Deck 7: Psychological Development in Adolescence

Question 1

_____ emphasis on the relationship between responsibility and morality can provide some general ethical guidelines to which we can aspire in our day-to-day practice with clients.

A) Gilligan's
B) Fowler's
C) Kohlberg's
D) Marcia's

Answer 1

A

Question 2

_____ represents an artistic impression that is not only sanctioned by a community,but often commissioned by it.

A) Graffiti
B) Tagging
C) A mural
D) Chalk art

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Mythic-literal faith is _____ of Fowler's theory of faith development.

A) Stage 2 (ages 2 to 6 years)
B) Stage 3: (ages 6 to 12 years)
C) Stage 4: (ages 12 years and older)
D) Stage 5: (early adulthood and beyond)

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In _____ of Kohlberg's moral development,behavior is based on internal ethical principles,and decisions are made according to what is right rather than what is written into law.

A) Stage 3: Good Boy/Girl Morality
B) Stage 4: Authority-Maintaining Morality
C) Stage 5: Morality of Contract, of Individual Rights, and of Democratically Accepted Law
D) Stage 6: Morality of Individual Principles and Conscience

Question 5

The psychosocial crisis of identity versus role confusion occurs during:

A) 2 to 4 years
B) 3 to 6 years
C) 6 to 12 years
D) Adolescence

Question 6

Erikson states that the society in which one lives makes certain psychic demands at each stage of development,and he calls these demands:

A) Crises
B) Requirements
C) Needs
D) Transitions

Question 7

Synthetic-conventional faith is _____ of Fowler's theory of faith development.

A) Stage 2 (ages 2 to 6 years)
B) Stage 3: (ages 6 to 12 years)
C) Stage 4: (ages 12 years and older)
D) Stage 5: (early adulthood and beyond)

Question 8

Intuitive-projective faith is _____ of Fowler's theory of faith development.

A) Stage 1 (ages birth to 2 years)
B) Stage 2 (ages 2 to 6 years)
C) Stage 3: (ages 6 to 12 years)
D) Stage 4: (ages 12 years and older)

Question 9

Marcia's categories of identity include which of the following:

A) Conformity
B) Moratorium
C) Introspection
D) Postconventional

Question 10

Erikson's generativity versus stagnation stage of development occurs at:

A) Adolescence
B) Young adulthood
C) Maturity
D) Old age

Question 11

Primal or undifferentiated faith is _____ of Fowler's theory of faith development.

A) Stage 1 (ages birth to 2 years)
B) Stage 2 (ages 2 to 6 years)
C) Stage 3: (ages 6 to 12 years)
D) Stage 4: (ages 12 years and older)

Question 12

In _____ of Kohlberg's moral development,the belief in law and order is strong. Behavior conforms to law and higher authority. Social order is important.

A) Stage 3: Good Boy/Girl Morality
B) Stage 4: Authority-Maintaining Morality
C) Stage 5: Morality of Contract, of Individual Rights, and of Democratically Accepted Law
D) Stage 6: Morality of Individual Principles and Conscience

Question 13

In _____ of Kohlberg's moral development,good behavior is considered to be what pleases others. There is a strong desire to please and gain the approval of others.

A) Stage 2: Naive Instrumental Hedonism
B) Stage 3: Good Boy/Girl Morality
C) Stage 4: Authority-Maintaining Morality
D) Stage 5: Morality of Contract, of Individual Rights, and of Democratically Accepted Law

Question 14

According to Gilligan's approach to Moral Development and Women,during _____ women begin to examine their situations more objectively.

A) Transition 1: Transition from Personal Selfishness to Responsibility
B) Level 2: Goodness as Self-Sacrifice
C) Transition 2: From Goodness to Reality
D) Level 3: The Morality of Nonviolent Responsibility

Question 15

_____ is defined as one's values,beliefs,mission,awareness,subjectivity,experience,sense of purpose and direction,and a kind of striving toward something greater than oneself.

