-care facilities adequately meet the nation's needs
D) All day care centers accept small infants

Answer 2

B

Question 3

_____ reinforcers are rewarding in themselves,without any association with other reinforcers.

A) Secondary
B) Intermediary
C) Self reward
D) Primary

Answer 3

D

Question 4

_____is the process whereby reinforcement for a behavior stops,resulting in the eventual decrease in frequency and possible eradication of that behavior.

A) Eradication
B) Extinction
C) Expungement
D) Obliteration

Question 5

_____ is the process whereby children acquire knowledge about the language,values,etiquette,rules,behaviors,social expectations,and all the subtle,complex bits of information necessary to get along and thrive in a particular society.

A) Norming
B) Socialization
C) Interdependence
D) Homeostasis

Question 6

Learning a behavior by observing another engaging in that behavior is called:

A) Antecedent learning
B) Positive reinforcement
C) Modeling
D) Respondent conditioning

Question 7

A major advantage of conceptualizing behavior in terms of learning theory is the emphasis on:

A) Specificity
B) Siblings
C) Socialization
D) Subsystems

Question 8

A _____ is the frequency with which a behavior occurs before behavior modification begins.

A) Ratio
B) Median
C) Baseline
D) Mean

Question 9

Homeostasis means:

A) The tendency for a system to maintain a relatively stable, constant state of equilibrium or balance
B) A set of elements that is orderly and interrelated to make a functional whole
C) A system's tendency to move from a more simplified to a more complex existence
D) The fact that there are many different means to the same end

Question 10

The natural tendency of a system to progress toward disorganization,depletion,and,in essence,death is called:

A) Negative entropy
B) Entropy
C) Differentiation
D) Homeostasis

Question 11

A type of _____ in a family system involves the communication and supportive social interaction family members receive from friends,neighbors,and relatives.

A) Output
B) Input
C) Homeostasis
D) Subsystem

Question 12

Approximately _____ percent of single-parent families are headed by women.

A) 29
B) 49
C) 59
D) 79

Question 13

Secondary reinforcers include all of the following except:

A) Activities
B) Sex
C) Verbal praise
D) Money

Question 14

Social reinforcers include:

A) Activities
B) Physical praise
C) Tokens
D) Toys

Question 15

_____ may be more apt to relocate because of natural or man-made disasters.

A) Illegal aliens
B) Refugees
C) Immigrants

Question 16

Which of the following improves the effectiveness of time-outs:

A) Apply the time-out immediately
B) Limit the time-out to a maximum of 20 minutes
C) Give positive reinforcement during the time-out
D) Appropriate behavior should not be praised after a time-out

Question 17

Negative reinforcement:

A) Refers to presentation of an aversive event
B) Results in a decrease in the frequency of a behavior
C) Concerns the removal of a negative consequence
D) Is the process whereby reinforcement stops

Question 18

With Judaism,the one-week period of mourning at home after the burial of a loved one is called:

A) Shiva
B) Sheloshim
C) Yahrzeit
D) Dubkee

Question 19

_____ refers to the fact that there are many different means to the same end.

A) Equifinality
B) Differentiation
C) Entropy
D) Boundaries

Question 20

The C in the A-B-Cs of behavior refers to the term:

A) Condition
B) Consent
C) Conclusion
D) Consequence

Question 21

Energy,information,or communication emitted from a system to the environment or to other systems is called feedback.

Question 22

Family functions include child care and child socialization,income support,and long-term care.

Question 23

According to Parten,the third level of children's social play is:

A) Parallel play
B) Solitary play
C) Associative play
D) Onlooker play

Question 24

Negative entropy is the natural tendency of a system to progress toward disorganization,depletion,and,in essence,death.

Question 25

Cinco de Mayo is:

A) Bolivia's national day of prayer, honoring Simon Bolivar
B) The day Santa Ana invaded the Alamo
C) A day of celebration in Spain, commemorating its independence from Portugal
D) The day a small Mexican army defeated a French battalion

Question 26

_____ agencies investigate reports of child abuse and neglect,assess the degree of harm and the ongoing risk of harm to the child,determine whether the child can remain safely in the home or should be placed in the custody of the state,and work closely with the family or juvenile court regarding appropriate plans for the child's safety and well-being.

A) Child Protective Services
B) Juvenile Delinquency
C) Child Abuse and Neglect Network
D) Family Preservation Services

Question 27

According to Judaism,mourning the death of a family member ends after twenty days.

Question 28

Approximately _____ percent of Hispanics graduate from high school.

A) 42
B) 52
C) 62
D) 72

Question 29

All of the following could be physical indicators of child abuse except:

A) Lacerations
B) Burns
C) Internal injuries
D) Developmental lags

Question 30

_____ is a technique for examining children's interaction that involves asking children questions about their relationships and feelings toward other people,then illustrating these relationships on a diagram.

A) Relational tracking
B) Environmental graphics
C) Sociometry
D) Interaction pictorial

Question 31

Perpetrators of child abuse could be characterized by which of the following:

A) They have very high self-esteem
B) They are generally efficient decision-makers
C) They may make children the target of violence and anger that is really directed at a spouse
D) They know how to delay their own gratification

Question 32

_____ parents provide control and consistent support,involve their children in decision making,and encourage the development of independence.

