Deck 2: Current Trends and Issues

Question 1

All of the following are controversies about the implementation of normalization EXCEPT

A)the government is concerned about increasing tax support to a special interest group.
B)the phrase "as culturally normative as possible" is open to interpretation.
C)some groups of people with exceptionalities are leery about being too integrated with nondisabled society.
D)some people are concerned that individuals with exceptionalities might be too quick to rely on technology instead of working to improve their own abilities.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

All of the following statements about self-determination are true EXCEPT

A)services to people with exceptionalities should be based upon their dreams and interests.
B)other people,such as psychologists,physicians,and teachers should make important decisions for people with exceptionalities.
C)self-determination is learned and can be taught.
D)the idea of self-determination is culturally embedded.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to Hallahan and Kauffman,advocates of full inclusion favour the elimination of which educational placement practice?

A)least restrictive environment
B)individualized educational plan
C)continuum of alternative placements
D)free appropriate public education

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which one of the following provides the best description of normalization?

A)the theory that exceptionalities are a matter of social perceptions and values
B)the belief that people with exceptionalities should have experiences as similar as possible to those of people without exceptionalities
C)the principle that schools should educate all students in the regular classroom,regardless of the nature of their exceptionalities
D)the philosophy that students with exceptionalities should be educated in the environment that will allow them to achieve their maximum potential as adults

Question 5

A concern regarding the expanding use of technology to assist individuals with exceptionalities is that

A)it may work against the goal of normalization.
B)it does not improve accessibility.
C)it provokes envy from those without exceptionalities.
D)technologies may replace human support.

Question 6

The integration of individuals with exceptionalities is best characterised as

A)a trend promoted by a small radical group.
B)a trend promoted by most educators to varying degrees.
C)a trend with it's origins in the late 1990s.
D)a trend which is becoming less popular over time.

Question 7

Self-determination can be encouraged in schools in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A)creating environments that allow for students to practice skills.
B)asking students for input into important decisions.
C)teaching self-determination skills directly.
D)inviting parents to make decisions for their children.

Question 8

With reference to institutionalization of individuals with exceptionalities,the Canadian Association for Community Living argues that

A)institutionalization is a form of incarceration.
B)some forms of institutionalization are beneficial.
C)for many individuals,institutions provide the highest level of care.
D)institutions are inappropriate placements as they are prohibitively expensive.

Question 9

When did deinstitutionalization begin?

A)1900s
B)1950s
C)1960s
D)1980s

Question 10

Which one of the following is a component of most full inclusion models?

A)Students attend the school within their district that has the best facilities,regardless of its proximity to their home.
B)All schools offer a continuum of special education placements,ranging from self-contained classes to full-time regular education.
C)Placements are made according to developmental readiness rather than chronological age.
D)Special education supports are provided within the regular classroom.

Question 11

Three major trends in the field of special education are

A)early intervention,integration,and transition.
B)prevention,integration,and labelling.
C)labelling,early intervention,and prevention.
D)transition,mainstreaming,and handicapism.

Question 12

The rationale for full inclusion is based on at least four premises.One premise is that

A)people with exceptionalities should not be viewed as a minority group.
B)pull-out programs in special education have been ineffective.
C)research should take precedence over philosophy or ethics.
D)labelling is an efficient way of allocating services to those students who need them most.

Question 13

The term referring to the best practice that exceptional children must be educated in as normal an environment as possible is

A)least restrictive environment.
B)normalization.
C)free appropriate public education.
D)continuum of alternative placements.

Question 14

Opponents of pull-out programs cite studies indicating that,in comparison to students with exceptionalities remaining in the regular classroom,students in more-segregated placements perform

A)higher on both social and cognitive measures.
B)higher on cognitive measures,but lower on social measures.
C)lower or about the same on cognitive and social measures.
D)lower on cognitive measures,but higher on social measures.

