Deck 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy: The First Two Years

Question 1

Rothbart and the New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS) each described a set of dimensions that each, respectively, fully describe temperament.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Freud's psychosexual stage theory contains both an oral and anal stage of development.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

_________ is the return to the ________ stage later in life shown through obsessive personality issues.

A) Anal fixation, anal
B) Anal fixation, oral
C) Oral fixation, anal
D) Oral fixation, oral

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Sylvia prides herself on being neat, orderly, and controlled. Her brother, Gustav, knows himself to be messy, creative, and emotionally wild. Based on these two extremes, we can assume that both have:

A) an anal fixation.
B) OCD.
C) an oral fixation.
D) a personality disorder.

Question 5

There are three patterns of temperament: easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.

Question 6

Joe is quite often irritable and fussy. His parents observe that he does not do well in new situations, and they complain that he has irregular patterns of eating and sleeping. A developmentalist is likely to conclude that Joe has a(n)__________ temperament.

A) difficult
B) easy
C) slow-to-warm-up
D) open

Question 7

Freud believed that the ______ was developed during the oral stage and the _______ during the anal stage.

A) ego; id
B) ego; superego
C) id; ego
D) id; superego

Question 8

The first stage of Erikson's psychosocial stage theory, _________________, is successfully resolved when the individual develops the understanding that the environment will meet his or her needs.

A) initiative versus guilt
B) autonomy versus shame/doubt
C) trust versus mistrust
D) integrity versus despair

Question 9

Jeffery and Molly are concerned that their son Marcus is still sucking his thumb at 5 years of age. They are more concerned that Marcus will, in fact, put anything in his mouth. Based on his behavior, we can say that Marcus has a(n):

A) anal fixation.
B) tongue fixation.
C) oral fixation.
D) taste fixation.

Question 10

Erikson proposed that autonomy versus shame/doubt is the primary developmental task of infancy.

Question 11

Freud posited a psychosexual stage theory for normal child and adolescent development.

Question 12

Margo's parents describe her as a "good" baby. They view her as always happy; they understand her to be a baby who can easily adapt to new situations; and they recognize that she has regular patterns of eating and sleeping. Based on this description, a developmentalist would describe Margo as having a(n) _______________ temperament.

A) difficult
B) easy
C) slow-to-warm-up
D) open

Question 13

The dimension of infant temperament defined by low shyness, smiling, and activity level is known as:

A) negative affectivity.
B) extraversion/surgency.
C) effort control.
D) none of the choices

Question 14

Julie and James have a new son, Charles. When the baby cries during the day, Julie and James are able to soothe and comfort him. However, at night they are both very tired. They have chosen to let Charles "cry it out." The new parents are concerned that they may be undermining his healthy development, so the pediatrician tells them that they should focus on the baby developing __________________, the strength he should be developing at this stage.

A) self-soothing
B) response to tough love
C) trust
D) mistrust

Question 15

Biologically based individual differences that determine variation in the way individuals respond to the environment references the role of temperament.?
b. False

Question 16

___________ is successfully resolved when the toddler begins to understand self-control through achievements

A) Initiative versus guilt
B) Autonomy versus shame/doubt
C) Trust versus mistrust
D) Integrity versus despair

Question 17

An infant's tendency to react with inhibitory control, attention control, low-intensity pleasure, and perpetual activity would be described as high on:

A) negative affectivity.
B) extraversion/surgency.
C) effortful control.
D) none of the choices

Question 18

The return to the ________ stage later in life, through actions such as smoking, is known as ________.

A) oral; anal fixation
B) oral; oral fixation
C) anal; anal fixation
D) anal; oral fixation

Question 19

The dimension of temperament that describes a tendency toward fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort is:

A) negative affectivity.
B) extraversion/surgency.
C) effort control.
D) none of the choices

Question 20

Janine is a toddler; she increasingly wants to do tasks "on own." Based on her behavior, we can say that Janine is working on resolving:

A) initiative versus guilt.
B) autonomy versus shame/doubt.
C) trust versus mistrust.
D) integrity versus despair.

Question 21

When parents react calmly and minimize exposure to negative stimuli, a young child is likely to experience high:

A) goodness-of-fit.
B) sociability.
C) IQ.
D) ego development.

Question 22

While at a birthday party Lucas sees a clown. He immediately goes up to the clown and starts to laugh and giggle when the clown starts doing a silly dance. Based on this scenario, Lucas is behaviorally:

A) shy.
B) sociable.
C) happy.
D) sad.

Question 23

Two dimensions of toddler behavior fully describe social style on temperament scales: sociable and shy.

Question 24

Approach and withdrawal are dimensions of a toddler's response to:

A) daycare.
B) sudden noises.
C) unfamiliar people and situations.
D) unfamiliar body functions.

Question 25

Given what you know about the NYLS, which of the following topics is likely to be discussed in an annual report of findings?