A) Authoritative
B) Authoritarian
C) Permissive
D) Prohibitive

Question 33

Learning theory provides a framework for understanding how behavior develops.

Question 34

Surrogate parenting has been a pattern for African American grandparents in U.S.society.

Question 35

The repeatedly occurring patterns of behavior that characterize the relationships within a system and give that system a particular identity are called subsystems.

Question 36

Stepfamilies are families in which one or both parents reside with children from prior marriages or unions.

Question 37

The Chinese perspective of parenting includes which of the following:

A) Chinese tradition emphasizes a high degree of independence in their children
B) Frequent receiving and giving of help between generations is seen by Chinese as an indication of poor parenting
C) Most Chinese families adhere to a permissive style of parenting
D) Chinese tradition emphasizes that children of all ages should remain emotionally and financially attached to the parents

Question 38

Entropy is the process of a system moving toward growth and development.

Question 39

The most socialization occurs during childhood.

Question 40

Forcing a child to shoplift or drink beer is an example of the ______ category of emotional maltreatment.

A) Rejection
B) Ignoring
C) Terrorizing
D) Corrupting

Question 41

Research provides mixed results regarding the effects of birth order on children.

Question 42

Infants are treated differently by virtue of their gender from the moment they are born.

Question 43

When using time-outs in child-behavior management,the child should be told which specific behaviors will result in a time-out.

Question 44

Punishment and negative reinforcement both involve decreasing behavior.

Question 45

The effects of punishment are often temporary.

Question 46

In extinction,a consequence that was previously provided no longer follows the response.

Question 47

Hispanic people generally place very little value on involvement with the extended family.

Question 48

A theme of Native American life is that time flows along with life and,therefore,should not control or dictate how you live.

Question 49

A potential consequence of punishment is that it can teach children to be aggressive.

Question 50

Unpopular children tend to be socially immature,and may be too pushy or demanding,or very shy and withdrawn.

Question 51

Objects that symbolize various units of value desirable to an individual that can be exchanged for something that person wants are called tokens.

Question 52

Early in the extinction process,there is often a brief temporary increase in the frequency of the behavior; this is called an extinction spike.

Question 53

When first establishing a behavior,positive reinforcement is most effective when it is administered intermittently.

Question 54

Grounding has been established as an effective form of time-out.

Question 55

Operant conditioning involves the emission of behavior in response to a specific stimulus.

Question 56

Continuous reinforcement is less subject to extinction than intermittent reinforcement.

Question 57

The Premack Principle states that the opportunity to engage in a low-probability behavior as a consequence for high-probability behavior will increase the high-probability behavior.

Question 58

For punishment to be most effective,appropriate behaviors should be positively reinforced at the same time the punishment is applied.

Question 59

Most of the research indicates that television does influence and increase children's violent behavior.

Question 60

According to Garvey,one of the qualities of play is that it is done by choice.

Question 61

Abused children frequently show developmental delays.

Question 62

Of the cases of child maltreatment reported,the highest percentages were cases of sexual abuse.

Question 63

A mother says to her daughter,"You are the stupidest,laziest kid on earth. I can't believe you're my child. They must have switched babies on me at the hospital." Is this considered psychological maltreatment?

Question 64

List the six traditional family life cycle stages. How does the contemporary framework differ?

Question 65

Courts are involved in all cases of maltreatment.

Question 66

Inadequate supervision is considered psychological abuse.

Question 67

List an example of how negative feedback can be valuable in families.

Question 68

What is your plan to provide adequate day care? Explain how you would accomplish this feat,including how you would pay for it.

Question 69

Teachers have been found to enhance positive outcomes for students if they increase the tendency of students to compare themselves with one another.

Question 70

Describe the cultural dilemmas and difficulties that young African American and other adolescents face in the United States as they enter adolescence and young adulthood.

Question 71

Describe the perception and treatment of death by: (a)Lebanese families; (b)Hindus; and (c)Jewish families.

Question 72

How has the family environment changed over the last several decades? Cite the various configurations of the family structure.

Question 73

Identify the major concepts involved in systems theory and discuss how each of these concepts might be applied to the dynamics of family systems.

Question 74

When talking to a child victimized by sexual assault,if the child asks you to keep the abuse secret you should abide by the child's wishes.

Question 75

Rick,age 10,likes to annoy his brother Kevin,age 6. Rick does this by shooting an air gun at Kevin. Even though the air gun just shoots air,it makes a loud noise,and sometimes Rick aims it right into Kevin's ear. Their parents want this to stop so they ignore the behavior,hoping that it will go away.Discuss this situation using learning theory terms. What are the potential problems in the parents' approach? What alternative behavior management techniques do you think might be more effective?

Question 76

Child maltreatment refers only to abuse.

Question 77

The extreme neglect that can cause abnormally low growth is called psychological stunting.

Question 78

Define the ABCs of behavior.

Question 79

Explain the process of socialization,and why it is so important.

Question 80

Children are in greater danger of sexual abuse from strangers than from people who are close to them.