Deck 15: Olfaction and Taste

Question 1

The nasal septum is a ______.

A)mucous membrane inside each nostril
B)channel at the back of the nasal cavity
C)bony knot of tissue in the nasal cavity
D)wall of cartilage that separates the nostrils

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A part of the brain just behind the nose, the first place in the brain where olfactory information is processed, is known as the ______.

A)piriform cortex
B)turbinate nucleus
C)entorhinal cortex
D)olfactory bulb

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The bony knots of tissue that serve to disperse air within the nasal cavity are known as the ______.

A)nasal septum
B)turbinates
C)basal cleft
D)olfactory cleft

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The olfactory cleft is the ______.

A)region in the olfactory cortex responsible for discriminating odors
B)first region in the thalamus that receives input from the olfactory nerve
C)region in the frontal lobe that mediates the integration of olfactory and gustatory information
D)channel at the back of the nasal cavity that funnels air up toward the olfactory epithelium

Question 5

An area in the medial temporal lobe, associated with a number of memory functions, that is also important in olfactory processing is the ______.

A)amygdala
B)geusic gyrus
C)anterior insular cortex
D)entorhinal cortex

Question 6

The purpose of a skunk's odor is ______.

A)self-defense
B)marking territory
C)attracting mates
D)food production

Question 7

The cells that create olfactory receptor neurons are known as ______.

A)basal cells
B)olfactory generation cells
C)the nasal murus
D)the turbinate nursery region

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the olfactory system is true?

A)The two nasal cavities sample different sections of air providing a binasal experience.
B)Turbinates are always in motion to sweep odorants up to the olfactory epithelium.
C)Olfactory receptor neurons die after about a month and must be resupplied.
D)All odorants must reach the olfactory epithelium through the nose.

Question 9

Information in the olfactory bulb is organized by ______.

A)spatial information of where the odorants are in external space
B)frequency information concerning the wavelength of the odor
C)temporal information concerning which odors arrived first
D)chemical structure of the odorants

Question 10

The area in the anterior portion of the temporal lobe that receives input from the olfactory bulb and is often considered to be the primary olfactory cortex is the ______.

A)cerebral cortex
B)entorhinal cortex
C)parietal cortex
D)piriform cortex

Question 11

Molecules our olfactory system responds to when we detect them in the air are known as ______.

A)odorants
B)chemical signals
C)osmatic stimuli
D)molecular aromatics

Question 12

Natural gas is treated with a substance that gives it a smell in order to ______.

A)easily detect leaks
B)reduce production costs
C)make it less flammable
D)prolong its shelf-life

Question 13

People can only smell substances that ______.

A)contain hydrogen compounds
B)have very large molecules
C)are water soluble
D)can float in the air

Question 14

The inability to smell, usually caused by cribriform plate damage, is known as ______.

A)nasal reduction
B)olfactory blindness
C)anosmia
D)olfactory canalization

Question 15

Animals who depend on their sense of smell and have senses of smell far superior to that of humans, such as bears and dogs, are classified as ______.

A)microsmatic
B)macrosmatic
C)olfactory neutral
D)super tri-geminates

Question 16

The receptor cells located in the olfactory epithelium that detect specific chemicals in the air and transduce them into a neural signal are known as ______.

A)mucosa pigmentosa
B)epithelial hair cells
C)olfactory receptor neurons
D)trigeminal cells

Question 17

Mitral and tufted cells are found in the ______ and project to______.

A)piriform cortex; the amygdala
B)olfactory bulb; other areas of the brain
C)entorhinal cortex; the trigeminal nerve
D)cribriform plate; the anterior cingulate gyrus

Question 18

Olfaction and gustation are considered ______.

A)somatosensory systems because they must come in contact with substances in order to detect them
B)chemical senses because their role is to detect chemicals in the environment
C)major senses because they have played such an important role in mammalian evolution
D)intentional systems because they must be consciously activated in order to work

Question 19

Stimulation of the ______ is what causes people to cry when they slice fresh onions.

A)trigeminal nerve
B)gustatory nerve
C)olfactory interface nerve
D)nasal canal

Question 20

The perceptual events that accompany the nose's discovery of chemicals in the air are referred to as ______.

A)gustation
B)odorant
C)odors
D)turbinate

Question 21

Helena is doing a science experiment with her friends.She is sure people can recognize smells, so she gives them a series of items to smell and identify, but to her dismay, they are barely able to label any of them properly.Then she gives them a list of choices for each smell.What kind of results should she expect to see this time?