A) intensity to reaction
B) attention span/persistence
C) adaptability
D) all of the choices

Question 26

Developmental scientists who study temperament consider environmental influences when they create goodness-of-fit indices.

Question 27

Approach and withdrawal behaviors describe extremes of a young child's temperament, both on the same:

A) end of the scale.
B) stage.
C) continuum.
D) pattern.

Question 28

Julio's parents do nothing to help soothe him when he is in a stressful situation. They believe they are helping him learn to "suck it up" when they expect him to soothe himself. In this scenario, the parents place little value on ____________________ goodness-of-fit.

A) optimizing
B) reducing
C) ignoring
D) neutralizing

Question 29

the NLYS described ____ dimensions of temperament, while Rothbart revised it to ____ dimensions of temperament.

A) nine; three
B) three; nine
C) five; two
D) two; five

Question 30

Behavioral differences in children often occur along with related differences in a child's physiology-for example, differences in heart rate and pupil dilation response.

Question 31

Inhibited and uninhibited are synonymous with the terms sociable and shy, respectively.

Question 32

The part of the brain responsible for the behavioral and physiological differences in temperament is known as:

A) the cerebellum.
B) occipital love.
C) Brocha's area.
D) the amygdala.

Question 33

Scott notices that his son often has a low activity level and withdraws from new people. However, after repeat visits with the same person, his young son will adjust to new people. A developmentalist would describe Scott as having a(n) _______________ temperament.

A) difficult
B) easy
C) slow-to-warm-up
D) open

Question 34

______________ describes the relationship between environmental forces and predisposed temperamental behavior.

A) Environment of temperament
B) Sociability of temperament
C) Goodness of fit
D) Temperament of environment

Question 35

Parents influence the level of goodness-of-fit a child experiences.

Question 36

When Alma was playing at the park and another girl came up to her to play, Alma hid behind her mother and was cautious to begin playing with her. Based on this scenario, we can say Alma is behaviorally:

A) shy.
B) sociable.
C) happy.
D) sad.

Question 37

To study differences between inhibited and uninhibited children, developmental scientists use _______________________ to examine amygdala activity.

A) fMRI
B) observations
C) CAT scan
D) none of the choices

Question 38

Temperament researchers rely on genetic tests to determine the extent to which a child's temperament is due to environmental effects, for example, parenting.

Question 39

The terms ______________ can be used interchangeably with the terms sociable and shy to describe a young child's temperament.

A) inhibited and uninhibited
B) naughty and nice
C) happy and sad
D) charismatic and repelling

Question 40

Charlotte is 4 years old, and she is afraid of loud noises. To promote goodness-of-fit, her parents choose to avoid taking her to:

A) see fireworks.
B) the town concert.
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 41

Cutting-edge findings from using fMRI to study children and adults at different ages and stages through the lifespan indicate that temperament ______________ throughout our lives.

A) is relatively stable
B) is relatively fluid
C) doesn't affect us
D) doesn't affect others

Question 42

Attachment is a construct that describes an enduring emotional bond that connects a child to caregivers.

Question 43

Based on cutting-edge findings using fMRI, developmental scientists may predict that a child who scores high on the inhibition scale may grow up to:

A) have an outgoing personality.
B) be socially withdrawn.
C) have a psychological disorder.
D) all of the choices

Question 44

Which of these behaviors would a developmental scientist most likely code as 'low' goodness-of-fit?

A) parents choosing not to soothe a crying infant
B) parents choosing to play loud music to cover the loud cries of the baby while in the car
C) parents choosing to feed their newborn on their 3-meal-a-day schedule to match with their family schedule.
D) all of the choices

Question 45

Harry Harlow looked at attachment using an ethological perspective.

Question 46

When 5-year-old Kori's parents see that she is distressed by the clown at her birthday party, they immediately try to soothe her and they help her avoid the clown for the rest of the party. This is an example of the way Kori's parents try to ______________ goodness-of-fit between Kori and her social world.

A) promote
B) suppress
C) destroy
D) force

Question 47

A child's primary attachment figures are typically grandparents.

Question 48

Harry Harlow used baby panda bears to demonstrate attachment.

Question 49

John Bowlby was one of the first developmental scientists to describe the role of attachment in determining healthy versus unhealthy adjustment during the first years of the lifespan.

Question 50

Georgina, 9 months old, is very attached to her parents. When they take her on a playdate, she clings to her parents and appears particularly distressed when other adults, not her parents, reach out to hold her. Georgina is experiencing:

A) stranger anxiety.
B) separation anxiety.
C) distressed anxiety.
D) caregiver anxiety.

Question 51

Ronnie, 10 months old, is very attached to his mother. When Ronnie's mother drops him off at daycare, he cries and demonstrates significant distress. A developmental scientist would conclude that Ronnie is showing typical signs of ______________ anxiety.

A) stranger
B) separation
C) caregiver
D) attachment

Question 52

Infants experience at least two types of normative and expected anxiety: _______________________ anxiety.

