Deck 3: Neurotransmission

Question 1

What effect on a neuron's resting potential would a drug that stop sodium-potassium pump activity likely have?

A) The neuron's resting potential would be unaffected.
B) The neuron's resting potential would become hyperpolarized due to decreasing in potassium ions.
C) The neuron's resting potential would become depolarized due to a increase in sodium ions.
D) The neuron would not be able to produce an action potential.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

_________________ is a difference between the electrical charge within a neuron and the electrical charge outside a neuron.

A) Electrical potential
B) Electrical transmission
C) Neurotransmission
D) Ion channel activation

Answer 2

A

Question 3

_____________ transmission is a series of events that begin at the axon hillock and travel down the length of an axon.

A) Polarized
B) Electrical
C) Chemical
D) Ionic

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Why does sodium enter neurons when sodium channels are opened?

A) Due to electrostatic attraction
B) Due to a concentration gradient
C) Due to sodium-potassium pump activity
D) Due to channels forcing sodium into neurons

Question 5

Why does an action potential only reach a particular value?

A) Potassium channels close
B) Sodium channels close
C) Excitatory postsynaptic potentials cease
D) Sodium-potassium pump activity resumes

Question 6

If a researcher said that a substance had produced hyperpolarization,she means that:

A) the charge outside the neuron became more negative.
B) the charge outside the neuron became more positive.
C) the charge in the neuron became more negative.
D) the charge in the neuron became more positive.

Question 7

If a researcher found that an ion channel opened when an inhibitory postsynaptic potential was delivered to the neuron,then the researcher should conclude that:

A) the channel is voltage-gated.
B) a coincidence occurred since hyperpolarization cannot cause channels to open.
C) the channel is ligand-gated.
D) the ion channel opens when depolarization occurs.

Question 8

Which of the following describes the sequence of events for nerve impulses?

A) Action potential, refractory period, depolarization
B) Refractory period, action potential, resting potential
C) Resting potential, action potential, refractory period
D) Resting potential, hyperpolarization, action potential

Question 9

Channels that open or close depending on local potential changes are called:

A) voltage-gated ion channels.
B) depolarization channels.
C) sodium-potassium pumps.
D) ligand-gated ion channels.

Question 10

During the resting potential,sodium channels open when:

A) there is an increase in sodium-potassium pump activity.
B) an inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs.
C) the local potential becomes depolarized.
D) the local potential becomes hyperpolarized.

Question 11

All of the following help to maintain a neuron's resting potential except:

A) sodium-potassium pump activity.
B) sodium ions building up inside the neuron.
C) closed channels for sodium.
D) closed channels for potassium.

Question 12

Ions flow through pores in a neuron's membrane called:

A) local potentials.
B) ion channels.
C) axon channels.
D) EPSPs.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a concentration gradient?

A) Ions flowing through a barrier with selective permeability.
B) Ions flowing from to an area with an opposite electrical charge.
C) Ions flowing from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
D) Ions increasing in concentration in a graded manner.

Question 14

All of the following describe conditions that facilitate an action potential except:

A) a resting potential precedes an action potential.
B) sodium channels open.
C) sodium-potassium pump activity decreases.
D) the local potential becomes depolarized.

Question 15

An excitatory postsynaptic potential would be expected to cause:

A) depolarization in a neuron.
B) hyperpolarization in a neuron.
C) neurotransmission to occur.
D) an increase in sodium-potassium pump activity

Question 16

The _______________ states that the magnitude of an action potential is independent from the magnitude of potential change that elicited the action potential.

A) concentration gradient principle
B) principle of electrostatic attraction
C) refractory period
D) all-or-none law

Question 17

Examples of ways that could hyperpolarize a local potential include all of the following except:

A) ions flowing through ion channels.
B) the charge inside the neurons becomes less negative.
C) the neuron receives an excitatory postsynaptic potential.
D) the neuron receives an inhibitory postsynaptic potential.

Question 18

Potassium ions will exit a neuron during a resting potential through open channels due to:

A) electrostatic attraction.
B) a concentration gradient.
C) sodium-potassium pump activity.
D) hyperpolarization.

Question 19

The difference between the electrical charge within a neuron and the electrical charge of the environment immediately outside the neuron is called a(n):

A) hyperpolarization
B) electrical transmission
C) excitatory postsynaptic potential
D) electrical potential

Question 20

A sodium-potassium pump brings:

A) two sodium ions into the neuron and expels three potassium ions from the neuron.
B) two potassium ions into the neuron and expels three sodium ions from the neuron.
C) three potassium ions into the neuron and expels two sodium ions from the neuron.
D) three sodium ions into the neuron and expels two potassium ions from the neuron.