A)an insignificant difference in the number of correctly identified smells
B)a substantial increase in the number of correctly identified smells
C)a minimal increase in the number of correctly identified smells
D)a moderate decrease in the number of correctly identified smells

Question 22

The total perceptual experience that occurs during eating, which combines taste and olfaction, but also somatosensory experience and visual experience, is known as ______.

A)gustation
B)gluco-corticoid regeneration
C)tastant aversion
D)flavor

Question 23

The orbitofrontal cortex appears to be linked to the ______.

A)pleasure involved in the eating of food
B)coding of tastes into sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami
C)distinction between information from taste and information from flavor
D)ability to eat spicy foods without irritation

Question 24

The painful or burning sensation caused by capsaicin in chili peppers is caused by its activation in the ______.

A)trigeminal nerve
B)cribriform plate
C)turbinate nucleus
D)A-delta fibers

Question 25

Which of the following statements about odor imagery is correct?

A)Most people can create a mental image of a smell on command.
B)When concentrating on the imagery of an odor, people show activity in the olfactory nerve.
C)People who reported engagement in olfactory imagery showed brain activity in the piriform cortex.
D)Olfactory imagery happens involuntarily, and people don't realize it is created internally.

Question 26

In olfactory rivalry research, one odorant is presented to one nostril and a different odor is presented to the other nostril, leading to findings that ______.

A)the two odors combine into an interesting mélange of odors
B)people reported smelling one and then the other, but not both at the same time
C)because of phase transitions, the two odors cancel each other out
D)only the smell presented to the dominant nostril is perceived

Question 27

Taste receptor cells that transduce salty and sour tastes are known as ______.

A)receptor cells
B)trigeminal cells
C)papillae
D)presynaptic cells

Question 28

Which of these is considered a basic taste?

A)stale
B)bland
C)salty
D)spicy

Question 29

Polly is sure she knows the name of the aroma wafting through the kitchen.She knows she likes a spice heavy in this aroma on some foods, but she cannot recall the name of the aroma.Polly is experiencing ______.

A)phantom smells
B)illusory olfaction
C)tip-of-the-nose phenomenon.
D)phantosmia

Question 30

The part of the frontal lobe that serves as the primary taste cortex is known as ______.

A)the orbitofrontal cortex
B)primary gustatory cortex
C)anterior insular cortex
D)the medial piriform cortex

Question 31

Spherical structures within the olfactory bulb where the olfactory tract forms mitral cells and tufted cells are known as ______.

A)glomeruli
B)turbinates
C)trigeminal sacs
D)foliate papillae

Question 32

Which of the following examples demonstrates a supertaster?

A)Rhea eats only bitter vegetables and beverages.
B)Ella does not prefer bitter foods, but she has no problem eating them.
C)Saori has never enjoyed or even been able to eat bitter foods.
D)Ed loves to eat foods many people consider to be too bitter.

Question 33

A phenomenon that occurs when a person is familiar with an odor but cannot recall its name, despite feeling as if he or she can, is known as ______.

A)phantosmia
B)illusory olfaction
C)tip-of-the-nose phenomenon
D)smell anosmia

Question 34

Human thresholds for odorant detection ______.

A)are around 15 parts per million
B)vary as a function of the odorant being detected
C)are around .005 parts per million
D)are much lower than those for dogs

Question 35

The umami or savory taste is usually associated with which nutrient?

A)carbohydrates
B)vitamins
C)fats
D)amino acids

Question 36

Molecules recognized by taste receptors that induce responses in taste receptors on the tongue are known as ______.

A)succulents
B)tastants
C)gustatory molecules
D)papillae

Question 37

Small structures located along the surface of the tongue or mouth that contain the receptor cells for taste are called ______.

A)gustatory papillae
B)turbinate fibers
C)taste buds
D)circumvallate papillae

Question 38

Herz and von Clef (2001), presented odors with both a positive label and a negative label, but examined the influence of which label was presented first.They found that ______.

A)the same odor with the same labels received a different pleasantness judgment depending on the order of the labeling
B)once an odor had been labeled unpleasant, it was always perceived as unpleasant
C)because the participants were already familiar with most of the odors, the labeling had no effect on their percepts
D)positive labels did not affect negative odors, but negative labels affected positive odors

Question 39

Foliate papillae are found ______.