Question 15

According to Hallahan and Kauffman,labels may make people without exceptionalities more tolerant of those with exceptionalities by

A)making people without exceptionalities feel sorry for those with exceptionalities.
B)making people with exceptionalities a special interest group that can demand respect.
C)providing explanations for differences in appearance or behaviour.
D)providing the government with a way to create laws requiring tolerance.

Question 16

All of the following may be used to defend the use of labels EXCEPT

A)People are less likely to expect deviant behaviour from labelled individuals.
B)Labels may provide explanations for differences in appearance or behaviour.
C)The elimination of one set of labels only prompts development of another set.
D)Labels help professionals communicate with one another.

Question 17

Deinstitutionalization refers to the movement away from

A)placement in large residential facilities.
B)government responsibility for providing services for people with exceptionalities.
C)placement in small,community facilities.
D)parental responsibility for the care of children with exceptionalities.

Question 18

All of the following practices promote integration EXCEPT

A)normalization.
B)institutionalization.
C)full inclusion.
D)mainstreaming.

Question 19

The ability to make personal choices and regulate one's own life is known as

A)self-concept.
B)self-awareness.
C)self-control.
D)self-determination.

Question 20

Less restrictive alternatives to placement in residential institutions include all of the following EXCEPT

A)halfway houses.
B)group homes.
C)psychiatric hospitals.
D)competitive employment.

Question 21

In collaborative consultation,the special education teacher

A)teaches students with exceptionalities in the regular classroom.
B)acts as an expert in providing advice to the regular education teacher.
C)shares daily decisions about programming with the regular education teacher equally.
D)pulls out students with exceptionalities for special instruction in a resource room.

Question 22

Many full inclusionists view integration as necessary based on

A)law.
B)ethics.
C)research evidence.
D)school funding.

Question 23

Parents of students with severe exceptionalities favour inclusive settings because

A)They are less expensive than separate programs.
B)They offer academic and social benefits for their children.
C)They require less homework than separate programs.
D)Students don't have to travel as far to attend as they would for separate programs.

Question 24

Repeated polls,surveys,and interviews have indicated that the majority of parents of students with exceptionalities,as well as students themselves,were

A)dissatisfied with the special education system and placement options.
B)satisfied with the special education system and placement options.
C)dissatisfied with the special education system and satisfied with placement options.
D)satisfied with the special education system and dissatisfied with placement options.

Question 25

In cooperative learning,

A)students work together in small homogeneous groups to solve problems or practice responses.
B)students without exceptionalities tutor those with exceptionalities in small groups.
C)students work together in small heterogeneous groups to solve problems or practice responses.
D)students with exceptionalities tutor those without exceptionalities in small groups.

Question 26

Critics of full inclusion have put forward all of the following arguments against full inclusion EXCEPT

A)research does not support full inclusion for everyone.
B)parents are satisfied with the present system of special education.
C)regular educators are often unwilling or unable to teach students with exceptionalities.
D)students without exceptionalities do not want to be in the same class as students with exceptionalities.

Question 27

In cooperative teaching,

A)students take turns assuming the role of teacher.
B)regular and special educators teach together in the same classroom.
C)regular and special educators provide in-service training for each other.
D)teachers and students take turns assuming the role of "teacher."

Question 28

Response to Intervention (RTI)is a prereferral model used in the United States to determine whether a child has a specific learning disability.In this model,

A)teacher's anecdotal reports of student performance are used to determine a level of service.
B)teacher's instruction is examined to determine its quality and whether it is research- based.
C)professionals monitor student's performance on standardized tests at different levels of support.
D)students usually receive one to two hours of closely monitored support in a resource room.

Question 29

Prereferral teams serve all of the following purposes EXCEPT

A)developing IEPs for all students who need them.
B)reducing the number of referrals to special education.
C)establishing "ownership" of students with exceptionalities by general,not special,educators.
D)recommending strategies for working with children who exhibit academic and behavioural problems.