A) Religion
B) Spirituality

Question 16

Which of the following stages is included in the racial/cultural identity development model:

A) Resistance and immersion
B) Moratorium
C) Identity diffusion
D) Foreclosure

Question 17

The following is true about Erikson's stage entitled "initiative versus guilt":

A) Mastering academic skills is very important during this stage
B) Children in this stage often are desperately seeking intimate relationships
C) Comparison with the productivity of peers becomes very important
D) This stage relates to preschoolers aged 3 to 6 years

Question 18

Which of the following is true regarding identity development of lesbian and gay adolescents:

A) Erikson's and Marcia's theories have only limited relevance
B) Same-sex sexual behavior in adolescence cements sexual orientation
C) Lesbian and gay adolescents are encouraged to express their sexual identities
D) Erikson's and Marcia's theories are as relevant to them as they are to heterosexual adolescents

Question 19

Social learning theorists consider moral behavior to be strongly influenced by:

A) Self-sacrifice
B) Care perspective
C) Resistance
D) Situational factors

Question 20

In _____ of Kohlberg's moral development,laws are considered necessary; however,they are subject to rational thought and interpretation. Community welfare is important.

A) Stage 3: Good Boy/Girl Morality
B) Stage 4: Authority-Maintaining Morality
C) Stage 5: Morality of Contract, of Individual Rights, and of Democratically Accepted Law
D) Stage 6: Morality of Individual Principles and Conscience

Question 21

In Erikson's theory,resolution of each crisis is an ideal,not necessarily a reality.

Question 22

In the Task Force on Suicide in Canada's report,_____ refers to activity undertaken to deal with the aftermath of a suicide.

A) Aftermath
B) Afterword
C) Postscript
D) Postvention

Question 23

Often,the most helpful way to react to a suicide threat is to:

A) Remain calm and objective
B) Avoid focusing on the problem
C) Try to persuade the person that his or her life is worth living
D) Identify the past problems of the client

Question 24

According to Erikson,the major important event that occurs for infants up to 18 months is toilet training.

Question 25

Someone sitting next to you lights up a cigarette. You're terribly allergic to smoke. In an angry tone you scream,"Either you put out that cigarette or I'll smash your face in." This response is:

A) Assertive
B) Nonassertive
C) Aggressive

Question 26

According to Phinney,a person from a diverse ethnic group with a moratorium identity displays an active pursuit of ethnic identity.

Question 27

According to Kohlberg,during Stage 1 of the Preconventional Level of moral development,the opinions of others are very important,and behavior is governed by conforming to the expectations of others.

Question 28

You are a bridesmaid in another friend's wedding-the third one in a year. A mutual acquaintance says to you: "It's too bad you're a bridesmaid in another wedding,looks like you'll never be a bride." You respond: "I think that was very mean. It sounded like you were just trying to hurt my feelings." This is a(n)_____ response.

A) Aggressive
B) Nonassertive
C) Assertive

Question 29

The P in the SAD PERSONS scale corresponds to which of the following:

A) Peer pressure
B) Poor social networks
C) Poverty
D) Previous attempts

Question 30

In the introspection stage of the racial/cultural identity development model,the person becomes aware that racism does exist,and that not all aspects of minority or majority culture are good or bad.

Question 31

Since identity development is a lifelong process,positive changes are possible even for those who view themselves as "failures."

Question 32

Critical thinking about the meaning of life characterizes Stage ____ of Fowler's Theory of Faith Development.

A) 4
B) 5
C) 6
D) 7

Question 33

According to Erikson,intimacy versus isolation is the psychosocial crisis experienced during adolescence.

Question 34

According to Marcia's categories of how people cope with identity crises,people who suffer from a serious lack of decision and direction fall within the "moratorium" category.

Question 35

Of the following adolescent female groups,which has the highest suicide attempts?

A) Hispanic
B) Caucasian
C) African American

Question 36

It appears that Erikson's and Marcia's theories have only limited relevance for lesbian and gay identity development.