A) attachment and separation
B) attachment and stranger
C) relational and separation
D) separation and stranger

Question 53

Bowlby's work explains the attachment process through

A) an adaptive perspective.
B) an ethological perspective.
C) Bowlby's own lens, neither a nor b
D) both a and b, an eclectic approach

Question 54

____________theory describes a way of understanding how the quality of the caregiver-infant relationship determines the context for emotional, social, and cognitive development during the first years of life.

A) Bowlbinian
B) Caregiver-Infant Relationship
C) Attachment
D) None of the choices

Question 55

The extent to which an infant can deliberately modulate behavioral and emotional responses is determined by the health and maturity of an infant's _______________ -regulation system.

A) behavior
B) attitude
C) emotion
D) self

Question 56

When a developmentalist observes an infant showing flexibility with respect to the proximity he seeks and maintains between himself and his caregiver, and the infant remains calm while playing, the developmentalist would likely describe this infant as ______________ attached.

A) insecurely (avoidant)
B) insecurely (resistant)
C) insecurely (disorganized)
D) securely

Question 57

Infants can be classified by their attachment style in one of four categories.

Question 58

Joelle is 12 weeks old. She often smiles and stares at the people who are talking to her. Based on Bowlby's attachment theory, Joelle in the __________ phase.

A) pre-attachment
B) beginning of attachment
C) clear attachment
D) goal-directed attachment

Question 59

An infant who is _______________ attached is very likely to display very high levels of distress when separated from a caregiver and then mixed reactions when reunited with the caregiver.

A) insecurely (avoidant)
B) insecurely (resistant)
C) insecurely (disorganized)
D) securely

Question 60

Bowlby proposed a _____-phase sequence of attachment.

A) two
B) four
C) six
D) eight

Question 61

Results from Harlow's monkey experiment demonstrated that the monkeys preferred the __________ mothers over the __________ mothers when seeking comfort.

A) cloth; wired
B) wired; cloth
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 62

Pride, guilt, shame, and empathy are secondary emotions.

Question 63

Baby Christopher and his mom are very attuned to one another. Their interactions are reciprocal and mutually rewarding. Developmentalists are likely to note that their relationship is high on:

A) synchrony.
B) internal working models.
C) secure attachment.
D) none of the choices

Question 64

With respect to a child's attachment to fathers, the child's ________________ plays a role in determining the level and type of attachment security a child is likely to develop.

A) gender
B) age
C) activity preferences
D) temperament

Question 65

By early childhood, gender differences generally develop in response to:

A) genetic predispositions.
B) social influences.
C) biological predispositions and social influences.
D) social influences and socioeconomic status.

Question 66

During early childhood, girls tend to be more _______ compared to boys.

A) physically active
B) vulnerable to infections
C) emotionally expressive
D) emotionally restricted

Question 67

Sex differences are clear biologically based differences between males and females.

Question 68

Estimates suggest that approximately ____% of infants are securely attached.

A) 9
B) 14
C) 15
D) 62

Question 69

During early childhood, boys tend to be _________ active than girls.

A) more
B) less
C) equally
D) none of the choices

Question 70

Jake has two children, a son and a daughter. Based on research about father attachment, we can assume that Jake will be ______ sensitive to his son than to his daughter.

A) more
B) less
C) equally
D) none of the choices

Question 71

Research found that mothers and fathers showed the same level of sensitivity to sons, but fathers were ________ sensitive to daughters than mothers.

A) more
B) less
C) equally
D) none of the choices

Question 72

Parents can expect that the first facial expression they will see in infancy is a social smile.

Question 73

A _______________ is an emotion that is present early in life and is most likely innate.

A) secondary emotion
B) primary emotion
C) social smiling
D) basic emotion

Question 74

The diagnosis of ___________ is given when an infant falls below the developmental growth curve as he or she makes gains in age but not in height and weight.

A) low birth weight
B) failure to thrive
C) infant depression
D) infant anxiety

Question 75

Differences between boys and girls can be seen as early as:

A) 2 weeks.
B) 3 months.
C) 1 year.
D) the fetal period.

Question 76

Bethany is 9 months old. She is happy and playful when she is with her parents; when they leave, she begins to cry. Because she is eventually able to be soothed and is pleased when her parents return, a developmentalist is likely to conclude that Bethany is ____________ attached.

A) insecurely (avoidant)
B) insecurely (resistant)
C) insecurely (disorganized)
D) securely

Question 77

Findings from attachment studies indicate that infants can have different attachment relationships with their mothers and fathers.

Question 78

Attachment experiences generalize beyond the infant-caregiver relationship through the influence of a child's ___________________ that develops in response to and reflects early attachment experiences.

A) internal working model
B) infant working model
C) parental working model
D) caregiver working model

Question 79

With respect to emotional development in infancy, emotions can be categorized into two types: primary and secondary.

Question 80

Gender describes the social values and expectations people have for males and females.