Question 21

Saltatory conduction describes:

A) the taking of an electrical charge reading during an action potential.
B) rapid change in potential occurring during an action potential.
C) the influx of sodium.
D) the jumping of action potentials from one node to another.

Question 22

All of the following increase neurotransmitter concentrations in the synaptic cleft except:

A) blocking membrane transporters.
B) inhibiting catabolic enzymes.
C) blocking receptors on the postsynaptic terminal.
D) increasing calcium influx.

Question 23

A series of action potentials occurring down the length of an axon are referred to as:

A) nodes of Ranvier.
B) propagation of actions potentials.
C) firing rate.
D) the all-or-none law.

Question 24

At the beginning of the refractory period,why does the charge within a neuron from positive to negative?

A) An inhibitory postsynaptic potential is produced.
B) Sodium channels open allowing sodium to leave the neuron.
C) Potassium channels open allowing potassium to leave the neuron.
D) The concentration of negatively charged proteins increases.

Question 25

Where does the synthesis of large neurotransmitter molecules typically occur?

A) Postsynaptic terminal
B) Axon terminal
C) Soma
D) Vesicle

Question 26

The sequence of events in chemical neurotransmission normally occurs in this order:

A) Storage, release, bind to receptors, synthesis.
B) Synthesis, storage, release, bind to receptors.
C) Release, synthesis, storage, bind to receptors.
D) Bind to receptors, release, storage, synthesis.

Question 27

The activation of a neurotransmitter receptor is another way of stating that:

A) a neurotransmitter is bound to a receptor.
B) a conformational change occurred to the receptor.
C) an excitatory postsynaptic potential occurred.
D) exocytosis occurred.

Question 28

All of the following will reduce neurotransmitter release except:

A) blocking membrane transporters.
B) disrupting neurotransmitter synthesis.
C) blocking calcium channels
D) increasing activity of catabolic enzymes inside the axon terminal.

Question 29

Why might the speed of electrical transmission be faster for a mylenated neuron compared to an unmyelated neuron?

A) Actions potentials need only occur at gaps between myelin sheaths.
B) Actions potentials have a greater magnitude.
C) They are thicker, allowing for more actions potentials to occur.
D) Myelin increases the concentration of ions within the neuron.

Question 30

Exocytosis refers to:

A) the influx of calcium caused by depolarization from an action potential.
B) the way that stored neurotransmitters can be released into the synaptic cleft.
C) the breakdown of neurotransmitters by enzymes.
D) the release of a neurotransmitter from a receptor back into the synaptic cleft.

Question 31

The number of action potentials occurring per unit of time is referred to as the:

A) sodium-potassium pumping rate
B) propagation of action potentials.
C) firing rate.
D) action potential magnitude.

Question 32

The conversion of a neurotransmiter to a metabolite is referred to as:

A) a conformational change.
B) turnover.
C) reuptake.
D) exocytosis.

Question 33

During the ___________________,the neuron is incapable of producing another action potential.

A) resting potential
B) relative refractory period
C) hyperpolarization period
D) absolute refractory period

Question 34

Hyperpolarization occurs during the:

A) depolarization phase.
B) resting potential.
C) action potential.
D) refractory period.

Question 35

Why do action potentials only travel down the axon and not the other direction?

A) An area where an action potential just occurred is still in a refractory period.
B) Resting potentials change with direction of the nerve impulse.
C) Sodium-potassium pumps only act in one direction.
D) Actions potential do not cause depolarization.

Question 36

All of the following are examples of a neurotransmitter except:

A) a chemical that activates genes.
B) chemical released from a neuron.
C) chemical that has effects on neurons or other cells.
D) a chemical synthesized in a neuron.

Question 37

All of the following are examples of why vesicular storage of neurotransmitters is important except:

A) provides a protected area for neurotransmitter synthesis to occur.
B) protects neurotransmitter from destruction by enzymes.
C) provides mechanism for immediate release of neurotransmitters.
D) prevents premature release of neurotransmitters.

Question 38

Neurotransmitters enter vesicles through channels called:

A) membrane transporters.
B) catabolic enzymes.
C) calcium channels.
D) vesicular transporters.

Question 39

A compound that blocked vesicular transporters would likely:

A) increase the activity of postsynaptic receptors.
B) cause a decrease in calcium influx.
C) prevent reuptake.
D) prevent the storage of neurotransmitters in vesicles.

Question 40

If a researcher reports a significant increase in neurotransmitter turnover after administering a drug,then:

A) the drug likely increased calcium influx.
B) the drug likely decrease release of the neurotransmitter.
C) an increase in drug reuptake likely occurred.
D) the drug likely increased release of the neurotransmitter.

Question 41

Where is a presynaptic receptor located?