Question 30

The effectiveness of cooperative teaching is dependent on which one of the following?

A)degree of parental involvement
B)availability of necessary materials and supplies
C)student willingness to participate
D)adequacy of planning time

Question 31

Which one of the following practices is most likely to increase the effectiveness of integration?

A)Eliminate prereferral teams so that special educators can step in sooner to solve problems that might arise with students who are integrated.
B)Increase the use of special educators and psychologists as "expert" consultants for students who are integrated.
C)Use competitive games to increase interactions among students with and without exceptionalities.
D)Allow students with exceptionalities to act as peer tutors for students without exceptionalities.

Question 32

In a synthesis of over two dozen surveys of general educators' views on integrating students with exceptionalities into their classes,

A)the majority felt that they could integrate students successfully given their current time,skills,training,and resources.
B)about two-thirds said they would be opposed to integration under any circumstances.
C)about one-fourth to one-third thought they had sufficient time,skills,training,and resources to integrate students successfully.
D)the majority said that they would support integration under any circumstances because it is the most ethical thing to do.

Question 33

In the debate involving ethics and empiricism,the most vocal proponents of the full-inclusion model

A)reject available research evidence against pull-out programs.
B)regard comparative data of full inclusion versus separate programs as irrelevant.
C)emphasize the importance of research over philosophy.
D)urge us to strike a balance between ethics and empiricism.

Question 34

Factors that may make it difficult to draw conclusions from the research evaluating the effectiveness of separate pull-out programs include all of the following EXCEPT

A)the varying quality of instructional practices used in pull-out programs.
B)the heterogeneity of students placed in pull-out programs.
C)the heterogeneity of placements classified as "pull-out".
D)the lack of research available.

Question 35

Each of the following is a basic strategy for helping students with exceptionalities to participate in the general education classroom EXCEPT

A)homogeneous grouping.
B)prereferral teams.
C)collaborative consultation.
D)curriculum and instruction modifications.

Question 36

Which of the following are NOT activities of the disability rights movement?

A)Lobbying employers on behalf of individuals with exceptionalities.
B)Lobbying government to promote the rights of individuals with exceptionalities.
C)Criticizing the media for representing people with exceptionalities in inaccurate ways.
D)Representing the views of all individuals with exceptionalities.

Question 37

When a student with an exceptionality assumes the role of tutor in peer tutoring,who usually serves as the tutee?

A)a student with a more severe exceptionality
B)a younger peer
C)an older peer who does not need the help,but who is interested in participating in the program
D)a peer who has already developed a personal friendship with the student

Question 38

Advocates who view people with exceptionalities as a minority emphasize the

A)need to change societal attitudes.
B)importance of remediating functional deficits.
C)need to maintain the full continuum of special education services.
D)importance of helping students "fit-in" at school.

Question 39

Handicapism is a set of assumptions and practices that promotes

A)improvement of conditions for people with exceptionalities,regardless of the cost to society.
B)differential or unequal treatment of people with exceptionalities.
C)the view that exceptionalities are a matter of social perceptions and values,rather than characteristics inherent to the individual.
D)full inclusion of people with exceptionalities in all aspects of society.

Question 40

Research on prereferral teams has found which one of the following effects?

A)More students are eligible for special education.
B)Academic achievement of students who are mainstreamed has increased.
C)Fewer students are referred for special education.
D)Teachers and administrators are not satisfied with the process.

Question 41

Sandra is a student with learning disabilities who has been unable to memorize essential facts in her social studies text book.On test day,Sandra's teacher allows her to use her notes and an open book,even though the other students are not permitted to do so.This is an example of

A)accommodation.
B)tiered assignment.
C)adaptation.
D)partiality.

Question 42

Considering the needs of all potential users,including those with exceptionalities,when developing a technology is referred to as

A)inclusive technology.
B)universal design.
C)universal planning.
D)inclusive design.