Question 37

The _____ model encourages practitioners to integrate scientific evidence with their practice expertise and knowledge of the idiosyncratic circumstances bearing on specific practice decisions.

A) Culturally-specific practice
B) Ethnographic interviewing
C) Evidence-based practice
D) Synchronistic-based

Question 38

Kohlberg's research was virtually based only on women as subjects.

Question 39

Individuative-reflective faith is _____ of Fowler's theory of faith development.

A) Stage 2 (ages 2 to 6 years)
B) Stage 3: (ages 6 to 12 years)
C) Stage 4: (ages 12 years and older)
D) Stage 5: (early adulthood and beyond)

Question 40

Suicide is the _____ leading cause of Canadian adolescents' deaths.

A) First
B) Second
C) Third
D) Fourth

Question 41

One of your assertive rights is the right to express your ideas openly and honestly.

Question 42

Spirituality rises above concern over worldly things and expands consciousness to a realm beyond the physical environment.

Question 43

Overachievers experience greater stress and,therefore,are more likely to commit suicide.

Question 44

Assertiveness involves specific skills that can be taught.

Question 45

You should try to engage a suicidal person in a debate about the philosophical values of life versus death.

Question 46

Phinney suggested a parallel development for children from diverse ethnic groups that coincides with Marcia's four coping strategies for identity development. List and explain Phinney's four identity stages.

Question 47

The O in the SAD PERSONS scale stands for "organized plan."

Question 48

Gilligan maintains that women are more likely to adopt a care perspective than a justice perspective.

Question 49

Native American and Alaskan Native adolescents are the most likely to commit suicide of any ethnic group in the United States.

Question 50

Cite why lesbian and gay adolescents in this culture suffer even more extreme obstacles to identity development than do their heterosexual peers.

Question 51

Increased stress is one of the variables that seem to be related to adolescent suicide.

Question 52

What are Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development? Identify and explain the crises characteristic of each stage.

Question 53

Kohlberg's theory centers on a justice perspective.

Question 54

The third level of Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development and Women is "goodness as self-sacrifice."

Question 55

If someone threatens suicide,remaining calm and focusing on the problem are among suggestions for how to treat him or her.

Question 56

African American adolescents are more likely to commit suicide than their white counterparts.

Question 57

The second transition in Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development and Women is "from goodness to reality."

Question 58

List and explain Marcia's four categories of identity.

Question 59

Kohlberg reasons that women's moral development is often based on their personal interest and commitment to the good of others close to them.

Question 60

What are the four questions to keep in mind when evaluating theory and determining how well the theory applies to practice situations?

Question 61

Explain Gilligan's approach to moral development and women,including the levels and transitions.

Question 62

List eight specific suggestions for how to treat a potentially suicidal person.

Question 63

Describe Kohlberg's theory of moral development. What types of morality or moral perspectives characterize each stage? Discuss how the perspectives characterizing each stage might affect a person's ideas and behavior.

Question 64

Identify four possible community responses to suicide prevention and explain why each could be useful.

Question 65

Discuss your assertive rights.

Question 66

List the major symptoms that identify a potentially suicidal person. Explain the relationships between the symptoms and suicide.

Question 67

What are the five stages of the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model?

Question 68

Define spirituality and explain its importance to social workers.

Question 69

List the five steps that Jobes and his associates suggest for social workers or counselors to consider when working with,and establishing a plan of action with,suicidal clients.

Question 70

Explain the New Bridge program. How does it strengthen and enhance racial and cultural identity development for adolescents?

Question 71

Does a person have the right to take his or her own life? What if the person is terminally ill or in chronic,severe pain?

Question 72

Define assertiveness. Select and describe a situation in which you would become annoyed. Formulate possible assertive,nonassertive,and aggressive reactions you might have.

Question 73

What are three arenas in which adolescents who threaten or try to commit suicide have experienced problems?

Question 74

Formulate a scenario and cite a nonassertive response,an aggressive response,and then an assertive response.

Question 75

Describe the seven stages of Fowler's Theory of Faith,including the criticisms.