A) Inside a neuron
B) On the postsynaptic terminal
C) On the axon terminal
D) On preganglionic neurons

Question 42

Proteins located in neuron membranes that can be bound to and activated by neurotransmitters are called:

A) receptors.
B) vesicles.
C) membrane transporters.
D) enzymes.

Question 43

A metabotropic receptor:

A) is physically separated parts of the neurons.
B) responds to neurotransmitter metabolites.
C) contains an ion channel.
D) is activated by a G protein.

Question 44

_____________ refers to the return of neurotransmitters to the axon terminal through membrane transporters.

A) Exocytosis
B) Turnover
C) Catabolism
D) Reuptake

Question 45

If a pharmacologist designed a drug that prevented the activation of G-proteins,which of the following would occur if a neurotransmitter binded to a metabotropic receptor?

A) Effector enzymes attached to the receptor would still be activated.
B) No effects would occur.
C) A second messenger would attach to the receptor.
D) Gene expression would increase.

Question 46

Large molecule neurotransmitters are typical transported into vesicles in the:

A) axon terminal.
B) soma.
C) postsynaptic terminal.
D) axon hillock.

Question 47

After the activation of a G-protein,the sequence of signalling events consists of:

A) effector enzyme, second messenger, protein kinase, substrate protein.
B) second messenger, effector enzyme, protein kinase substrate protein.
C) effector enzyme, protein kinase, second messenger, substrate protein.
D) substrate protein, protein kinase, second messenger, effector enzyme.

Question 48

All of the following are examples of functions of a metabotropic receptor except:

A) gene expression and protein synthesis may occur after a neurotransmitter binds to the receptor.
B) a G-protein acts on ions channels or effector enzymes after a neurotransmitter bind to the receptor.
C) a G-protein may act on an effector enzyme that may then activate a second messenger.
D) an ion channel attached to the receptor will open when a neurotransmitter binds to the receptor.

Question 49

All of the following are true about neuromodulation except:

A) involves ionotropic receptors.
B) can cause changes in polarization.
C) may alter the number of receptors present in a synapse.
D) may alter a neurons response to transmission from another neuron.

Question 50

Why might a researcher wish to design a drug that inhibited autoreceptors for a particular neurotransmitter?

A) To decrease release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal
B) To increase release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal
C) To automatically activate postsynaptic receptors
D) To reduce synthesis of the neurotransmitter

Question 51

If a neurological process depended on the activation of receptors found on neurons outside of a synapse,then we can infer that:

A) neurotransmitters must come from nearby synapses.
B) an axon terminal was previously located at that position on the neuron.
C) the receptor can no longer be activated by neurotransmitters.
D) neurotransmitters must reach the receptor by vesicular transport.

Question 52

Which of the following all belong to the monoamine class of neurotransmitters?

A) Acetylcholine, glutamate, and GABA
B) Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
C) Serotonin, acetylcholine, and dopamine
D) Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and glutamate

Question 53

Ionotropic receptors are similar to voltage-gated ion channels except that:

A) the ion channels are opened when a neurotransmitters binds to the receptor.
B) there is not an ion channel.
C) hyperpolization opens the receptor channels.
D) neurotransmitters pass through the channel instead of ions.

Question 54

A(n)_______________ is an enzyme that causes phosphorylation of a substrate protein.

A) G-protein
B) substrate protein
C) protein kinase
D) effector enzyme

Question 55

A(n)_______________ is a presynaptic receptor that is activated by neurotransmitters different from those released from the axon terminal.

A) heteroceptor
B) autoreceptor
C) postsynaptic receptor
D) axon terminal receptor

Question 56

The following are examples of ways that activation of postsynaptic receptors by neurotransmitters ceases except:

A) neurotransmitters are catabolized by enzymes.
B) neurotransmitters are transported through vesicular transporters.
C) neurotransmitters are returned to the axon terminal through reuptake.
D) neurotransmitters escape the synaptic cleft.

Question 57

A substance that produces an alternation to a neuron's level of functional response to stimulation could be called a(n):

A) effector enzyme.
B) second messenger.
C) neurotransmitter.
D) neuromodulator.

Question 58

All of the following are examples of functions of an ionotropic receptor except:

A) an ion channel opens when a binds to the receptor.
B) contains an ion channel allowing ions to enter a neuron.
C) relies on effector enzymes to cause changes to the neuron.
D) has subunits that form a ring, which makes the channel.

Question 59

A molecule that joins with a protein is called a(n):

A) ligand.
B) receptor.
C) ion.
D) enzyme.

Question 60

The most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain is:

A) serotonin.
B) acetylcholine.
C) glutamine.
D) dopamine.

Question 61

A drug that inhibited choline transferase would be expected to:

A) reduce the number of cholinergic receptors.
B) reduce the synthesis of acetylcholine.
C) increase levels of choline.
D) reduce the break down of acetylcholine into a metabolite.