Question 43

When teachers provide choices of activities on a single topic that vary in difficulty,they are using

A)watered-down curriculum.
B)accommodations.
C)alternative assignments.
D)tiered assignments.

Question 44

For students with exceptionalities,the objectives of partial participation are

A)exposure to academic content and increased social interaction.
B)opportunity to model social skills and increased vocational training.
C)maximize time on task and enhance self-esteem.
D)mastery of functional academics and improved self-help skills.

Question 45

Bill is a student with low-vision.His teacher provides him with a set of large-type notes at the beginning of each lecture.This is an example of

A)accommodation.
B)adaptation.
C)tiered assignment.
D)partiality.

Question 46

Children whose exceptionalities are diagnosed at a very young age tend to be those with

A)more severe exceptionalities.
B)language exceptionalities.
C)milder exceptionalities.
D)exceptionalities of unknown cause.

Question 47

Early intervention for children with severe and multiple exceptionalities should include

A)a standard intervention program.
B)some participation by parents.
C)programs created by a single agency.
D)collaboration between professionals and parents.

Question 48

Which one of the following is an advantage of home-based early intervention programs?

A)It is more convenient for more family members.
B)It permits more children to be served by the same number of teachers.
C)It enhances the social skills of children.
D)It allows teachers to have greater influence over interactions between parent and child.

Question 49

Historically,the earliest early intervention programs were

A)home-based.
B)located in public schools.
C)centre-based.
D)a combination of home- and centre-based.

Question 50

Which statement about the standards-based reform movement is TRUE?

A)Students with exceptionalities have generally been included in provincial or national educational assessments.
B)The curriculum for students with exceptionalities often has been different from the curriculum in general education.
C)Students with exceptionalities should write the same educational assessments as their peers without exceptionalities in order to be fair.
D)Extracurricular programs that are being eliminated tend to be those which students with exceptionalities are typically excluded from or fail at anyway.

Question 51

Over time,the percentage of children with exceptionalities has

A)increased.
B)decreased.
C)remained the same.
D)both increased and decreased,depending on the specific year.

Question 52

According to the text,accommodations for evaluation procedures of students with exceptionalities might include all of the following EXCEPT

A)altering the time given for responding.
B)changing the setting in which assessment is done.
C)providing verbal prompts to the student during testing.
D)using an alternative format for presentation of tasks or the type of response allowed.

Question 53

According to Hallahan and Kauffman,the critical problem of today's special education may be that

A)students with exceptionalities are taught in separate settings.
B)special education teachers too seldom offer the specialized instruction students need.
C)special education teachers do not receive appropriate specialized training.
D)general education teachers are not willing to work with students with exceptionalities.

Question 54

Research on the effectiveness of peer tutoring and cooperative learning strategies suggests that these methods are

A)very helpful for some students with exceptionalities and virtually useless for others.
B)very helpful for all students with exceptionalities.
C)virtually useless for all students with exceptionalities.
D)very helpful for all students without exceptionalities.

Question 55

Partial participation strategies to accommodate students with exceptionalities listed in the text include all of the following EXCEPT

A)using physical prompts for all parts of a task.
B)providing assistance for the more difficult parts of a task.
C)changing the rules of a game to make it less difficult.
D)changing the way a task or activity is organized or presented.

Question 56

Applications of technologies can improve the abilities of individuals with certain exceptionalities to do all of the following EXCEPT

A)communicate.
B)become smarter.
C)access information.
D)travel.

Question 57

One of the basic arguments for early intervention is that it

A)prevents the development of additional problems or exceptionalities.
B)eliminates the need for special education later in life.
C)removes children from a negative home life
D)reduces the demands placed on other social service agencies.

Question 58

In comparison to early childhood educators,who deal primarily with the population of children without exceptionalities,early interventionists in special education are more likely to

A)encourage free exploration of the environment.
B)endorse the philosophy of Piaget.
C)advocate a developmental approach.
D)recommend a teacher-directed approach.