A)along the front of the tongue; they response to sour taste
B)along the side of the tongue; they respond to all five basic tastes
C)all over the tongue; they respond to umami tastes
D)underneath the tongue; they respond to salty taste

Question 40

Lawless (1991) used the odorant chemical called dihydromyrcenol.When this chemical is surrounded by woody-smelling odors, it is perceived as smelling like citrus.However, when it is surrounded by citrus smells, it is perceived as being woody in character.This observation can be considered a case of ______.

A)a disruption of the trigeminal system
B)interference between the anterior and posterior piriform cortex
C)an olfactory illusion
D)chronic anosmia

Question 41

Stu cooked two wild pigs over a fire outside his restaurant.The first night, he cooked one of the pigs and told customers the aroma was a wild swamp pig, and most of them asked to sit away from the smoking area because it smelled disgusting.The second night, he cooked the other pig the same way and told customers he was cooking free-range organic pork.Those customers asked to sit nearer the smoking area so they could take in the rich aroma.Briefly explain what has happened to Stu's customers' olfactory perceptions.

Question 42

Briefly describe how experience of flavor and taste differ.

Question 43

Which of the following foods would a supertaster avoid?

A)mushrooms and tomatoes
B)cookies and donuts
C)potato chips and dried nuts
D)coffee and Brussels sprouts

Question 44

The regeneration of olfactory receptor neurons can compensate for damage to the cribriform plate and restore a lost sense of smell.

Question 45

Ageusia is the hallucinatory perception of odors.

Question 46

Tranel and Welsh-Bohmer (2012) identified a patient with extensive damage to his limbic system and orbitofrontal cortex.They found ______.

A)complete anosmia; the patient could smell nothing
B)impaired taste, but there was no deficit in sense of smell
C)intact detection of odors but severely impaired naming, recognition, and discrimination of odors
D)the patient was highly depressed but had a healthy appetite

Question 47

Jana is working on her car in the garage because it is cold outside.She begins to feel sleepy and nods off.Just then her father comes into the garage and tells her she forgot to shut off the kerosene heater, and she is lucky to be alive.She exclaims that she did not smell any fumes.Briefly explain how her olfactory system let her down in this instance.

Question 48

The primary angulate core zone is the part of the temporal lobe that serves as the primary taste cortex.

Question 49

Basal cells are the receptor cells located in the olfactory epithelium that detect specific chemicals in the air and transduce them into a neural signal.

Question 50

Donovan is deep in the woods on vacation to an unfamiliar area, and he is very hungry.He sees a large fruit, sniffs it, and feels somewhat disgusted by its odor.Briefly explain how olfaction is working for Donovan, and what should he do?

Question 51

Turbinates are bony knots of tissue that serve to disperse air within the nasal cavity.

Question 52

Joshua damaged the cribriform plate in his nose.Since then, he has been unable to smell anything, leading to a loss of appetite.Because he is aware of his situation, he forces himself to eat healthy foods, though they are no longer as satisfying for him.What would be the most likely diagnosis of his condition?

A)ageusia
B)resplendent paranosmia
C)anosmia
D)phantom nose syndrome

Question 53

Presenting test subjects with a vial of colored liquid can cause them to report smelling something even when no odorants are present.

Question 54

The ᵀᴬˢ²ᴿ³⁸ ᵍᵉⁿᵉ ʰᵃˢ ᵇᵉᵉⁿ ᵃˢˢᵒᶜᶦᵃᵗᵉᵈ ʷᶦᵗʰ ᵗʰᵉ ______.

A)development of taste perception in young infants
B)perception of bitterness in certain foods
C)role of pain in flavor
D)appeal of umami in hungry people

Question 55

Identify an animal that is microsmatic, and briefly describe what that means, using a person for comparison.

Question 56

Foliate papillae are found along the very back of the tongue in a virtual row; they respond to all five basic tastes.

Question 57

The olfactory bulb is a part of the brain just behind the nose; it is the first place in the brain where olfactory information is processed.

Question 58

The macrosmatic nerve is a nerve that is associated with the feel of odorants, also known as the fifth cranial nerve.

Question 59

As long as she can remember, Lynn has suddenly caught whiffs of odors that are not there.She swears she smells certain foods or perfumes, but upon investigating, she finds no physical source for these smells, and other people with her do not smell them.Lynn has a condition known as ______.

A)ageusia
B)anosmia
C)agnosia
D)phantosmia