Question 62

The following is true for dopamine,norepinephrine,and epinephrine except:

A) part of the same synthesis pathway.
B) the receptors are metabotropic.
C) the absence of tyrosine hydroxylase prevent their synthesis.
D) they are animo acid neurotransmitters.

Question 63

_____________ is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by severe impairments in memory,decision-making,attention,motivation,language production and comprehension,and mood regulation.

A) Huntington's disease
B) Epilepsy
C) Parkinson's disease
D) Alzheimer's disease

Question 64

Neurotrophins bind to __________________.

A) receptor tyrosine kinases
B) ionotropic receptors
C) noradrenergic receptors
D) BDNF receptors

Question 65

A drug that inhibited acetylcholinesterase would:

A) reduce levels of dopamine.
B) prevent a decrease in levels of acetylcholine.
C) increase levels of norepinephrine.
D) decrease activation of cholinergic receptors.

Question 66

The majority of types of adrenoceptors:

A) are ionotropic receptors.
B) produce inhibitory effects.
C) are found on dopamine neurons.
D) produce excitatory effects.

Question 67

All of the following are examples of the function of neurotrophins except:

A) Bind to G-protein coupled receptors.
B) Promote survival of neurons.
C) Promote the plasticity of neurons.
D) Have effects on neurons during development.

Question 68

All of the following are pathways for dopamine except:

A) mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine pathways.
B) nigrostriatal dopamine pathway.
C) tubero-infundibular dopamine pathway.
D) mesoaccumbal-striatal dopamine pathway.

Question 69

A drug that blocked the norepinephrine transporter would be expected to:

A) reduce the synthesis of dopamine.
B) increase the synthesis of norepinephrine.
C) prevent storage of norepinephrine in synaptic vesicles.
D) increase levels of norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft.

Question 70

The types of acetylcholine receptors consist of:

A) cholinergic and adrenergic.
B) muscarinic and nicotinic.
C) nicotinic and cholinergic.
D) acetylcholinesterase and acetic acid.

Question 71

If a neuroscientist observed a collection of neurons that were all labeled positive for glutamate,why would she likely next decide to see which neurons also have glutamic acid decarboxylase?

A) To determine which neurons released the neurotransmitter GABA
B) To determine the synthesis steps for glutamate
C) To determine which neurons may be at risk for excitotoxicity
D) To determine if the neurons had ionotropic or metabotropic receptors

Question 72

A drug that inhibits monoamine oxidase would be expected to:

A) bind to dopamine receptors.
B) increase levels of monoamine neurotransmitters.
C) also inhibit COMT.
D) increase the synthesis of dopamine.

Question 73

Structures in the brain where the somas for dopamine neurons are found include the:

A) nucleus basalis and raphe nuclei.
B) substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.
C) basal ganglia and substantia nigra.
D) ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens.

Question 74

The effectiveness of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for temporarily treating the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease suggests that:

A) adrenergic receptors are not functioning correctly.
B) damage to brain tissue has occurred from excitotoxicity.
C) acetylcholinestase is responsible for the cognitive disturbances found in Alzheimer's disease.
D) cholinergic neurotransmission is diminished in Alzheimer's disease.

Question 75

GABA is thought of as an inhibitory neurotransmitter because:

A) GABA counteracts the excitatory effects of glutamate.
B) GABA's chemical structure inhibits cell function.
C) GABA receptors cause inhibitory effects.
D) GABA's receptors are metabotropic.

Question 76

Neurons that synthesize and release acetylcholine are referred to as:

A) cholinergic neurons.
B) acetylcholinergic neurons.
C) noradrenergic neurons.
D) pyramidal neurons.

Question 77

A neuron that synthesizes and releases norepinephrine is called a(n)______________ neuron.

A) metabotropic
B) norepinephrine
C) adrenoceptor
D) noradrenergic

Question 78

The following statements for serotonin are true except:

A) Serotonin has a different synthesis pathway than norepinephine.
B) Serotonin transported into vesicles through a different vesicular transporter than dopamine.
C) MAO is a catabolic enzyme for serotonin.
D) Reuptake for serotonin occurs via the serotonin transporter.

Question 79

Hormones differ from neurotransmitters in the following ways except:

A) Hormones have widespread effects.
B) Hormones are normally released into tight synaptic junctions.
C) Hormones can bind to intracellular sites.
D) Hormones can be delivered throughout the body via the circulatory system.

Question 80

All of the following is true for glutamate except:

A) Ionotropic receptors allow positively charged ions into the neuron.
B) All of the receptors for glutamate produce excitatory effects.
C) Glutamate is released from pyramidal neurons.
D) Glutamate is the most prominent excitatory neurotransmitter.