Question 59

According to the authors,standardized tests

A)have no place in special education.
B)should be used to compare students with exceptionalities who receive special education to those who do not.
C)can be used effectively to compare students with exceptionalities to those without exceptionalities.
D)are useful for making instructional decisions.

Question 60

For students with exceptionalities,assessment of progress in the general education curriculum

A)must be eliminated.
B)is not required but is recommended.
C)does not help make comparisons to a normative group.
D)must be addressed in every IEP.

Question 61

Some groups of individuals with exceptionalities oppose integration.

Question 62

One of the concerns related to transition for students with severe exceptionalities is

A)the school's need to reduce the number of social agencies involved in decision-making for these students.
B)parents' perceptions that vocational training is not necessary for these students.
C)special educators' lack of expertise in dealing with community environments.
D)federal government's failure to sponsor initiatives related to transition.

Question 63

Integration has been embraced wholeheartedly by special educators for all students with exceptionalities.

Question 64

A person who assists adult workers with exceptionalities,providing vocational assessment,instruction,planning,and interaction assistance with employers,family,and government and service agencies is a

A)job coach.
B)transition specialist.
C)job trainer.
D)transition coach.

Question 65

Research indicates that people are more likely to expect deviant behaviour from individuals with an exceptionality label.

Question 66

Activists feel that it would be good for the public to believe that all people with exceptionalities are alike,as such homogeneity would make it easier to join forces on specific issues.

Question 67

All of the following are controversial concepts specific to discipline of students with exceptionalities EXCEPT

A)determining if behaviour is a manifestation of exceptionality.
B)use of corporal punishment.
C)providing alternative placement for education.
D)developing behaviour management plans.

Question 68

The term for a discipline measure that includes a focus solely on the negative behaviour itself,and not the surrounding circumstances,is

A)No Child Left Behind.
B)manifestation determination.
C)No Excuse legislation.
D)zero tolerance.

Question 69

Research indicates that labelling makes people without exceptionalities less tolerant of individuals who have exceptionalities.

Question 70

Activists of the disability rights movement agree on the ways in which the lives of individuals with exceptionalities can be improved.

Question 71

Supported employment is best described as work

A)in noncompetitive jobs set up specifically for people with exceptionalities.
B)in the private sector by people with exceptionalities whose salaries are paid by the federal government.
C)in competitive jobs by people with exceptionalities who are assisted by a job coach.
D)done by students with exceptionalities as part of their educational program.

Question 72

When educators attempt to determine and alter factors that account for a student's misconduct,they are conducting

A)applied behaviour analysis.
B)functional behavioural assessment.
C)preventative behaviour analysis.
D)functional behaviour modification.

Question 73

Use of technology is sometimes an obstacle to normalization.

Question 74

According to disability activists,television shows have played a critical role in promoting positive attitudes toward people with exceptionalities.

Question 75

The concept of transition involves more than just employment.It has a broad emphasis to include

A)movement from general education to special education.
B)more parental responsibility for meeting transition goals.
C)concern for other adult outcomes such as independent living and community adjustment.
D)greater emphasis on vocational issues.

Question 76

According to the authors,the least restrictive environment (LRE)is always the regular classroom.

Question 77

According to advocates of full inclusion,all students should be placed in a regular classroom,regardless of their exceptionality.

Question 78

All of the following are concerns related to transition for students with mild exceptionalities EXCEPT

A)supported employment is available only for students with severe exceptionalities.
B)emphasis on vocational training is inconsistent with goals of all students meeting the same standards.
C)overemphasis on academics in secondary schools leaves students unprepared for work.
D)transition plans are mandated only for students with severe exceptionalities.

Question 79

Researchers have established conclusively that special classes are effective for children with exceptionalities.

Question 80

Self-determination is not a realistic expectation for most individuals with exceptionalities.